Localization principle for compact Hankel operators

Operators H H satisfying S ∗ H = H S {S^ \ast }H = HS where S S is a unilateral shift on Hilbert space are called Hankel operators. For a fixed shift S S of arbitrary multiplicity the Banach spaces of bounded Hankel operators and of compact Hankel operators are described, and it is shown that the former is always the second dual of the latter. Representations for bounded and for compact Hankel operators are given in a standard function space model.

We study Hankel operators on the weighted Fock spaces Fp γ. The boundedness and compactness of these operators are characterized in terms of BMO and VMO, respectively. Along the way, we also study Berezin transform and harmonic conjugates on the plane. Our results are analogous to Zhu’s characterization of bounded and compact Hankel operators on Bergman spaces of the unit disk.

Let \({\vartheta}\) be a measure on the polydisc \({\mathbb{D}^n}\) which is the product of n regular Borel probability measures so that \({\vartheta([r,1)^n\times\mathbb{T}^n) >0 }\) for all 0 < r < 1. The Bergman space \({A^2_{\vartheta}}\) consists of all holomorphic functions that are square integrable with respect to \({\vartheta}\). In one dimension, it is well known that if f is continuous on the closed disc \({\overline{\mathbb{D}}}\), then the Hankel operator H f is compact on \({A^2_\vartheta}\). In this paper we show that for n ≥ 2 and f a continuous function on \({{\overline{\mathbb{D}}}^n}\), H f is compact on \({A^2_\vartheta}\) if and only if there is a decomposition f = h + g, where h belongs to \({A^2_\vartheta}\) and \({\lim_{z\to\partial\mathbb{D}^n}g(z)=0}\).

ABSTRACTWe prove that the Markov–Stieltjes transform is a bounded non compact Hankel operator on Hardy space with Hilbert matrix with respect to the standard Schauder basis of and a bounded non-compact operator on Lebesgue space for and obtain estimates for its norm in this spaces. It is shown that the Markov–Stieltjes transform on is unitary equivalent to the Markov–Stieltjes transform on . Inverse formulas and operational properties for this transform are obtained.

Let D be a bounded strongly pseudoconvex domain with smooth boundary in Cn and let f∈L2(D). For the Hankel operator Hf on the Bergman space A2(D), it is shown that the essential norm of Hf in L2(D) is comparable to the distance norm from Hf to compact Hankel operators. The result extends the previous corresponding version in the disc proved by Lin and Rochberg in Integ.Equat.Oper.Theory 361–372,17 (1993).

CONTENTS Introduction Chapter I. The algebraic structure of the spaces of Toeplitz and Hankel matrices § 1. Basic definitions § 2. Basic notation § 3. Statement of the theorems § 4. Auxiliary lemmas § 5. Proof of the theorems Chapter II. Fast computations in some problems of linear algebra connected with Toeplitz and Hankel matrices § 1. Basic definitions and notation § 2. Statement of the theorems § 3. Auxiliary lemmas § 4. Proof of the theorems Chapter III. The fast prediction of stochastic processes § 1. The fast prediction of stationary stochastic processes § 2. The fast prediction of piecewise constant random functions Chapter IV. The structure of Toeplitz and Hankel integral operators § 1. Definitions § 2. Notation § 3. Statement of the theorems References

The polynomial approach introduced in Fuhrmann [1991] is extended to cover the crucial area of AAK theory, namely the characterization of zero location of the Schmidt vectors of the Hankel operators. This is done using the duality theory developed in that paper but with a twist. First we get the standard, lower bound, estimates on the number of unstable zeroes of the minimal degree Schmidt vectors of the Hankel operator. In the case of the Schmidt vector corresponding to the smallest singular the lower bound is in fact achieved. This leads to a solution of a Bezout equation. We use this Bezout equation to introduce another Hankel operator which have singular values that are the inverse of the singular values of the original Hankel operator.

