Long-term exposure to fine particle elemental components and lung cancer incidence in the ELAPSE pooled cohort

Lung cancer is the third most common cancer in the world and has the highest cancer mortality rate. A worldwide increasing trend of lung adenocarcinoma has been noted. In addition, the identification of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations and the introduction of EGFR inhibitors to successfully treat EGFR mutated non-small cell lung cancers are breakthroughs for lung cancer treatment. The current study evaluated the incidence and survival of lung cancer using data collected by the Taiwan Cancer Registry between 1996 and 2008. The results showed that the most common histologic subtype of lung cancer was adenocarcinoma, followed by squamous cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, neuroendocrine tumors, lymphoma, and sarcoma. Overall, the incidence of lung cancer in Taiwan increased significantly from 1996 to 2008. An increased incidence was observed for adenocarcinoma, particularly for women, with an annual percentage change of 5.9, whereas the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma decreased. Among the subtypes of lung cancer, the most rapid increase occurred in neuroendocrine tumors with an annual percentage change of 15.5. From 1996-1999 to 2005-2008, the 1-year survival of adenocarcinoma increased by 10% for men, whereas the 1-, 3-, and 5-year survivals of adenocarcinoma for women increased by 18%, 11%, and 5%, respectively. Overall, the incidence of lung cancer has been increasing in Taiwan, although the trends were variable by subtype. The introduction of targeted therapies was associated with a significantly improved survival for lung adenocarcinoma in Taiwan; however, more studies are needed to explain the rising incidence of lung adenocarcinoma. In addition, it is important to investigate the molecular pathogenesis of the various subtypes of lung cancer to develop novel therapeutic agents.

BackgroundLung cancer is a significant health concern in China. There is limited available data of its burden and trends. This study aims to evaluate the trends of lung cancer across different age groups and genders in China and the Group of Twenty (G20) countries, explore the risk factors, and predict the future trends over a 20-year period.MethodsThe data were obtained from the GBD study 2019. The number of cases, age standardized rate (ASR), and average annual percentage changes (AAPC) were used to estimate the trend in lung cancer by age, gender, region and risk factor. The trend of lung cancer was predicted by autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model by the “xtarimau” command. The joinpoint regression analysis was conducted to identify periods with the highest changes in incidence and mortality. Additionally, the relationship between AAPCs and socio-demographic index (SDI) was explored.ResultsFrom 1990 to 2019, both the incidence and mortality of lung cancer in China and G20 significantly increased, with China experiencing a higher rate of increase. The years with the highest increase in incidence of lung cancer in China were 1998-2004 and 2007-2010. Among the G20 countries, the AAPC in incidence and mortality of lung cancer in the Republic of Korea was the highest, followed closely by China. Although India exhibited similarities, its AAPC in lung cancer incidence and mortality rates was lower than that of China. The prediction showed that the incidence in China will continue to increase. In terms of risk factors, smoking was the leading attributable cause of mortality in all countries, followed by occupational risk and ambient particulate matter pollution. Notably, smoking in China exhibited the largest increase among the G20 countries, with ambient particulate matter pollution ranking second.ConclusionLung cancer is a serious public health concern in China, with smoking and environmental particulate pollution identified as the most important risk factors. The incidence and mortality rates are expected to continue to increase, which places higher demands on China’s lung cancer prevention and control strategies. It is urgent to tailor intervention measures targeting smoking and environmental pollution to contain the burden of lung cancer.

