Local Variational Bayesian Inference Using Niche Differential Evolution for Brain Magnetic Resonance Image Segmentation

Segmentation of brain magnetic resonance (MR) images is a vital requisite in health care applications. Spatial Fuzzy C-means (SFCM) clustering method segments the brain MR images degraded with noise and artifacts. Due to the iterative computation of the clustering parameters, the run time is high. To address this issue, we suggest a fast spatial FCM (FSFCM) clustering technique for brain MR image segmentation. The basic idea is that, the input image is processed through morphological reconstruction and local spatial similarity factor calculation prior to the clustering process. The morphological reconstruction operation helps in eliminating the noise, while inclusion of the local spatial similarity factor preserves the structural details. The proposed technique is relatively faster than SFCM because the local spatial similarity factor is to be computed only once prior to computation of the clustering parameters. The proposed method is investigated with various volumes of synthetic and clinical brain MR images. The outcomes of the experiment demonstrate better results in comparison to the state-of-the-art methods.

Medical imaging is a technique to get images of the human body for medical science or clinical purposes. Segmentation of a medical image is a challenging task to isolate the suspicious region from the complex medical images. Genetic algorithms (GAs) are an effective tool to handle the problem of medical image segmentation. In this chapter, an application of color magnetic resonance (MR) brain image segmentation is presented by the parallel optimized multilevel sigmoidal (ParaOptiMUSIG) activation function with the parallel self-organizing neural network (PSONN) architecture. Not only confined within this approach, color MR brain image is also segmented by the NSGA-II-based ParaOptiMUSIG activation function to incorporate the multiple objective function-based scenario. These methods are compared with the process of color MR brain image segmentation by the MUSIG activation function with the PSONN architecture. All the methods are applied on a real-life color MR brain image and the quality of the segmented images are accessed by four standard objective functions. The comparison shows that the ParaOptiMUSIG activation function-based method and the NSGA-II-based ParaOptiMUSIG activation function-based method perform better than the MUSIG activation function-based method to segment the color MR brain image.

Fuzzy c-means (FCM) is a popular clustering method for image segmentation. However, FCM has difficulties in handling artifacts in brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), especially when it comes to bias field and noise. We propose a novel multiple-surface-approximation-based FCM with interval membership method for simultaneous bias correction and segmentation of Brain MRI. First, multiple surface representation of bias field is embedded into FCM to estimate and correct bias field. Then memberships of the improved FCM are extended to intervals. After the extension, clustering centers of different MR brain tissues could be solved more properly by the proposed method. Moreover, the proposed method is less sensitive to noise by introducing effects of neighboring pixels. Experiments conducted on artificial images and synthetic and real clinical Brain MRI show that the proposed method is effective and obtains better results of both bias field correction and segmentation than comparing methods.

Image segmentation is a very crucial step in medical image analysis which is the first and the most important task in many clinical interventions. The authors propose in this paper to apply the variable neighborhood search (VNS) metaheuristic on the problem of brain magnetic resonance images (MRI) segmentation. In fact, by reviewing the literature, they notice that when the number of classes increases the computational time of the exhaustive methods grows exponentially with the number of required classes. That's why they exploit the VNS algorithm to optimize two maximizing thresholding functions which are the between-class variance (the Otsu's function) and the entropy thresholding (the Kapur's function). Thus, two versions of the VNS metaheuristic are respectively obtained: the VNS-Otsu and the VNS-Kapur. These two novel proposed thresholding methods are tested on a set of benchmark brain MRI to show their robustness and proficiency.

Brain MRI high resolution image creation and segmentation with the new GAN method

Automatic segmentation of Magnetic Resonance Images (MRI) for tissue classification becomes more challenging when the image is corrupted with noise and intensity non-uniformity (INU). Several fuzzy clustering based statistical retrospective methods exist for simultaneous correction and segmentation of images but most of them fail to be robust in presence of noise, outliers and INU artifacts. In this paper, a hybridization of rough c-means and spatial fuzzy c-means clustering is presented whose objective function has been modified to accommodate INU field as well. While the membership function of fuzzy sets enables efficient handling of overlapping partitions, the concept of lower and upper approximations of rough sets deals with uncertainty, vagueness, and incompleteness in class definition. The experiments conducted on brain MR images show promising results in terms of segmentation accuracy and class separability. The usefulness of proposed algorithm is also investigated on high field MR images. The proposed algorithm Rough-Theoretic Bias-Corrected Fuzzy C-Means Algorithm (R-BCFCM) has significant performance improvement over other similar methods from rough-fuzzy family and can be employed for MRI corrupted with high intensity non-uniformity and noise.

The segmentation of magnetic resonance (MR) brain images is an important problem in medical imaging. Accurate segmentation of MR brain images allows a detail study of 3D brain tissue anatomy. It is also of great interest in the study of many brain disorders, where accurate volumetric measurement of the disorders is often required. In view of the importance of the task, much effort has been spent on finding accurate and efficient algorithms for the MRI segmentation problem. This chapter attempts to give the readers an overview of the MR brain segmentation problem, the various image artifacts that are often encountered, and describe some of the current approaches in this area, as well as our own work. To facilitate discussion, we broadly divide current MR brain image segmentation algorithms into three categories: classification-based, region-based, and contour-based methods, and discuss the merits and limitations of these approaches. Following a review of existing methods, we describe our approach for MR brain image segmentation in detail. Our approach is based on a clustering-for-classification framework, using a novel variant of the fuzzy c-means algorithm. We show that by incorporating two key ideas into the clustering algorithm, we are able to take into account the local spatial context, to compensate for the intensity nonuniformity artifact and the partial volume averaging artifact, and to reduce the influence of image noise, during the segmentation process. Extensive experiment results on both simulated and real MR brain images are given to illustrate the effectiveness and robustness of our approach. We conclude this chapter by pointing to some possible future directions in this area.

