Looking Backward, Looking Forward

Military intervention is defined as forcible meddling in state affairs. This intervention can take many different forms, including political or military action, as well as direct or indirect intervention. International law is largely concerned with the prohibition of dictatorial or coercive meddling in state affairs. Military intervention has piqued scholarly attention since the Cold War's conclusion, and it has been proven that various cases of the usage of force or the menace to apply force were lawful in the lack of a Security Council resolution. Nonetheless, since the Cold War's end, issues of dominance and non-intervention have been called into question by the emerging human rights rhetoric, which has used the benefit of the big powers to engage in the concerns of weaker nations. Through the Charter of the UN, it is clear that the international military intervention under Chapter VII is not an advantage to the Security Council Rather; it is a legal obligation subject to international law to attain safety and harmony for all the peoples in this world. Through the Charter of the UN also, must respect the aims and rules of international law when deciding military intervention against a state or entity in the international community away from the political objectives that achieve the interests of powerful countries. The decision to engage in military intervention against a non-state entity or another state is a tough and complex one that involves a plethora of moral, political, legal, economical, and logistical concerns for a state to measure. Therefore, this research focused on the military intervention in international law and practices, study provided a comprehensive and specialized legal study on military intervention subject, in which study provides analysis on the historical background, types, objectives, legality and legitimacy of military intervention in international law comparable with international practice and make proposals to develop a clear legal framework for military intervention to ensure the realization of the main objectives of military intervention that set in UN Charter and international law away from the influence of the majors' powers that aim to achieve their own goals through military intervention within the framework of the UNSC. Keywords: Military Intervention, International Law, International Practice, UN Charter, International Peace and Security. DOI: 10.7176/JLPG/117-04 Publication date: January 31 st 2022

This chapter focuses on environmental accounting on Africa, a continent with huge mineral reserves and extractive activities but with widespread pollution, social inequities and environmental degradation. It captures the centrality of natural resources to Africa and how these resources affect social, economic, environmental, political, governance, accountability, social justice and sustainability issues (e.g. climate change, deforestation and afforestation, environmental pollution, artisanal mining, accounting for water, waste management, non-degradable products, biodiversity and extinction of endangered species, erosion, drought, environmental risk, child labour, modern slavery, and social and environmental justice). We reflected on the trends and gaps in accounting research publications and captured the connections between governance, accountability, and social and environmental issues in Africa. Given the prevalence of the resource curse syndrome in Africa, this chapter reflects on and identifies the direction for future social and environmental accounting, and policy-oriented research necessary to address the urgent set of social and environmental issues if Africa is to become environmentally sustainable while meeting its Sustainable Development Goals. This chapter is a must-read for academics and students with interest in social and environmental issues in Africa.

The International Law Commission (ILC) temporarily adopted Draft Article 7 on immunity of state officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction, listing six international crimes such as genocide and crimes against humanity that state officials don’t share immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction. This paper holds a conservative attitude to the adoption of Draft Article 7 after combing international and national practice and research on immunity theory. First, by sorting out international practices and national practices, it could be drawn that the exception to immunity of state officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction has not yet formed customary international law. Second, through the analysis of the theory and practices, it could be found that the theory for supporting international crimes as exceptions to the immunity of state officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction: international crimes should not be recognized as official acts, the effectiveness of jus cogens is higher than the immunity rule and the theory of impunity against international crimes are not sufficient. Based on the above results, this paper argues that the ILC should not make clarifying immunity exceptions the core of its work on this topic; instead, it should focus on further clarifying the rules for granting state officials immunity from foreign criminal jurisdiction to respect the principle of sovereign equality of states and maintain the stability of international relations.

Effectiveness of Current International Arbitration Law and Practice for Commercial Contracting Parties, in Transnational Oil and Gas Industry

Benefit-Sharing as a Bridge between the Environmental and Human Rights Accountability of Multinational Corporations

Fiscal sustainability has become one of the most important requirements of fiscal policy over the past two to three decades. Hungary’s Fundamental Law stipulates that Hungary enforces the principle of sustainable budget management. In international practice, fiscal sustainability is often identified with preserving the solvency of the state and the sustainable financing of public debt. The risks related to the fulfilment of the constitutional requirement to reduce public indebtedness are also regularly assessed by the State Audit Office, for which it has developed its own risk analysis method. The authors of the article define fiscal sustainability as a series of budgets that provide coverage for the public goods needs of present generations while increasing the capacity and opportunity of future generations to meet their own future needs. Based on this, and building on the resolution of the National Assembly and international good practices, they present how the coverage of Sustainable Development Goals can be integrated into the respective budgets in a transparent and accountable way.

