LTERadar

A monitoring method of neutron scattering superconducting magnet based on WiFi and 4G network is proposed. The result show that within the coverage of LAN, it can detect the operation status of superconducting magnet in real time and monitor the main equipment; Moreover, it can realize the alarm and push function of abnormal conditions in the coverage of mobile network. The Monitoring with WiFi and 4G Technology in real time open a new doorway to ensure the safe operation of the neutron scattering superconducting magnet.

The mobile telecommunication system provides voice, data and video communications between stations, Operation Control Centers, depots and all necessary areas and facilities. The Preliminary Design is an overall system design that elaborates on the proposed system configuration with an emphasis on how the interface requirements are to be achieved. The contractor verified the preliminary design for the coverage of the wireless access network with respect to the General Specification (GS) and Particular Specification (PS) of the mobile telecommunication system. The mobile service provider (Telco) should ensure that the mobile network coverage in Mass Rapid Transit tunnels and underground stations provide 95% coverage for all the defined areas. The Telco should ensure seamless handover success rate > 98% and proposed the required overlap distance in between the antennas. Based on the design assumption made on the link budget, the indoor system design to be aligned within 15m radius coverage, which will contribute to distance in between antennas in between antennas will be at 30m horizontal distance. This placement can be varied within 10-15% and subject to line of sight, physical obstruction or fixing constraint at side.

Today, networks contribute signi cantly to everyone's life. The enormous usefulness of networks for various services and data storage motivates adversaries to launch attacks on them. Network Intrusion Detection Systems (NIDSs) are used as security measure inside the organizational networks to identify any intrusions and generate alerts for them. The idea of deploying an NIDS is quite known and has been studied and adopted in both academia and industry. However, most of the NIDS literature have emphasized to detect the attacks that originate externally in a wired network infrastructure. In addition, Wi-Fi and wired networks are treated the same for the NIDSs. The open infrastructure in Wi-Fi network makes it different from the wired network. Several internal attacks that could happen in a Wi-Fi network are not pos-sible in a wired network. The NIDSs developed using traditional approaches may fail to identify these internal attacks.The thesis work attempts to develop a Multi-Level Network Intrusion Detection System (ML-NIDS) for Wi-Fi dominant networks that can detect internal attacks speci c to Wi-Fi networks as well as the generic network attacks that are independent of network infrastructure. In Wi-Fi dominant networks, Wi-Fi devices (stations) are prevalent at the edge of campus and enterprise networks and integrated with the fi xed wired infrastructure at the access. The implementation is proposed for Wi-Fi dominant networks; nevertheless, it aims to work for the wired network as well. We develop the ML-NIDS using an ensemble learning method that combines several weaklearners to create a strong learner.

Future mobile networks will exploit unlicensed spectrum to boost capacity and meet growing user demands cost-effectively. The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) has recently defined a License Assisted Access (LAA) scheme to enable global Unlicensed LTE (U-LTE) deployment, aiming at 1) ensuring fair coexistence with incumbent WiFi networks, i.e., impacting on their performance no more than another WiFi device; and 2) achieving superior airtime efficiency as compared with WiFi. We show the standardized LAA fails to simultaneously fulfill these objectives, and design an alternative orthogonal (collision-free) listen-before-talk coexistence paradigm that provides a substantial improvement in performance, yet imposes no penalty on existing WiFi networks. We derive two optimal transmission policies, ORLA and OLAA, that maximize LAA throughput in both asynchronous and synchronous (i.e., with alignment to licensed anchor frame boundaries) modes of operation, respectively. We present a comprehensive evaluation through which we demonstrate that, when aggregating packets, IEEE 802.11ac WiFi can be more efficient than LAA, whereas our proposals attains 100% higher throughput, without harming WiFi. We further show that long U-LTE frames incur up to 92% throughput losses on WiFi when using 3GPP LAA, whilst ORLA/OLAA sustain >200% gains at no cost, even in the presence of non-saturated WiFi and/or in multi-rate scenarios.

