Lower bounds for linear forms in values of certain hypergeometric functions

For any irrational or transcendental number estimating of the quality of its approximation by rational fractions is one of the directions in the theory of Diophantine approximations. The quantitative characteristic of such approximation is called the measure (extent) of irrationality of the number. For almost a century and a half, scientists have developed various methods for evaluating the measure of irrationality and have obtained its values for a huge numberof irrational and transcendental numbers. Various approaches have been used to obtain the estimates and these approaches improved over time, leading to better estimates. The most commonly used method for obtaining such estimates is construction of linear forms with integer coefficients, which approximate a value, and studying of its asymptotic behavior. Approximating linear forms usually are constructed on the basis of continued fractions, Pad´e approximants,infinite series, and integrals. Methods for studying the asymptotics of such forms are currently quite standard, but the main problem is invention of a linear form with good approximating properties. The first estimates of the values of the arctangent function were obtained by M. Huttner in 1987 on the base of integral representation of the Gausss function. In 1993 A. Heimonen, T. Matala-Aho, K. Vaananen, using, like M. Huttner, Pad´e approximants for the Gaussianhypergeometric function, proved a general theorem for estimating of measures of irrationality of logarithms of rational numbers. Later, the same authors, using an approximating construction with Jacobi polynomials, obtained new estimates, in particular for the values of the function arctan 𝑥. Further research used various integral constructions, which allowed to get both general methods for arctan 𝑥 values and specialized methods for specific values. In the articles of E.B. Tomashevskaya, who in 2008 received a general estimate for the values of arctan 1/𝑛, 𝑛 ∈ N, was used a complex integral with the property of symmetry of integrand. This property played animportant role in obtaining the estimates, since it improved the asymptotic behavior of the coefficients of the linear form. Some integral constructions elaborated by other researchers alsohad different types of symmetry. In this article, we consider the main methods for estimating the values of the arctangent function, their features, research methods, and the best estimates at the moment.

In the present paper, we study the arithmetic properties of power expansions related to generalized hypergeometric differential equations and series. Defining the series f(z),g(z) in powers of z so that f(z) and \(f\left( z \right)\log z + g\left( z \right)\) satisfy a hypergeometric equation under a special choice of parameters, we prove that the series \(q\left( z \right) = ze^{{{g\left( {Cz} \right)} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{g\left( {Cz} \right)} {f\left( {Cz} \right)}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {f\left( {Cz} \right)}}}\) in powers of z and its inversion z(q) in powers of q have integer coefficients (here the constant C depends on the parameters of the hypergeometric equation). The existence of an integral expansion z(q) for differential equations of second and third order is a classical result; for orders higher than 3 some partial results were recently established by Lian and Yau. In our proof we generalize the scheme of their arguments by using Dwork's p-adic technique.

При изучении арифметических свойств значений обобщенных гипергеометрических функций часто применяют известный в теории трансцендентных чисел метод Зигеля. Наиболее общие результаты в данной области были получены именно этим методом. Однако возможности метода Зигеля в случае гипергеометрических функций с иррациональнымипараметрами ограничены. Это связано с тем, что такие гипергеометрические функции не являются E-функциями, и по этой причине построить линейную приближающую форму свысоким порядком нуля с помощью принципа Дирихле здесь не удается. При рассмотрении задач, связанных с исследованием арифметической природы значений гипергеометрических функций с иррациональными параметрами, в некоторых случаях можно применить метод, основанный на эффективном построении линейной приближающей формы, но возможности этого метода также ограничены из-за того, что слишком общие эффективные конструкции отсутствуют. Трудности имеются также и в тех случаях, когда такие конструкции известны. Особенности этих конструкций таковы, что часто не удается реализовать арифметическую часть метода.Поэтому представляют интерес ситуации, когда можно провести требуемое исследование, опираясь на особые свойства конкретных гипергеометрических функций. Иногдаудается так подобрать параметры исследуемых функций, что можно преодолеть те трудности, которые возникают в общем случае. В настоящей работе рассматривается гипергеометрическая функция специального вида и ее производные. С помощью эффективной конструкции удалось не только доказать линейную независимость значений этих функций над некоторым мнимым квадратичным полем, но и получить соответствующий количественный результат в виде оценки модуля линейной формы от указанных значений.

Let y = y(x) be a function defined by a continued fraction. A lower bound for |Λ| = |β 1 y 1 + β 2 y 2 + α| is given, where y 1 = y(x 1), y 2 = y(x 2), x 1 and x 2 are positive integers, α, β 1 and β 2 are algebraic irrational numbers.

Lower and upper bounds that differ from each other only by a constant factor are obtained for linear forms in values of the function , and its successive derivatives at the point under the condition that , and are integers in some imaginary quadratic field.Bibliography: 9 titles.