The purpose of the article is to determine the role of environmental costs in making decisions on cooperation in R & D in terms of implementation of the sustainable development goals. The authors consider two approaches to determining environmental costs. Environmental costs are interpreted in regards to economic theory and environmental accounting. The model of the oligopolistic market used to determine the benefits of cooperation in the development and implementation of projects related to environmental protection. It is shown that it is beneficial for firms to cooperate in R & D in the scope of environmental protection with other firms, scientific organizations and the government both in the domestic and foreign markets. The reasons are including reducing the cost of developing and implementing projects, increasing public welfare and implementing of sustainable development goals. The obtained results indicate the need for cooperation between economic entities, the government and international organizations both in the domestic and foreign markets to solve environmental problems, achieve sustainable economic growth and social well-being.

Eurace@unibi-eco: A Model of Technology Transitions

Databases are increasingly used in international law settings. This requires new strategies for those who want to critique international legal practices and their effects. In this essay, we claim that legal scholarship tends to conceptualize the database in ways that leave older and inadequate ideas of legal method(s) and sovereignty in the context of international law largely unquestioned or even serve to reinforce them. Further, we argue that these tendencies obstruct proper understandings of international legal practices and prevent adequate critique. To illustrate the extent of these tendencies, we provide examples from our own research areas: migration law and international corporate income tax law. We contend that empirical studies of how databases are used in these and other legal settings, can help demystify and rework well-established assumptions through which international law, and the database, are seen.

Book Reviews

The purpose of this paper is to develop the broad outlines of the general theory of local public goods. The theory of local public goods is differentiated from the conventional theory of public goods in one important respect: in the latter, the population of each community is assumed fixed, while the theory of local public goods is concerned with the determination of the allocation of the population among the different communities.

Deadlines as Behavior in Diplomacy and International Law

Держави є основними суб’єктами міжнародного права і ключовими акторами міжнародних взаємодій, визначають основні вектори розвитку міжнародного права та здійснюють вплив (прямий та опосередкований) на всі тенденції міжнародного життя. Сьогодні у позитивному міжнародному праві відсутнє універсальне загальноприйняте визначення поняття держави. Метою статті є аналіз підходів до визначення поняття держави як суб’єкта міжнародного публічного права, а також окреслення визначення поняття держави відповідно до чинного міжнародного права та міжнародно-правової практики. У статті аналізуються основні характеристики держави і критерії (елементи) держави як суб’єкта міжнародного публічного права відповідно до чинного міжнародного права, міжнародно-правової практики та сучасних доктринальних вчень. Зроблено висновки, що держава – це суб’єкт міжнародного публічного права, що становить собою політико-правове територіальне утворення, яке відповідає наступним критеріям: має постійне населення, визначену територію, публічні органи державної влади, здатність самостійно вступати у міжнародні публічно-правові відносини. За умови присутності вказаних чотирьох критеріїв (елементів) держави наявність суверенітету держави презюмується. Зроблено також висновки, що держава як суб’єкт міжнародного публічного права має здатність створювати норми міжнародного права; набувати прав та обов’язків за такими нормами, реалізувати вказані норми; може брати участь у міжнародних публічно-правових відносинах; має здатність нести міжнародно-правову відповідальність. Суб’єктом міжнародного права виступає держава в цілому, а не її окремі адміністративно-територіальні одиниці, державні органи чи посадові особи.

1. THE theory of public goods 1 is sometimes confused with the theory of joint production. This is in the nature of a pun, or a play on words: for, as I have insisted elsewhere, as we increase the number of persons on both sides of the market in the case of mutton and wool, we converge in the usual fashion to the conditions of perfect competition. But when we increase the number of persons in the case of a typical public good, we make the problem more indeterminate rather than less. To elucidate the difference, I shall fill in what appears to be a minor gap in the literature, namely a needed statement in terms of modern welfare economics of the various optimality conditions as they appear in the case of joint products. The analysis is straightforward; and after it is before us, we can clearly see the difference between it and the well-known optimality conditions for the case of public goods. 2. I begin with an examination question given recently at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Corn is produced by land and labor; and so are wool-bearing mutton-bearing sheep. Assume the totals of available land and labor to be fixed. Write down the various welfare optimality conditions in the case where all people happen always to consume wool and mutton in the same proportions that sheep bear these products. And then, by contrast, write down the conditions that would have to prevail if individuals' indifference contours for wool, mutton, and corn involve the usual variability of proportions. This proved a difficult question for first-year graduate students in economic theory. Still many perceived that in the first case they could essentially work with two rather than three goods, substituting sheep as a kind of composite good for wool and mutton, and thereby ending up with the standard welfare conditions for two ordinary (private) goods, corn and sheep.

The Status of Armed Forces in Public International Law: Jurisdiction and Immunity