<title>Implementation issues for the full-time full-resolution stereoscopic 3D flat panel display</title>

We report on the development of an automated visual inspection system for liquid crystal display (LCD) modules. The system comprises a highly graphical software program, a unique image processing algorithm, a PC interface card for driving different types of LCD modules, and a universal test jig for holding these modules. The system is able to detect faulty or malfunctioning LCD modules with minimum intervention from human operator; allows testing to be carried out for evaluating the display quality such as contrast ratio; is able to create new test databases for new LCD modules; allows permanent storage/backup of test databases for each individual LCD module; and provides a friendly user interface for ease of operation. In addition, the system has the following features: different access levels for different users; an editor for creating software drivers for driving different types of LCD modules; and a graphical help facility.

컬러 LCD(liquid crystal display) 모니터의 광학적 상에 대한 성능을 평가하기 위하여 LCD 모니터를 포함한 모든 광학계의 파장별 공간주파수 반응에 가중치를 부여한 진폭전달함수(modulation transfer function ; MTF)를 이용한 다색광전달함수(polychromatic modulation transfer function ; PMTF)를 제안한다. 서로 다른 진폭들을 갖는 적색(R), 녹색(G), 청색(B)의 3개의 막대형 LCD 단위물체를 이용한 컬러 LCD의 PMTF의 시뮬레이션 결과와 실험적 결과가 잘 일치하며, 이 결과 컬러 LCD의 결상성능은 단색으로 측정하는 MTF 및 가시광의 전파장대를 사용하는 백색광 MTF와는 다른 R, G, B의 3색에 대한 PMTF로 측정하늘 것이 보다 적절하다. We propose a method for evaluating the image quality of color liquid crystal display(LCD) monitors by using the polychromatic modulation transfer function(PMTF), which is calculated from the modulation transfer function(MTF) weighted by the overall color response of the system including the test LCD monitor. We confirm that experimental results using the PMTF agree well with simulated results of the PMTF of a color LCD monitor by using three bar targets with different amplitudes and three elementary colors such as red(R), green(G), and blue(B). As a results, we should choose the PMTF instead of the white color MTF or monochromatic MTF in order to evaluate correctly the image quality of color LCD monitors.

Using image analysis techniques to enhance TFT-LCD manufacturing yield through timely detection of PI alignment layer defects

Chapter 1 - Liquid crystals for electro-optic applications

Underwater Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) is important to substitute human in doing underwater task. In marine industries, ROV is used to do underwater surveillance or observation. Due uncertainty of underwater environment and dynamic of ROV itself, depth trajectory control of ROV is difficult. Lambda tuning single input fuzzy logic (SIFLC) controller was implemented to the ROV to control the depth trajectory of the ROV. Performance analysis of Lambda SIFLC had been conducted for open frame and close frame ROV. The close frame ROV model is first order system while the open frame ROV is second order system. The transient responds analysis had been made using MATLAB Simulink. The implementation of the Lambda SIFLC shows significant improvement in the transient responds of the system.

The present work describes methods to reduce the thickness of glass substrate used in a liquid crystal display (LCD). Reduction of the thickness improves a thin and ligh-weight performance of LCDs. For this purpose, a fluoride-base chemical was introduced as an etchant of the LCD glass. The new etchant was tested and evaluated by comparing it with the conventional etchant, hydrofluoric acid. An apparatus was also introduced. In the apparatus, rollers were used to remove the reaction products of the etchant and glass. Operation of a pilot-scale equipment showed that the total thickness variation and surface roughness, Ra, was less than 1.0 μm and 0.01 μm, respectively, when the LCD glass plate of 550×650mm was thinned from 0.8 mm to 0.61 mm. This indicates that the thinning process developed in the present work can be directly applied to make small-sized LCD modules such as PDAs, cellular phones, digital cameras, etc., using the 0.6 mm thick glass without any additional process like polishing. Improvement of yield is expected due to remarkable improvement of thickness uniformity. Modification of the present process is needed for making large-sized LCD modules for notebook computers using the 0.4 mm or thinner glass.

The fine-tube cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL) [1-2] and external electrode fluorescent lamp (EEFL) [3-9], have been widely used as a backlight source in liquid crystal display (LCD) modules. In a notebook PC, the glass tube diameter of the lamp is a small as 1 mm. As the display area becomes larger in LCD TVs, the tube diameter is 3~4 mm and the lamp length is up to 1~2 m. However, the mechanism for radiation of light along such a long positive column is not well understood. The characteristics of light emission in the EEFLs have been reported, specifically the propagation of a light-emitting along a tube driven by high voltage AC [8-9]. In the long positive column lamp, the light emits first from the side of high voltage propagates to the ground side with the propagation time of ~┤s and the propagation velocity of 105~106 m/s. The previous observations have not been reported elsewhere to our knowledge since the fluorescent lamps have been introduced commercially in the 1940's. However, those observations of light propagation would not be recognized even if they have been found first in the history of fluorescent lamps. Even more, those observations are misapprehended as the kinds of unstable waves during the lamp operation of lamp, such as striation, snaking, flickering, and streaming, etc. Generally, a moving light source in the long positive column plasma has been associated with “striation”. A striation is a quasistanding wave which can be observed visually [1012]. However, striations as well as the other unstable waves are not observed in commercial lamps, and would be considered a major defect for hot cathode fluorescent tubes as well as CCFL. In the manufacture of those lamps, inadequate vacuum during the evacuation process results in impurity gases such as H2O, CO2, O2, and N2, etc. These impurities cause the perturbations of unstable discharge, and those lamps are discarded in the production line. Striations can sometimes appear in aging lamps or in the operation with an unstable inverter system. However, we have never observed striations in the normally manufactured lamps of our test samples. Our observation of optical signal is quite different from striations, as it is not visible to the naked eye and moves on the micro-second timescale. Rather than the instability, they are related to the stable process of distribution of plasma and fields that generate light in these discharges.