Improved evidential fuzzy c-means method

The brain is considered a main important part of human body as it participate to control all the activities of human. Under some unhealthy conditions the abnormal and uncontrolled growth of tissue may take place which is unnatural process. This kind of process taking place in human brain is referred as “brain tumor”. The brain tumor may be of cancerous (malignant) or may be of non-cancerous (Benign) and its detection is a very much important to reduced the death rate of humans suffering from tumor. The detection of brain tumor can be performed by using various image processing techniques like brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Computed Tomography (CT), Electroencephalography (EEG), Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Magneto Encephalography (MEG) etc. Among these techniques the brain MRI is widely adopted in the world due to its significant features. But to detect tumor in the brain MRI, the processes like preprocessing, segmentation and classification are must. This paper deals with the various aspects of the brain tumor detection. The paper discusses the significant researches which are meant for brain tumor detection through MRI quality enhancement, MRI segmentation and MRI classification (as cancerous or not). The outcome of the paper discussed that there were no proper researches are performed to detect the brain tumor, focused on good quality of image, less researches on segmentation and classification of brain tumor. Finally the paper gives the future research scope to overcome the addressed research gap.

Accurate brain tissue segmentation from magnetic resonance (MR) images is an essential step in quantitative brain image analysis. However, due to the existence of noise and intensity inhomogeneity in brain MR images, many segmentation algorithms suffer from limited accuracy. In this paper, it is assumed that the local image data within each voxel's neighborhood satisfy the Gaussian mixture model (GMM), and thus propose the fuzzy local GMM (FLGMM) algorithm for automated brain MR image segmentation. In this paper results obtained from the proposed algorithm is compared with those obtained by using Level set function in both synthetic and clinical data is analyzed. Thus concluding that the proposed algorithm can largely overcome the difficulties raised by noise, low contrast, and bias field, and improves the accuracy of brain MR image segmentation.

<p>The performance of healthcare systems, particularly regarding disease diagnosis and treatment planning, depends on the segmentation of medical images. Fuzzy c-means (FCM) is one of the most widely used clustering techniques for image segmentation due to its simplicity and effectiveness. FCM, on the other hand, has the disadvantages of being noise-sensitive, quickly settling on local optimal solutions, and being sensitive to initial values. This paper suggests a fuzzy c-means clustering improved with a nature-inspired raindrop optimizer for lesion extraction in brain magnetic resonance (MR) images to get around this constraint. In the preprocessing stage, the possible noises in a digital image, such as speckles, gaussian, etc., are eliminated by a hybrid filter—A combination of Gaussian, mean, and median filters. This paper presents a comparative analysis of FCM clustering and FCM-raindrop optimization (FCM-RO) approach. The algorithm performance is evaluated for images subjected to various possible noises that may affect an image during transmission and storage. The proposed FCM-RO approach is comparable to other methods now in use. The suggested system detects lesions with a partition coefficient of 0.9505 and a partition entropy of 0.0890. Brain MR images are analyzed using MATLAB software to find and extract malignancies. Image data retrieved from the public data source Kaggle are used to assess the system’s performance.</p>

A local Zernike moment-based unbiased nonlocal means fuzzy C-Means algorithm for segmentation of brain magnetic resonance images

In this paper, we developed a new deformable model, the charged fluid model (CFM), that uses the simulation of a charged fluid to segment anatomic structures in magnetic resonance (MR) images of the brain. Conceptually, the charged fluid behaves like a liquid such that it flows through and around different obstacles. The simulation evolves in two steps governed by Poisson's equation. The first step distributes the elements of the charged fluid within the propagating interface until an electrostatic equilibrium is achieved. The second step advances the propagating front of the charged fluid such that it deforms into a new shape in response to the image gradient. This approach required no prior knowledge of anatomic structures, required the use of only one parameter, and provided subpixel precision in the region of interest. We demonstrated the performance of this new algorithm in the segmentation of anatomic structures on simulated and real brain MR images of different subjects. The CFM was compared to the level-set-based methods [Caselles et al. (1993) and Malladi et al (1995)] in segmenting difficult objects in a variety of brain MR images. The experimental results in different types of MR images indicate that the CFM algorithm achieves good segmentation results and is of potential value in brain image processing applications.

Unsupervised Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) clustering technique has been widely used in image segmentation. However, conventional FCM algorithm, being a histogram-based method when used in classification, has an intrinsic limitation: no spatial information is taken into account. This causes the FCM algorithm to work only on well-defined images with low level of noise. In this paper, a novel improvement to fuzzy clustering is described. The prior spatial constraint, which is defined as refusable level in this paper, is introduced into FCM algorithm through Markov random field theory and its equivalent Gibbs random field theory, in which the spatial information is encoded through mutual influences of neighboring sites. The algorithm is applied to the segmentation of synthetic image and brain magnetic resonance (MR) images (simulated and real) and the classification results show the new algorithm to be insensitive to noise.

An automated hybrid approach using clustering and nature inspired optimization technique for improved tumor and tissue segmentation in magnetic resonance brain images