LTE higher layer performance with 4-NIRA MANET routing

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET) is a peer-to-peer communication technique that can transmit voice or data from one mobile device to another without the support of fixed infrastructures. Multi-hop routing has improved in the last few decades, and MANET is considered one of the latest trends in modern cellular communications. Studies have been carried out to find optimum routing techniques for MANET, but the majority of the works are within IEEE 802.11 environments. Long Term Evolution (LTE) series 8, which is an IP-based architecture, can offer the added benefit of co-operative communication and reduced transfer latency. Earlier research articulated a new MANET algorithm called IP Address Associated 4-N Intelligent Routing Algorithm (IPAA4NIR), which provided fast, reliable, and energy-efficient communications. This book chapter incorporates IPAA4NIR with co-operative communications to obtain optimum routing technique for MANET using LTE cellular network. The chapter also includes the statistical analysis of the proposed algorithm and simulations using OPNET modeller. A comparison with other prominent algorithm proves the proposed algorithm can use the added features of LTE and provides an optimum communication technique for MANET devices.

The purpose of the paper is to examine if public long term evolution (LTE) network is suitable for smart grid (SG) automatic metering usage, in a suburban scenario, without causing significant hindrance to typical LTE traffic. In addition, the same generalized suburban scenario is evaluated with a hybrid sensor - LTE network where wireless sensor network (WSN) cluster heads are also equipped with LTE remote terminal units (RTUs). The simulation topology is formed as a suburban area that consists of single RTU per apartment/house for SG traffic and an average 3.7 people per habitat, each with their user equipment, using one of the available carriers. Normal SG traffic is generated in both directions, uplink and downlink. The worst-case usage factor is considered as a power outage, where all SG meters in the area of influence simultaneously detect and attempt to report such a failure. Thus, emergency SG traffic is generated simultaneous by all RTUs. To alleviate the problem of the high momentary SG emergency traffic load, two distinct solutions are proposed and simulated. As the first solution, an artificial, up to one-second random delay is introduced in the transmission scheduling of emergency messages. The second solution applies low-power WSNs at the cluster level and cluster heads that contain both 802.15.4 and LTE communication interfaces, i.e., a hybrid sensor-LTE network. The simulation results show that both of the solutions that try to alleviate the high instantaneous traffic loads can reach the quality of service criteria for SG traffic without compromising other public LTE traffic. The deciding factor to use either pure LTE approach or a hybrid sensor-LTE network comes from non-functional requirements of the system.

One of the critical components of the Smart Grid (SG) is the Smart Meter (SM), which reports power consumption to a centralized control center at regular intervals. The Long Term Evolution (LTE) network has received much attention as a promising platform for SG communications due to its high bandwidth and low latency over a large coverage area. Nevertheless, when a huge number of SMs access the LTE network, the preamble collision becomes an issue. The negative effects of preamble collision are packet loss, delay, reestablishment attempts, and physical channel utilization, which degrade the performance of the LTE network. Hence, a Random Access (RA) mechanism is required for preamble signature to occupy Resource Blocks (RBs) for SMs. In this paper, we introduce a hybrid procedure that combines contention and non-contention based random access methods. The significance of this method is that, although SMs have fixed periodic communications, preamble signatures do not need to be reserved. The simulation results are compared with LTE standard. Packet loss is reduced by approximately 43%. SM latency is decreased by 11 ms at 90% of probability delay. Re-establishment attempts are lower than standard by proximately 76%. Finally, physical channel utilizations are reduced by around 3%.

ZhuJi,WeiYuandK.J.RayLiu,Fellow, IEEE Abstract—In self-organized mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) where each user is its own authority, fully cooperative behaviors, such as unconditionally forwarding packets for each other or honestly revealing its private information, cannot be directly assumed. The pricing mechanism is one way to provide incentives for the users to act cooperatively by awarding some payment for cooperative behaviors. In this paper, we consider efficient routing in self-organized MANETs and model it as multi-stage dynamic pricing games. A game theoretical framework for dynamic pricing-based routing in MANETs is proposed to maximize the sender/receiver’s payoff by considering the dynamic nature of MANETs. Meanwhile, the forwarding incentives of the relay nodes can also be maintained by optimally pricing their packet-forwarding services based on the auction rules and introducing the Cartel Maintenance enforcing mechanism. The simulation results illustrate that the proposed dynamic pricing-based routing approach has significant performance gains over the existing static pricing approaches.

The system in which wireless device self configure, establish and communicate from one end to the other using wireless channel with no existing fixed network is known as Mobile ad hoc network (MANET). The MANET is another varient of Ad-hoc network, which creates short-lived network using wirelss mobile devices. In ddition to MANET, the behaviour of this kind of temporary networks depends on routing protocols. The large number of routing techniques has been presented in the literature, but it is also been stated that routing is one of the key research issue even till today. This research article examines the performance of nature inspired algorithm such as Petal Ant Routing (PAR) with classical based routing such as Dynamic source routing in MANET. The simulation of both routing is carried using Network Simulator (NS2 version 2.35) and evaluted for different network parameters.