Anisotropic conductive films (ACFs) are adhesive films with anisotropic conductivity induced by dispersing conducting particles such as metal coated plastic balls and metal particles into polymer matrices such as thermoplastics and thermosetting resins. ACFs have been widely used for driver IC packaging technologies in FPDs(Flat panel displays) such as LCDs(Liquid crystal displays) for last two decades. So far various packaging technologies such as TCP(Tape carrier package) on LCD panel or PWB(Printed wiring board), COF(Chip on flex) on LCD panel or PWB, and COG(Chip on Glass) using ACFs have been realized to meet the requirement of fine pitch capability and make the flat panel displays smaller, lighter and thinner. In this paper, the history of ACF and driver IC packaging are described. In addition, it is mentioned that how important driver IC packaging is in implementing the miniaturization, high resolution, low cost and high display quality. ACF material design for COF which is advantageous in fine pitch interconnection is described. It is indicated that low temperature curable ACF is very useful in improving productivity of LCD modules and reducing the thermal stress at the interface in large LCD modules. We also indicates that the warpage of LCD panel after COG interconnection induces the light linkage issue in LCD modules. Lowering bonding temperature of ACF is also very important in reducing the warpae issue and avoiding the light linkage issue when COG is applied for driver IC packaging in large LCD modules.

We have developed an innovative liquid crystal display (LCD) which includes a resistive type touch screen system — integrated touch screen panel (iTSP). It can detect touch events and locate touch positions by measuring voltage at the contact point between indium tin oxide (ITO) coated color filter glass and ITO conductive isotropic film. iTSP shows not only better display qualities outside but also considerable decreases in weight and thickness compared to conventional resistive touch screen panel which consists of ITO glass and conductive film. In this paper, main characteristics of 7.0″ WVGA LCD Panel integrated with the touch screen function were presented and the optical characteristics also were discussed.

Developments in backlighting technologies for LCDs based upon fluorescent lamps have substantially reduced the display module thickness and power consumption over the last 4 years. The present state-of-the-art in fluorescent backlighting is reviewed. Currently, there are two major categories of backlighting system design used extensively in graphic type LCD modules. These are back-lamped backlights and edge-lit or light-pipe backlights. Much of the recent design effort has focused on edge-lit backlights because of their superior lighting uniformity and reduced thickness as compared to the back-lamped type of system. In the past, edge-lit backlights suffered reduced lighting efficiency when compared to the back-lamped type. Also, edge-lit backlights tended to produce a lower total luminous output than back- lamped designs. Therefore, back-lamped backlights are often found in LCD modules requiring high brightness such as avionics/military applications and especially in color LCD modules. Edge-lit backlights predominate in commercial monochrome applications such as present day laptop computers. However, recent improvements in the design of edge-lit backlights have opened the way for this approach to be used in commercial color applications as well.

Suboccipital decompression is a common procedure for patients with Chiari malformation Type I (CMI). Published studies have reported complication rates ranging from 3% to 40%, with pseudomeningocele being one of the most common complications. To date, there are no studies assessing the effect of this complication on long-term outcome. Therefore, the authors set out to assess the effect of symptomatic pseudomeningocele on patient outcomes following suboccipital decompression for CM-I. The study comprised 50 adult patients with CM-I who underwent suboccipital craniectomy and C-1 laminectomy with or without duraplasty. Clinical presentation, radiological studies, operative variables, and complications were assessed for each case. Baseline and 1-year postoperative patient-reported outcomes were assessed to determine improvement in pain, disability, and quality of life. The extent of improvement was compared for patients with and without development of a postoperative symptomatic pseudomeningocele. A symptomatic pseudomeningocele developed postoperatively in 9 patients (18%). There was no difference with regard to clinical, radiological, or operative variables for patients with or without a postoperative pseudomeningocele. Patients without a pseudomeningocele had significant improvement in all 9 patient-reported outcome measures assessed. On the other hand, patients with pseudomeningocele only had significant improvement in headache (as measured on the Numeric Rating Scale) and headache-related disability (as measured on the Headache Disability Index) but no improvement in quality of life. Twenty-nine (71%) of 41 patients without a pseudomeningocele reported improvement in health status postoperatively compared with only 3 (33%) of 9 patients with a postoperative pseudomeningocele (p = 0.05). Surgical management of CM-I in adults provides significant and sustained improvement in pain, disability, general health, and quality of life. Development of a postoperative symptomatic pseudomeningocele has lingering effects at 1 year, and it significantly diminishes the overall benefit of suboccipital decompression for CM-related symptoms. Further research is needed to accurately predict which patients may benefit from decompression alone without duraplasty.