Objectives: 1) Describe trends in lung cancer (LC) incidence and 2) Describe trends in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) diagnosis in global and in Vietnam during 2008-2022. Methods: Extensive medical databases, including Medline/PubMed and GLOBOCAN as well as domestic medical journals, research papers, dissertations, and conference re-ports globally and in Vietnam up to September 2023, were utilized. Zotero 6.0 was em-ployed for document management and citation. The articles and scientific reports on the trends in LC incidence and in NSCLC diagnosis in global and in Vietnam during 2008-2022. Results: 28 studies and reports in global and in Vietnam were selected for the study. Among them, there were 15 documents about the trends of LC incidence, and 13 docu-ments about the trend NSCLC diagnosis. The incidence of new LC tends to increase in global and in Vietnam, there are differences between men and women and regions in the world, men have a higher incidence rate than women, regions with poor economic con-ditions. In developed economies, the incidence rate is higher than in areas with less de-veloped economies. The mortality rate due to LC is always high due to late diagnosis in the late stages of the disease. In Vietnam, the number of new cases has increased, but the rate of new cases of LC has gradually decreased after 2012. In global as well as in Vietnam, the rate of new cases of LC in men tends to decrease, while in women it tends to increase. The results of histopathological and immunohistochemical staining tech-niques are considered the gold standard for NSCLC diagnosis in global and in Vietnam; Especially, liquid biopsy has been applied in the diagnosis and support for treatment of NSCLC patients. Conclusion: Vietnam is in the trend of increasing the LC incidence in global with men higher than women. The growth rate of new cases in men tends to decrease but increas-es in women. The results of histopathological and immunohistochemical staining tech-niques are considered the gold standard for NSCLC diagnosis; Especially, liquid biopsy promises to be highly effective in early diagnosis and support for NSCLC treatment thereby bringing hope for life to patients and their family. Key words: Lung cancer (LC); Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC); Trend; Diagno-sis; Global; Vietnam.

Incidence of lung cancer in males and females in Algeria: The lung cancer registry in Algeria (LuCaReAl)

Introduction: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the U.S. Despite recent survival improvements, racial and socioeconomic disparities still exist in lung cancer incidence and survival. Furthermore, recent studies showed that lung cancer survivors have a high risk of developing second primary lung cancer (SPLC). While racial and socioeconomic disparities have long been examined for lung cancer survival and incidence, little is known about their impacts on SPLC risk among lung cancer survivors. This study evaluated the disparities in SPLC incidence by calculating the standardized incidence ratio (SIR) of the observed SPLC incidence versus the expected incidence of initial primary lung cancer (IPLC) across different socioeconomic, acculturation, and smoking-related factors using county-level data obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER). Methods: We identified 158,018 patients diagnosed with IPLC between 2000 and 2013 in SEER. SPLC was defined as a newly developed primary lung cancer after 2 years from IPLC diagnosis and was followed through 2018. The SIR was calculated as the ratio of the observed SPLC incidence versus the expected incidence of IPLC in the general population across different factors. Indicators of socioeconomic status, acculturation factors, and smoking prevalence in SEER were derived from county-level data using the American Community Survey and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). The quintiles of these indicators were created using the data obtained across all 3,142 valid U.S. counties. We applied the Pearson's chi-squared test to evaluate the difference in SIRs across quintiles of the indicators we created, applying a statistical significance of α < 0.005 after adjusting for multiple testing. Results: Among 158,018 IPLC patients, 10,650 (6.7%) developed SPLC over 626,853 person-years. The incidence of SPLC was 6 times higher than the IPLC incidence in the general population, with an overall SIR of 6.2 (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 6.09-6.32). Notably, the SIR, i.e., the ratio between the SPLC incidence and the IPLC incidence, was significantly higher among individuals who live in counties with the lowest quintile of median family income (<$51,770) versus the highest quintile (>$74,331) (SIR 7.18 versus 6.10, P<1 × 10−6). Furthermore, the ratio between the SPLC versus the IPLC incidence was highest (SIR 8.01, CI: 7.36-8.71) among those who live in counties with the highest quintile of smoking prevalence (>29.6%) versus SIR of 5.77 (CI: 5.63-5.91) with the lowest quintile of smoking prevalence (<20.4%) (P=3.4 × 10−3). Race/ethnicity and acculturation factors, including immigration status, did not achieve statistical significance. Discussion: Significant disparities exist in SPLC incidence among lung cancer survivors who live in areas with a low median family income and high smoking prevalence. Targeted SPLC surveillance for lung cancer survivors from an underserved population would be needed to reduce the existing disparities. Citation Format: Eunji Choi, Sophia J. Luo, Jacqueline V. Aredo, Joel W. Neal, Leah M. Backhus, Heather A. Wakelee, Summer S. Han. Disparities in risk of second primary lung cancer among lung cancer patients in the United States [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Conference: 14th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2021 Oct 6-8. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-130.