This paper evaluated the effects of third order Intermodulation Distortion (1MD3) on the Long Term Evolution (LTE) receiver due to coexistence between LTE and GSM networks. Amongst the various existing IMD orders which include first order, second order, third order, fifth order and seventh order. Third order is known to have the greatest distortion effects on a receiver due to its strength and its proximity to the frequency band of interest. It occurs as a result of the non-linear behavior of components or circuit at both the transmitter and receiver ends of wireless communication networks. IMD has potential negative effects on a victim receiver which majorly leads to increase in noise floor level and system capacity degradation. Deterministic approach was implemented in the work assuming worst case scenario. MATLAB software simulation was deployed to evaluate the capacity loss at the receiver end relative to a range of distances apart. Results obtained showed severe uplink capacity degradation when VISAFONE LTE network was interfered by INTERCELLULAR LTE downlink and ETISALAT GSM uplink. Various distances ranging from 500m to 3000m were varied between the ETISALAT GSM network and the VISAFONE LTE network. The results obtained showed that at 500 meters, the percentage capacity degradation was as high as 80. The least percentage capacity loss was obtained as 5.97 at 3000 meters.

Recently, there has been a tremendous increase in mobile data usage with widespread proliferation of smartphone like devices and increasing popularity of video streaming services such as YouTube. This is already causing overloading of 3G cellular access networks. It is estimated that even the 4G LTE (Long Term Evolution) technology which has significantly higher spectral efficiency than 3G will also face overloading in near future. As a result, it has become important to find out ways and means of offloading the traffic from the LTE network. One possible solution is offloading it to Wi-Fi to gain extra capacity and improve overall network performance. In this paper we have considered an outdoor macro cell LTE Network being offloaded by a Wi-Fi network. We study the loading of LTE Network in different types of user and traffic distribution and investigate how offload to Wi-Fi APs can help in easing the congestion in LTE network and thereby lead to better per user throughputs and better quality of experience to end users using NS-3. Also, among the various scheduling algorithms that have been defined for efficient resource allocation in LTE, three schedulers have been considered: Round Robin (RR), Proportional Fair (PF) and Priority Set Scheduler (PSS) schedulers and their performance has been evaluated in the offloading scenario.

Infrastructure and ad hoc network architectures are the two major architectures that can use wireless networks. Unlike infrastructure architecture using the centralized base station, mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is an infrastructure-less architecture which can be connected without any centralized control. In MANET, a mobile device can be connected with another device within the appropriate radio range that is typically 30 MHz to 5 GHz. Therefore, MANET is considered as a self-organizing network where each node acts as a participant and a router. Sector-based routing is a method in MANET which can be used to separate the positions of every node in a network topology. In addition, a specific node called server node can be assigned among the nodes in each sector. The server node is responsible to reserve the path resources and to maintain the information for its associated nodes and links. The performance of sector-based routing depends on the number of nodes available in the sector. Further, the routing approach in sector-based MANET can be considered in various scenarios using server nodes. Our research in this paper is to evaluate the efficiency of the sector-based routing in MANET considering several scenarios. Further, we address the variation of the performance while the number of nodes changes with several routing methods in sector-based MANET. In this paper, we investigate the detailed simulation experiments on a different number of nodes and various scenarios of sector-based routing in MANET. Our findings are as follows. (1) The average collision rate is significantly lower in sector-based routing when compared to MANET. (2) The resource efficiency in sector-based routing is considerably higher. (3) Unlike in a small number of nodes, the higher number of connections can be allowed in a high number of nodes distributed in a sector.KeywordsMANETSector-based routingServer nodeResource efficiency

Wireless sensors may be connected directly to a cellular network. The power consumption and cost of these cellular devices need to be minimised. Sensors typically create small infrequent datagrams. A 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) network needs to communicate many signalling messages in order to transfer these datagrams. This paper presents some novel techniques to reduce the power consumption and cost of LTE devices and to reduce the signalling associated with supporting sensor systems over an LTE network. (5 pages)

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are infrastructureless and distributed communication systems that require sophisticated approaches to routing to cope with node mobility and heterogeneous application requirements. In the past few years, distributed hash table (DHT) has come forth as a useful additional technique to the design and specification of spontaneous and self-organized networks. Researchers have exploited its advantages by implementing it at the network layer and developing scalable routing protocols for MANETs. The implementation of DHT-based routing in a MANET requires different algorithms and specifications compared to routing in the Internet because a MANET has its unique characteristics, such as node mobility, spontaneous networking, decentralized architecture, limited transmission range, dynamic topology, and frequent network partitioning/merging. In this article, we present a comprehensive survey of research related to DHT-based routing that aims at enhancing the scalability of MANETs. We present a vivid taxonomy of DHT-based routing protocols and the guidelines to design such protocols for MANETs. We compare the features, strengths, and weaknesses of existing DHT-based routing protocols and highlight key research challenges that are vital to address. The outcome of the analysis serves as a guide for anyone willing to delve into research on DHT-based routing in MANETs.