Extract Although examples drive this book, we first provide a whirlwind survey of the general concepts of operator theory. We do not expect the student to master these topics now since they are covered in future chapters. A Hilbert space H is a complex vector space endowed with an inner product ⟨x,y⟩ that defines a norm ‖x‖=⟨x,x⟩ with respect to which H is (Cauchy) complete. The inner product on a Hilbert space satisfies the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality |⟨x,y⟩|⩽‖x‖‖y‖ for all x,y∈H⁠. Examples of Hilbert spaces include Cn (complex Euclidean space), ℓ2 (the space of square-summable complex sequences), and L2[0,1] (the Lebesgue space of square-integrable, complex-valued functions on [0,1]⁠). Vectors x,y in a Hilbert space H are orthogonal if ⟨x,y⟩=0⁠. The dimension of a Hilbert space H is the cardinality of a maximal set of nonzero orthogonal vectors. This book is almost exclusively concerned with Hilbert spaces of countable dimension. Every such Hilbert space has an orthonormal basis (un)n=1∞⁠, a (possibly finite) maximal orthogonal set such that ⟨um,un⟩=δmn for all m,n⩾1⁠. With respect to an orthonormal basis (un)n=1∞⁠, each x∈H enjoys a generalized Fourier expansion x=∑n=1∞⟨x,un⟩un that satisfies Parseval’s identity ‖x‖2=∑n=1∞|⟨x,un⟩|2. A subspace (a norm-closed linear submanifold) of H is itself a Hilbert space with the operations inherited from H⁠. If (wn)n=1∞ is a (possibly finite) orthonormal basis for a subspace M of H and x∈H⁠, then PMx=∑n=1∞⟨x,wn⟩wn belongs to M and satisfies ‖x−PMx‖⩽‖x−y‖ for every y∈M⁠. In short, PMx is the unique closest vector to x in M⁠. Furthermore, PM defines a linear transformation on H whose range is M⁠. It is called the orthogonal projection of H onto M and it satisfies PM2=PM and ⟨PMx,y⟩=⟨x,PMy⟩ for all x,y∈H⁠. Let H and K be Hilbert spaces. A linear transformation A:H→K is bounded if ‖A‖=sup{‖Ax‖K:‖x‖H=1} is finite. Let B(H,K) denote the set of bounded linear operators from H to K⁠. We write B(H) for B(H,H)⁠. The quantity ‖A‖ is the norm of A. Since B(H) is closed under addition and scalar multiplication, it is a vector space. Furthermore, since ‖A+B‖⩽‖A‖+‖B‖ and ‖cA‖=|c|‖A‖ for all A,B∈B(H) and c∈C⁠, it follows that B(H) is a normed vector space. Endowed with this norm, B(H) is complete and thus forms a Banach space. Moreover, the composition AB belongs to B(H) and ‖AB‖⩽‖A‖‖B‖ for all A,B∈B(H)⁠. Therefore, B(H) is a Banach algebra. For each A∈B(H,K)⁠, there is a unique A*∈B(K,H) such that ⟨Ax,y⟩K=⟨x,A*y⟩H for all x∈H and y∈K⁠. The operator A* is the adjoint of A; it is the analogue of the conjugate transpose of a matrix. One can show that A↦A* is conjugate linear, that A**=A⁠, ‖A‖=‖A*‖⁠, and ‖A*A‖=‖A‖2⁠. This additional structure upgrades B(H) from a Banach algebra to a C*-algebra. One can exploit adjoints to obtain information about the kernel and range of an operator. For most of the operators A∈B(H) covered in this book, we give the matrix representation [A]=[⟨Auj,ui⟩]i,j=1∞ with respect to an orthonormal basis (un)n=1∞ for H⁠. This matrix representation [A] defines a bounded operator x↦[A]x on the Hilbert space ℓ2 of square summable sequences that is structurally identical to A. Schur’s theorem helps us determine which infinite matrices define bounded operators on ℓ2⁠. Many of the operators covered in this book, such as the Cesàro operator, the Volterra operator, weighted shifts, Toeplitz operators, and Hankel operators, have fascinating structured-matrix representations. An important class of operators is the compact operators. These are the A∈B(H) such that (Axn)n=1∞ has a convergent subsequence whenever (xn)n=1∞ is a bounded sequence in H⁠. Equivalently, an operator is compact if it takes each bounded set to one whose closure is compact. Each finite-rank operator is compact and every compact operator is the norm limit of finite-rank operators. The compact operators form a norm-closed, *-closed ideal within B(H)⁠. Some operators have a particularly close relationship with their adjoint. For example, the operator M on L2[0,1] defined by (Mf)(x)=xf(x) satisfies M*=M⁠. Such operators are selfadjoint. If µ is a positive finite compactly supported Borel measure on C⁠, then the operator N on L2(μ) defined by (Nf)(z)=zf(z) satisfies (N*f)(z)=z―f(z)⁠, and thus N*N=NN*⁠. Such operators are normal. The operator (Uf)(eiθ)=eiθf(eiθ) on L2(T) satisfies U*U=UU*=I⁠. Such operators are unitary. Unitary operators preserve the ambient structure of Hilbert spaces and can serve as a vehicle to relate A∈B(H) with B∈B(K)⁠. We say that A is unitarily equivalent to B if there is a unitary U∈B(H,K) such that UAU*=B⁠. Unitary equivalence is often used to identify seemingly complicated operators with relatively simple ones.