Background: Lung cancer is the most common cancer incidence in population and in hospitals. According to GLOBOCAN 2012 , the incidence of lung cancer in male is 25.8/100,000 with a death rate of 23.2/100,000 while in female 8.1/100,000 with a mortality rate of 7.3/100,000. From the national data, out of 14 provinces (2008-2012) in Indonesia, incidence of lung cancer in male was ranked first, 2.31/100.000. Meanwhile in female was the fifth, 1.08/100.000. Immunotherapy is a novel treatment for many types of malignancy including lung cancer. Currently one of monoclonal antibody against programmed cell death 1 (PD-L1) has been approved for non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with a companion diagnostic by Dako. Ventana's benchmark XT is widely used immunohistochemistry platform. However, data on its reliability and reproducibility with 22C3 antibody in Indonesia are scant. Aim: Immunohistochemistry Dako's anti PD-L1 can be applied in Ventana platform. This protocol could be used in preliminary study for lung cancer in 14 designated national referral cancer hospital in Indonesia. Methods: Lung cancer is the most common cancer incidence in population and in hospitals. According to GLOBOCAN 2012 , the incidence of lung cancer in male is 25.8/100,000 with a death rate of 23.2/100,000 while in female 8.1/100,000 with a mortality rate of 7.3/100,000. From the national data, out of 14 provinces (2008-2012) in Indonesia, incidence of lung cancer in male was ranked first, 2.31/100.000. Meanwhile in female was the fifth, 1.08/100.000. Immunotherapy is a novel treatment for many types of malignancy including lung cancer. Currently one of monoclonal antibody against programmed cell death 1 (PD-L1) has been approved for non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with a companion diagnostic by Dako. Ventana's benchmark XT is widely used immunohistochemistry platform. However, data on its reliability and reproducibility with 22C3 antibody in Indonesia are scant. Results: The Ventana's Ultraview 22C3 optimized protocol stratified the PD-L1 expression. Three out of 10 cases were strongly positive. Some of these had squamous differentiation. Weakly positive was only found in 1 case of adenocarcinoma. The last 6 cases showed negative expression on PD-L1 which 2 of these cases were the specimens from cryosurgery. Conclusion: The results of laboratory immunohistochemistry assay demonstrate than Dako's anti PD-L1 primary antibody can be applied to Ventana's benchmark XT platform. Start conducting study of lung cancer in Indonesia's in 14 designated national referral cancer hospital in provinces profile of PD-L1 expression in Dharmais NCC. The detection of PD-L1 protein expression in NSCLC using Ventana platform can be used to determine which NSCLC patient is eligible for anti-PD1 based immunotherapy.

BackgroundLung cancer is currently the most frequent cancer in Jiangsu Province, China, and the features of cancer distribution have changed continuously in the last decade. The aim of this study was to analyse the trend of the incidence of lung cancer in Jiangsu from 2009 to 2018 and predict the incidence from 2019 to 2030.MethodsData on lung cancer incidence in Jiangsu from 2009 to 2018 were retrieved from the Jiangsu Cancer Registry. The average annual percentage change (AAPC) was used to quantify the trend of the lung cancer age-standardized rate (ASR) using Joinpoint software. Bayesian age-period-cohort models were used to predict lung cancer incidence up to 2030.ResultsIn Jiangsu, the lung cancer crude rate increased from 45.73 per 100,000 in 2009 to 69.93 per 100,000 in 2018. The lung cancer ASR increased from 29.03 per 100,000 to 34.22 per 100,000 during the same period (AAPC = 2.17%, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.54%, 2.80%). Between 2019 and 2030, the lung cancer ASR is predicted to decrease slightly to 32.14 per 100,000 (95% highest density interval [HDI], 24.99, 40.22). Meanwhile, the ASR showed a downward trend in males and rural regions while remaining stable in females and urban regions.ConclusionWe predict that the incidence of lung cancer in Jiangsu will decrease in the next 12 years, mainly due to the decrease in males and rural areas. Therefore, future lung cancer prevention and control efforts should be focused on females and urban regions.