We describe two techniques for fast multiple-precision evaluation of linearly convergent series, including power series and Ramanujan series. The computation time for N bits is O((log N)2 M(N)), where M(N) is the time needed to multiply two N-bit numbers. Applications include fast algorithms for elementary functions, π, hypergeometric functions at rational points, ζ(3), Euler's, Catalan's and Apéry's constant. The algorithms are suitable for parallel computation.

Let 𝔽q be a finite field with q = pe elements, where p is a prime. We calculate the number of zeros of the hyperelliptic curve by using the properties of the quadratic character. With the help of these zeros we discuss the trace of Frobenius map on the hyperelliptic curves in terms of special values of 2F1 hypergeometric functions. Also, we find some identities, and particular values of hypergeometric functions over 𝔽q.

Let $X_0^6(1)/W_6$ be the Atkin-Lehner quotient of the Shimura curve $X_0^6(1)$ associated to a maximal order in an indefinite quaternion algebra of discriminant $6$ over $\mathbb Q$. By realizing modular forms on $X_0^6(1)/W_6$ in two ways, one in terms of hypergeometric functions and the other in terms of Borcherds forms, and using Schofer's formula for values of Borcherds forms at CM-points, we obtain special values of certain hypergeometric functions in terms of periods of elliptic curves over $\overline\mathbb Q$ with complex multiplication.

In this paper we propose effective construction of simultaneous approximations for some hypergeometric functions of a special type and their derivatives with respect to parameter.This construction is made use of for the achievement of the lower estimates of numerical linear forms of the values of such functions. Some parameters of these functions can be irrational.

We establish a simple inductive formula for the trace Trknew(Γ0(8),p) of the pth Hecke operator on the space Sknew(Γ0(8)) of newforms of level 8 and weight k in terms of the values of 3F2-hypergeometric functions over the finite field Fp. Using this formula when k = 6, we prove a conjecture of Koike relating Tr6new(Γ0(8),p) to the values 6F5(1)p and 4F3(1)p. Furthermore, we find new congruences between Trknew(Γ0(8),p) and generalized Apéry numbers.

Let ξ \xi be a real irrational number. We are interested in sequences of linear forms in 1 and ξ \xi , with integer coefficients, which tend to 0. Does such a sequence exist such that the linear forms are small (with given rate of decrease) and the coefficients have some given rate of growth? If these rates are essentially geometric, a necessary condition for such a sequence to exist is that the linear forms are not too small, a condition which can be expressed precisely using the irrationality exponent of ξ \xi . We prove that this condition is actually sufficient, even for arbitrary rates of growth and decrease. We also make some remarks and ask some questions about multivariate generalizations connected to Fischler-Zudilin’s new proof of Nesterenko’s linear independence criterion.

Well-poised generation of Apéry-like recursions

The hypergeometric series reduce to many elementary functions. Many of them are known to have the continued fraction expansions. Few of them for certain values, however, are known to have the simple continued fraction expansions which keep regularities. In this paper we show more simple continued fraction expansions holding regularities.

We consider one of the fundamental problems of classical invariant theory, the research of Hilbert polynomials for an algebra of invariants of Lie group $SL_2$. Form of the Hilbert polynomials gives us important information about the structure of the algebra. Besides, the coefficients and the degree of the Hilbert polynomial play an important role in algebraic geometry. It is well known that the Hilbert function of the algebra $SL_n$-invariants is quasi-polynomial. The Cayley-Sylvester formula for calculation of values of the Hilbert function for algebra of covariants of binary $d$-form $\mathcal{C}_{d}= \mathbb{C}[V_d\oplus \mathbb{C}^2]_{SL_2}$ (here $V_d$ is the $d+1$-dimensional space of binary forms of degree $d$) was obtained by Sylvester. Then it was generalized to the algebra of joint invariants for $n$ binary forms. But the Cayley-Sylvester formula is not expressed in terms of polynomials.In our article we consider the problem of computing the Hilbert polynomials for the algebras of joint invariants and joint covariants of $n$ linear forms and $n$ quadratic forms. We express the Hilbert polynomials $\mathcal{H} \mathcal{I}^{(n)}_1,i)=\dim(\mathcal{C}^{(n)}_1)_i, \mathcal{H}(\mathcal{C}^{(n)}_1,i)=\dim(\mathcal{C}^{(n)}_1)_i,$ $\mathcal{H}(\mathcal{I}^{(n)}_2,i)=\dim(\mathcal{I}^{(n)}_2)_i, \mathcal{H}(\mathcal{C}^{(n)}_2,i)=\dim(\mathcal{C}^{(n)}_2)_i$ of those algebras in terms of quasi-polynomial. We also present them in the form of Narayana numbers and generalized hypergeometric series.

Approximations rationnelles des valeurs de la fonction Gamma aux rationnels