Objective - The world is moving towards continuous and ubiquitous availability of information. Entry of private operators in 1990's, competition has caused prices to drop and calls across India are one of the cheapest in the world. Technological advances combined with forces of globalization resulted in the transformation of the economy, industries, markets and customers resulting in a connected knowledge economy, borderless global economy, globalizing, covering and consolidating industries, fragmenting and frictionless markets and active, connected, informed and demanding customers. The objective of this research is to ascertain the constructs like customer satisfaction towards the mobile phone service providers, switching barrier and the customer loyalty factors. Methodology/Technique - Respondents in the study are the customers who use mobile phones. Primary data were collected with the help of the specially designed questionnaire, which was administered to the mobile users. The final questionnaire was pre-tested on 40 respondents and the coefficient values are all above .8 thus meeting Nunnaly's recommendation of greater than 0.7 as the acceptable reliability level. The overall alpha value was 0.8 and the instrument consists of customer satisfaction regarding the mobile service providers, which includes factors like price (5 items, 0.816), network coverage (4 items, 0.795), customer service (5 items, 0.852) and usage (8 items, 0.884). Switching barriers factors consists of 28 items like credibility factors (8 items, 0.863), congruency factors (7 items, 0.816), switching cast (8 items, 0.871), and value (5 items, 0.900). Final part of the instrument includes 17 customer loyalty factors like trust (7 items, 0.858), commitment (4 items, 0.848), word of mouth (3 items, 0.779) and cooperation (3 items, 0.691). Findings - Gender, location of the customers and service providers has a significant association with level of customer satisfaction. Gender and occupation have a significant association with level of customer switching barriers. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to analyze the main effect and the adjustment effect of those switching barrier factors and the relative effect. The contribution is that this study reviews theoretically and verifies empirically the relationship and mechanism between the customer retention and the switching barrier. Type of Paper - Empirical Keywords: Customer satisfaction factors; switching barrier factors; Customer loyalty factors.

Manual student attendance taking has become a tedious and time-consuming task for lecturers in Institution of Higher Learning (IHL). When pandemic is becoming endemic, more countries are opening their borders for international students retuning to campus and attending in-person classes. While lecturers circulate the manual attendance list to students in class, the list may be a contaminated object. According to WHO, a person could catch COVID-19 by touching the contaminated objects and then touching their mouth, eyes, or nose. In order to address these problems, a NFC-based mobile application is proposed. The proposed method is making use of NFC technology in the mobile devices. Students just need to tap the lecturers’ NFC-enabled mobile devices while entering the lecture hall, then student attendance are recorded automatically in the database. The findings show that the proposed method improve students’ attendance taking more efficiently in terms of reducing time and efforts. At the same time, reduce chances of getting COVID-19 by avoid touching on possible contaminated objects during attendance taking in class. In this study, constraint of the proposed method is unstable and low coverage of WiFi or mobile network in lecture hall. The constraints disable the attendance taking to be completed in stipulated time. This constraint needs to be addressed in future work.

Deployment of LTE in unlicensed bands is being considered in Rel-13 of LTE. This feature is called Licensed-Assisted Access (LAA) using LTE. Unlicensed band is attractive due to the large amount of available spectrum. However, in shared spectrum the coexistence between LAA and WiFi systems becomes a primary challenge. This paper presents an analytical framework to investigate the downlink coexistence performance between two systems with a simple listen-before-talk (LBT) mechanism enforced on LAA. Using this framework, theoretical models based on Markov chains are established for both systems and downlink throughput can be calculated. Numerical results from the models show that the simple listen-before-talk scheme is very effective in LAA and LAA coexistence scenario (i.e. two LAA systems sharing the same spectrum). In LAA and WiFi coexistence scenario, it can improve WiFi performance substantially.

The widespread adoption of 5G cellular technology is becoming the major driver for the growth of IoT-based applications. In this paper we consider a Mobile Service Provider (MSP) that launches a smart city service based on IoT data readings. In order to serve IoT data collected across different locations, the MSP dynamically negotiates and rescales bandwidth and service functions. 5G network slicing functions are key to lease appropriate amount of resources over heterogeneous access technologies and different site types. Also, different infrastructure providers will charge slicing service depending on specific access technology supported across regional sites and IoT data collection patterns.We introduce a pricing mechanism based on Age of Information (AoI) to reduce the cost of MSPs. It provides incentives for devices to smooth traffic by shifting part of the traffic load from highly congested and more expensive locations to lesser charged ones, while meeting QoS requirements of the IoT service. The proposed optimal pricing scheme comprises a two-stage decision process, where the MSP determines the pricing of each location and devices schedule uploads of collected data based on the optimal uploading policy. Simulations show that the MSP attains consistent cost reductions tuning the trade-off between slicing costs and the AoI of uploaded IoT data.