Previous studies have shown that asthma is a risk factor for lung cancer, while the mechanisms involved remain unclear. We attempted to further explore the association between asthma and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) via bioinformatics analysis. We obtained GSE143303 and GSE18842 from the GEO database. Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) groups were downloaded from the TCGA database. Based on the results of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between asthma and NSCLC, we determined common DEGs by constructing a Venn diagram. Enrichment analysis was used to explore the common pathways of asthma and NSCLC. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed to screen hub genes. KM survival analysis was performed to screen prognostic genes in the LUAD and LUSC groups. A Cox model was constructed based on hub genes and validated internally and externally. Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) was used to evaluate the association of prognostic gene models with the tumor microenvironment (TME) and immune cell infiltration. Nomogram model was constructed by combining prognostic genes and clinical features. 114 common DEGs were obtained based on asthma and NSCLC data, and enrichment analysis showed that significant enrichment pathways mainly focused on inflammatory pathways. Screening of 5 hub genes as a key prognostic gene model for asthma progression to LUAD, and internal and external validation led to consistent conclusions. In addition, the risk score of the 5 hub genes could be used as a tool to assess the TME and immune cell infiltration. The nomogram model constructed by combining the 5 hub genes with clinical features was accurate for LUAD. Five-hub genes enrich our understanding of the potential mechanisms by which asthma contributes to the increased risk of lung cancer.

Purpose To estimate the extent in which coronary artery calcium (CAC) score and incident lung cancer diagnosis are associated and determine if use of CAC score to predict lung cancer could improve lung cancer screening (LCS). Materials and Methods This retrospective analysis analyzed data from an ongoing, prospective, population-based cohort study (Heinz Nixdorf Recall study) in which participants aged 45-75 years underwent electron-beam CT of the heart. The association between CAC score and incident lung cancer was assessed using Cox proportional hazard regression models adjusted for potential confounders. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was used to assess predictive performance of CAC score for lung cancer in all participants, eligible participants, and ineligible participants for LCS. Results The study included 4605 participants (mean age, 59.7 [SD, 7.8] years; 2328 female). During a median follow-up time of 15.2 years, incident lung cancer was diagnosed in 111 participants. CAC score as a continuous variable (log CAC+1) was associated with incident lung cancer (hazard ratio [HR] in the fully adjusted model: 1.21 [95% CI: 1.10, 1.32]). A CAC score of 400 or higher versus 0 was associated with a more than fourfold higher risk of lung cancer (adjusted HR: 4.31 [95% CI: 2.19, 8.51]). CAC score alone showed poor performance for predicting lung cancer in the total study sample (AUC, 0.63) and subgroups of participants eligible (AUC, 0.56) and ineligible (AUC, 0.61) for LCS. Conclusion CAC score was associated with incident lung cancer but did not demonstrate potential to improve the efficiency of LCS. Keywords: Epidemiology, Screening, Arteriosclerosis, Cardiac, Thorax, CT, Lung Cancer Supplemental material is available for this article. © RSNA, 2025.