Hardware-in-the-loop (HWIL) testing of infrared missile seekers has been a proven method for seeker evaluation for many years. Infrared HWIL testing has two primary modes, projection or injection. With infrared projection HWIL testing, the seeker's optics and detectors are retained as part of the simulation since an infrared scene in the correct waveband is presented to the seeker's optics, and is then detected and processed. When using the injection mode of HWIL testing the infrared scene is injected directly into the seeker's electronics and bypasses the imaging and detection process. When this type of simulation is used it is critical to model the optical and electrical processes that would have degraded the image in a real-world scenario. Real-time modeling of sensor system modulation transfer functions and other forms of image degradation is a computationally intensive task. The types of calculations necessary for real- time sensor modeling often push the processing requirements past the capabilities of standard processors and custom processing hardware is required. This paper discusses solutions to this problem that have been implemented for infrared seekers at the U.S. Army's Aviation and Missile Command's, Missile Research, Development, and Engineering Center.

** U.S. Army's System Simulation and Development Directorate (SSDD), Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, 35898 Abstract Several engineering techniques and tools were used to improve the fidelity of the Shadow TM 200 six degree-of-freedom simulation developed in support of the Systems Simulation and Development Directorate of the U.S. Army's Aviation and Missile Research Development and Engineering Center (AMRDEC). An aerodynamic model was initially generated using predictive tools. Through use of an on-board instrumentation package, flight data was collected and applied to refine the model. This approach employed time domain analysis to identify parameters contributing to un-accelerated flight conditions, and frequency domain analysis for parameters related to maneuvering flight. The strengths of each approach were combined to maximize the accuracy of the derived model. Time domain analysis was used to identify the drag polar, lift force, pitch moment, and propeller performance curves. Increments were identified to model the lift, drag, and pitch contributions due to flap deflections. The high fidelity propeller model was extracted solely from flight data and includes efficiency losses due to propeller tip Mach number. Frequency domain analysis was used to identify dynamic stability derivatives, control effectiveness, and lateral/directional coupling. This analysis was performed using the CIFER ® (Comprehensive Identification from FrEquency Responses) suite of tools developed by the Army/NASA Rotorcraft Division of the AeroFlight Dynamics Directorate (AFDD) at Ames Research Center. Results from the static analyses were used to fix values for several non-dynamic terms in the model optimization process. This technique eliminated steady- state errors in the predicted values for equilibrium states while maintaining high quality results for the dynamic response of the simulation.

The U.S. Army Aviation and Missile Research, Development, and Engineering Center (AMRDEC) has been applying a Government-developed, productivity-oriented, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methodology to the aerodynamic design of Army missiles. This methodology, dubbed Euler Tunnel Analysis (ETA), uses automated grid generation software and a robust Euler solver to drastically reduce the time required to set up and execute flowfield computations. In addition, it has the capability to exercise the vorticity confinement technique in the field (to preserve tip vortices) and on the body surface (to mimic viscous effects). ETA was applied to a supersonic missile configuration with a high fineness ratio body, low aspect ratio tail fins, and a deflectable nose (used for aerodynamic control). In addition, an equation was derived to relate the surface confinement coefficient to physical parameters. Computations were made with and without vorticity confinement. Afterwards comparisons were made against wind tunnel data to assess ETA’s ability to produce meaningful results. It was found that the equation yielded reasonably successful values for the surface coefficient. It was also observed that the use of surface vorticity confinement improved the accuracy of normal force, pitching moment, and yawing moment calculations.

Past and current research efforts initiated in the Government and industry for the development of gyroscopes for tactical weapon system applications are discussed in this paper. Spinning mass gyroscopes were used in the early long-range missiles for precision guidance. During the past two decades, tremendous progress has been made in advancing the performance capability of solid-state optical gyroscope for use in tactical weapon systems. A number of Army missile systems currently use ring laser gyroscopes as part of their navigation systems. A few years, ago, the Government awarded several contrasts to industry to develop small, reliable, low-cost fiber optic gyroscopes (FOG) that can operate in military environments. Recently, the Government awarded several contracts for the development of rugged, micro electromechanical systems (MEMS) gyroscopes to support emerging Army missions, which are moving toward low-cost, small diameter precision guided weapons for use against light targets. The RLG, FOG, and the MEMS-based gyroscopes are traded-off in this paper with respect to cost, size and performance for applications in current and future Army missile systems. The status of ongoing MEMS projects at the US Army Aviation and Missile Command will also be discussed.