We show that all Hankel operators $H$ realized as integral operators with kernels $h(t+s)$ in $L^2 ({\Bbb R}_{+}) $ can be quasi-diagonalized as $H= {\sf L}^* \Sigma {\sf L} $. Here ${\sf L}$ is the Laplace transform, $\Sigma$ is the operator of multiplication by a function (distribution) $\sigma(\lambda)$, $\lambda\in {\Bbb R}$. We find a scale of spaces of test functions where ${\sf L} $ acts as an isomorphism. Then ${\sf L}^*$ is an isomorphism of the corresponding spaces of distributions. We show that $h= {\sf L}^* \sigma$ which yields a one-to-one correspondence between kernels $h(t)$ and sigma-functions $\sigma(\lambda)$ of Hankel operators. The sigma-function of a self-adjoint Hankel operator $H$ contains substantial information about its spectral properties. Thus we show that the operators $H$ and $\Sigma$ have the same numbers of positive and negatives eigenvalues. In particular, we find necessary and sufficient conditions for sign-definiteness of Hankel operators. These results are illustrated at examples of quasi-Carleman operators generalizing the classical Carleman operator with kernel $h(t)=t^{-1}$ in various directions. The concept of the sigma-function directly leads to a criterion (equivalent of course to the classical Nehari theorem) for boundedness of Hankel operators. Our construction also shows that every Hankel operator is unitarily equivalent by the Mellin transform to a pseudo-differential operator with amplitude which is a product of functions of one variable only (of $x\in{\Bbb R}$ and of its dual variable).

We show that every Hankel operator is unitarily equivalent to a pseudo-differential operator of a special structure acting in the space . As an example, we consider integral operators in the space with kernels where is an arbitrary real polynomial of degree . In this case, is a differential operator of the same order . This allows us to study spectral properties of Hankel operators with such kernels. In particular, we show that the essential spectrum of coincides with the whole axis for odd, and it coincides with the positive half-axis for even. In the latter case we additionally find necessary and sufficient conditions for the positivity of . We also consider Hankel operators whose kernels have a strong singularity at some positive point. We show that spectra of such operators consist of the zero eigenvalue of infinite multiplicity and eigenvalues accumulating to and . We find the asymptotics of these eigenvalues.

The paper deals with the invertibility of Toeplitz plus Hankel operators T(a)+H(b) acting on classical Hardy spaces on the unit circle T. It is supposed that the generating functions a and b satisfy the condition a(t)a(1/t) = b(t)b(1/t), t ∈ T. Special attention is paid to the case of piecewise continuous generating functions. In some cases the dimensions of null spaces of the operator T(a) + H(b) and its adjoint are described. Fredholm properties of Toeplitz plus Hankel operatorsT(a)+H(b) with piecewise continuous generating functions a and b have been studied for many years. These operators are considered in various Banach and Hilbert spaces, and the results ob- tained show that the structure of the algebras generated by such operators is much more complicated than the structure of the algebras generated by one-dimensional singular integral operators with piecewise continuous coefficients defined on closed smooth curves. Moreover, calculating the index of Toeplitz plus Hankel operators, one encounters even more difficult problems, and the difficulti es grow if one attempts to study invertibility or one-sided invertibility of such operators. It is worth noting that, in general, Fredholm operators T(a) +H(b) are not one-sided invertible. Nev- ertheless, a few works where one-sided invertibility was discussed, have appeared in literature recently. They are mainly concerned with two special cases of Toeplitz plus Hankel operators—viz. with the operators having the form M(a) := T(a) +H(a) or the form f