Due to the high mobility of nodes in the dynamic topology of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs), it is challenging to define the precise position of a node in the network for effective data delivery. The paperproposed a hybrid algorithm for routing in MANETs called Adaptive GPSR with Dynamic Thresholds (AGDT). AGDT is a novel approach that combines the GPSR routing protocol with a dynamic threshold-based approach to increase the enactment of the network. The algorithm employs distance and direction-based thresholds to determine when to switch between GPSR and a perimeter-based approach for routing. The paper discusses the implementation of the algorithm and provides a performance evaluation of its effectiveness in comparison to other present routing algorithms. The results show that AGDT outperforms other protocols in terms of packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, and throughput. The paper concludes by highlighting the potential applications and benefits of the AGDT algorithm in MANETs.

Vehicular hotspots for on-board Internet access using Long Term Evolution (LTE) as the backhaul network has recently gained popularity. Currently, Wi-Fi is the most common technology to provide in-vehicle access, where data has been relayed through on board LTE receiver. Despite its wide acceptance, coexistence and contention based data rate limitations with Wi-Fi necessitates alternatives for in-vehicle data access schemes. This paper investigates the performance of hybrid LTE and visible light communication (VLC) networks using LTE as the backhaul and VLC as the on-board access network.Under the consideration of vehicle interior unique channel characteristics and light emitting diode (LED) deployment flexibility, best transmitter configuration using repetition coding (RC) and spatial multiplexing (SM) multiple input multiple output (MIMO)modes is determined. Proposed configurations based on direct current biased optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing(DCO-OFDM) are compared with respect to their bit-error-rate (BER) performances. Furthermore, the performance of intravehicular VLC networks for single and multi-user scenarios is investigated.

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a wireless network without any fixed infrastructure or centralised control of homogeneous mobile nodes which are battery powered. In this research paper, we proposed new routing algorithm named energy saver path routing algorithm using optimised link state routing (ESPR-OLSR) protocol for energy efficient routing in MANET. This ESPR-OLSR algorithm takes minimum energy to find the path between source to destination using high potential score edge node selections. This potential score calculation is based on the distance calculation, direction of motion identification and link stability. The same procedure execute until it reaches the destination and also hop1, hop2 and so on. Finally, adjusting the parameter after using ESPR-OLSR algorithm provides better performance compared to ordinary OLSR protocol and also increased throughput with number of node and transmission range also increased, reduced end-to-end delay, reduced transmission power to finding path between source to destination, ESPR-OLSR is reduced overhead with number of node is increased compare to ordinary OLSR and ESPR-OLSR has increased mobility than OLSR.

Notwithstanding the value of Long Term Evolution (LTE) towards an improved user experience in next-generation networks, its associated high complexity is known to place computational and time burdens on testing tasks involving real-world platforms. Simulation is currently the tool most widely used to tackle this issue. LENA, for instance, is an open source simulator based on ns-3 that allows the design, evaluation, and validation of LTE networks. Despite of modeling the main LTE elements and interfaces, one limitation of LENA is that it docs not support the use of external traffic entities in conjunction with the simulation. In this paper, we describe how the ns-3 LENA LTE framework can be customized for use in an emulation-based test environment that allows a wider variety of real-world applications to be run over the simulated links. To validate our emulation results, we use as benchmark a testbed that differs from the aforementioned test environment in that the ns-3 server running the simulated network is replaced with a network made up of real-world platforms. Initial validation results, based on limited tests using an industry-standard VoIP test tool and iperf throughput tool, demonstrate that ns-3 LTE models can deliver voice quality and latency as good as an experimental testbed using actual LTE equipment over a range of signal-to-noise ratios. Similar conclusions arc also drawn for throughput, thus confirming the suitability of our emulation approach as a viable means to predict performance in real LTE networks. The good agreement of our experimental results is possible not only because the same functionality is implemented in both experiments but due to the use of the same traffic generation tools in the simulated and real-world LTE networks not -- possible in standard LENA simulation.

When a mobile operator migrates its network from the third generation (3G) system to Long Term Evolution (LTE), both 3G and LTE will coexist for a period of time. Since the 3G circuit-switched (CS) voice mechanism is more mature and available than that for the LTE Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), the operator may consider CS fallback (CSFB) as a solution for providing reliable voice calls. According to the 3G Partnership Project (3GPP) CSFB procedure, when a mobile user in the LTE network has an incoming or an outgoing call, the user equipment (UE) falls back from LTE to Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). When the call is complete and released, the UE immediately returns to LTE. If the next activity for the UE is another voice call, immediately switching from UMTS to LTE may not be efficient. In this case, the UE has to perform another CSFB. To resolve this issue, we suggest delaying the returns to avoid unnecessary CSFBs, which is called delayed return (DR). Based on the measurements from the real UMTS and LTE networks, we develop an analytic model for investigating the performance of the CSFB with DR. This paper indicates that the DR scheme can effectively reduce the CSFB costs by up to 60%.