BACKGROUND: The presence of nicotine metabolite in the urine of subjects exposed to tobacco smoke represents the nicotine metabolism activity in environmental tobacco smokers. CYP2A6 and CYP2A13 are known as the main enzymes responsible for nicotine metabolism and xenobiotic activity in tobacco smoke-related lung cancer. AIM: The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between genetic polymorphism of CYP26 and CYP2A13 genes and environmental tobacco smoke-induced lung cancer risk in Indonesian females never smoker. METHODS: This is a case-control study with two-stage of distinguishing polymorphism detection. Restriction fragment length polymorphism polymerase chain reaction from venous blood extraction was performed to examine the CYP2A6 and CYP2A13 polymorphism. Logistic regression test in Epi Info-7 software was carried out to examine genetic polymorphism of CYP2A6 and CYP2A13 genes and environmental tobacco smoke-induced lung cancer risk in Indonesian female never smokers. RESULTS: A total of 203 participants enrolled in this study with the first stage of CYP2A6 polymorphism involved 101 subjects showed no significant correlation between the genotypes of CYP2A6 and the incidence of lung cancer. On the other hand, there was a significant correlation between genotypes of CYP2A13 and the incidence of lung cancer (p < 0.05). People with the genotype CT have a 2.7 higher risk for developing lung cancer compare with genotype CC. Allele *1B was the most common allele in CYP2A6. Allele C has more frequencies and has 0.62 times the risk for developing lung cancer compared with allele T with a wide range of confidence intervals (0.73–3.52). CONCLUSIONS: There was a significant correlation between polymorphism CYP213 with the incidence of lung cancer among female lung cancer never smoker. However, the results show no significant relationship between CYP2A6 genetic polymorphism and lung cancer incidence.

Bidirectional Association Between Cardiovascular Disease and Lung Cancer in a Prospective Cohort Study

Simple SummaryLung cancer treatment and patient care continue to advance, yet concerns persist about whether these improvements are equally accessible to all socioeconomic groups. Socioeconomic disparities exist in lung cancer incidence, screening, effective treatment, overall survival, and prognosis. One of the key contributing factors to low socioeconomic status that is amenable to change is low education. Lower educational attainment is oftentimes linked to various factors, including smoking habits, unhealthy lifestyle behaviors, lower paid and unhealthier occupations, exposure to environmental pollutants, and genetic-familial risks, all contributing to an elevated incidence of lung cancer. Driven by the observed health inequalities within the Greek population, the Greek Society of Lung Cancer has launched the “MIND THE GAP” campaign, which aims to raise awareness and narrow the gap associated with lung cancer, not only in Greece but across Europe. The aim of this literature review is to explore the gap of health inequalities regarding lung cancer incidence and prognosis between patients of different SES and its root of causality. Key pivotal actions towards bridging this gap are reviewed as well.Lung cancer treatment and patient care are constantly improving, but it remains doubtful whether this applies equally to all socioeconomic groups. It is nowadays well established that there are socioeconomic inequalities regarding lung cancer incidence, screening, effective treatment, overall survival, and prognosis. One of the key contributing factors to low socioeconomic status is low education. Low educational level is correlated with several factors, such as smoking habits, bad lifestyle behaviors, lower paid and unhealthier occupations, polluted neighborhoods, and genetic-familial risk, that lead to increased lung cancer incidence. The disparities regarding lung cancer care are further enhanced by stigma. On this basis and inspired by the gap in health equality among the Greek population, the Greek Society of Lung Cancer initiated a campaign, “MIND THE GAP”, to help increase awareness and minimize the gap associated with lung cancer, both in Greece and across Europe. The aim of this review is to explore the gap of health inequalities regarding lung cancer incidence and prognosis between patients of different SES and its root of causality. Key pivotal actions towards bridging this gap are reviewed as well.

BackgroundLung cancer is a common malignancy in rheumatoid arthritis (RA)1,2. Since smoking is a risk factor for both (seropositive) RA and lung cancer, it remains unclear whether RA, in itself,...

A notable finding is that Kerala’s capital Thiruvananthapuram has shown an increasing trend in lung cancer (LC) incidence. Long-term exposure to air pollution is a significant environmental risk factor for LC. This study investigated the spatial association between LC and exposure to air pollutants in Thiruvananthapuram, using Spatial Lag Model (SLM), Spatial Error Model (SEM), and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR). The results showed that overall LC incidence rate was 111 per 105 males (age >60 years), whereas spatial distribution map revealed that 48% of the area had an incidence rate greater than 150. The results revealed a significant association between PM2.5 and LC. SLM was identified as the best model that predicted 62% variation in LC. GWR model improved model performance and made better local predictions in the southeastern parts of the study area. This study explores the effectiveness of spatial regression techniques for dealing spatial effects and pinpointing high-risk areas.

Changes in lung cancer incidence by sex and smoking status in China: a multicentre observational study