Abstract. Let $\Omega \subset \C$ be open,X a Banach space and $W\subset X^\prime$ . We show that every $\sigma (X,W)\mbox{-holomorphic function } f: \Omega \to X$ is holomorphic if and only if every $\sigma(X,W)\mbox{-bounded}$ set inX is bounded. Things are different if we assume f to be locally bounded. Then we show that it suffices that $\varphi \circ f$ is holomorphic for all $\varphi \in W$ , where W is a separating subspace of $X^\prime$ to deduce that f is holomorphic. Boundary Tauberian convergence and membership theorems are proved. Namely, if boundary values (in a weak sense) of a sequence of holomorphic functions converge/belong to a closed subspace on a subset of the boundary having positive Lebesgue measure, then the same is true for the interior points of $\Omega$ , uniformly on compact subsets. Some extra global majorants are requested. These results depend on a distance Jensen inequality. Several examples are provided (bounded and compact operators; Toeplitz and Hankel operators; Fourier multipliers and small multipliers).

This paper is largely devoted to a tutorial presentation of an extensive background material related to a Glover-like solution of the AAK problem of optimal Hankel-norm approximation for discrete-time multivariable systems of finite degree. A special emphasis is laid on the rationale for the Hankel-matrix approach and on the singular value decomposition of bounded infinite Hankel matrices of finite rank (with some original matrix-theoretic complements). Among the main AAK results, which are briefly summarized here in a form suitable for system-theoretic applications, one of the most remarkable states that the number of zeros (inside the unit circle) of the rational functions obtained by z-transforming the Schmidt pair belonging to any singular value of such a Hankel matrix is related simply to its serial number. Unlike the classical proofs, which are notoriously sophisticated, the pure matrix proof we outline here is both reasonably simple and transparent.

The fundamental lemma by Willems and coauthors enables a parameterization of all trajectories of a linear time-invariant system in terms of a single, measured one. This result plays a key role in data-driven simulation and control. The fundamental lemma relies on a persistently exciting input to the system to ensure that the Hankel matrix of resulting input/output data has the 'right' rank, meaning that its columns span the entire subspace of trajectories. However, such binary rank conditions are known to be fragile in the sense that a small additive noise could already cause the Hankel matrix to have full rank. In this letter we present a robust version of the fundamental lemma. The idea behind the approach is to guarantee certain lower bounds on the singular values of the data Hankel matrix, rather than qualitative rank conditions. This is achieved by designing the inputs of the experiment such that the minimum singular value of an input Hankel matrix is sufficiently large, inspiring a quantitative notion of persistency of excitation. We highlight the relevance of the result in a data-driven control case study by comparing the predictive control performance for varying degrees of persistently exciting data.

Summer School Lecture Notes.- Subalgebras of Graph C*-algebras.- C*-algebras and Asymptotic Spectral Theory.- Toeplitz Operator Algebras and Complex Analysis.- Workshop Contributed Articles.- Rotation Algebras and Continued Fractions.- On the Fredholm Index of Matrix Wiener-Hopf plus/minus Hankel Operators with Semi-almost Periodic Symbols.- Diffraction by a Strip and by a Half-plane with Variable Face Impedances.- Factorization Algorithm for Some Special Matrix Functions.- On a Radon Transform.- Extensions of ?-C* -algebras.- Higher-order Asymptotic Formulas for Toeplitz Matrices with Symbols in Generalized Holder Spaces.- Nonlocal Singular Integral Operators with Slowly Oscillating Data.- Poly-Bergman Projections and Orthogonal Decompositions of L 2-spaces Over Bounded Domains.- Vekua's Generalized Singular Integral on Carleson Curves in Weighted Variable Lebesgue Spaces.- On Homotopical Non-invertibility of C*-extensions.- Galois-fixed Points and K-theory for GL(n).- Spectral Factorization, Unstable Canonical Factorization, and Open Factorization Problems in Control Theory.- Compact Linear Operators Between Probabilistic Normed Spaces.- Essential Spectra of Pseudodifferential Operators and Exponential Decay of Their Solutions. Applications to Schrodinger Operators.- On Finite Sections of Band-dominated Operators.- Characterization of the Range of One-dimensional Fractional Integration in the Space with Variable Exponent.- Orbit Representations and Circle Maps.- On Generalized Spherical Fractional Integration Operators in Weighted Generalized Holder Spaces on the Unit Sphere.