Wi-Fi is the dominant infrastructure for last-mile internet access both in indoor and outdoor environments. The existing Wi-Fi infrastructure leverages to offer IoT services. Despite the growth and popularity of Wi-Fi, security is a significant concern associated with it. One such issue with the Wi-Fi network is Evil Twin Attack (ETA). In ETA, the adversary creates an Evil Twin AP (EAP), a copy of Legitimate Access Point (LAP), for the user to connect. Once the user connects to EAP, the adversary can perform various attacks. Enterprise networks can solve ETA with the help of certificate-based server authentication using 802.1X and Extensible Authentication Protocol. However, there is no proper solution to detect ETA in Wi-Fi personal networks. Latest Wi-Fi security algorithms, namely Wi-Fi Protected Access 3 (WPA3) and Opportunistic Wireless Encryption (OWE) also vulnerable to ETA. This paper proposes a novel Proof of Existence (PoEx) scheme, bringing network lifetime to Access Point (AP). Wi-Fi client devices will detect and prevent ETA using associated AP lifetime. We apply the proposed PoEx scheme on WPA3 and OWE and show the security improvements. Our experiment results show that lifetime forging is difficult due to an exponential number of computations (2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">(N-1)</sup> ) required. The experimental result also shows negligible overhead (less than 2%) on throughput when the PoEx solution is enabled.

Wi-Fi networks are becoming more and more ubiquitous and represent a substantial source of energy consumption around the globe, mainly when it comes to Access Points (APs). There has been some work done on the characterization of the power consumption of Wi-Fi APs and network interface cards (NICs), and the power usage of these devices under different configurations and standards but mostly using legacy standards. A detailed AP power consumption analysis, exploring the whole set of degrees of freedom and capabilities of these devices is lacking in the state of the art. In this paper, we present a thorough power consumption analysis, covering the configuration options available in enterprise Wi-Fi APs from the three major vendors on the market. The goal is to understand how the power consumption of an AP varies with the different configurations, and provide insights on the parameters that significantly affect the AP power consumption. The obtained experimental results confirm previous state-of-the-art conclusions but contradict some of the studies and results found in the literature, while updating results and conclusions taken in the past to the most recent standards, configurations, and data rates available today. The analysis provided herein is a valuable source of information for deriving new AP power consumption models and designing energy-efficient Wi-Fi networks.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the effectiveness of the DTN (Delay Tolerant Network) system in a communication network on a railway line. Trains act as moving objects, that are sending and receiving messages to/from an external network. As well trains may transmit telemetry, collected during movement. The article presents data on the effectiveness of the DTN network in terms of reducing the delay in message delivery, reducing the delay in transmitting telemetry, and increasing the total number of messages in the railway scenario. The data on the theoretical efficiency of the DTN system are presented, including the results of the generation of many maps of railway networks and the corresponding train schedules. An analysis of railway line sections of various load and having different coverage of mobile network was made. These models are based on real railway maps with real train schedules. Effectiveness of DTN during migration to networks of a higher data rate (5G) and networks with satellite connection of trains is analyzed.

The new generations of mobile technologies and the services, they aim to offer have been a subject of debate in the wireless world for the past two decades. Because the only factor to meet the world standard development's requirement is all about using the information technology [1], the developments in the mobile industries have shown a very important advancement as the mobile data consumption enables not only to improve the capacity in the coverage of mobile network, but also to increase the capabilities of mobile applications. Accessing and transmitting high definitions data such as high-speed data, voice signal, video, multimedia and internet is now possible with spread spectrum code division multiple access based techniques[2]. With the mobile technologies becoming a part of our daily life in recent years, the actual wireless network structure has changed because of the huge demand of data traffic, and different multiple access schemes arising likely three being adopted as international standard for digital communication by the third generation partnership project (3GPP). In order to support the digital communication among the still growing community and from wherever their geographical location is, these three standards have been well implemented and spread all over with an unpredictable speed in China. For about a decade now in China, three major carriers China Mobile, China Unicom and China Telecom are providing respectively the TD- SCDMA, W-CDMA and CDMA 2000, with an important impact that influenced the China market, experiencing an unprecedented growth and success lately in terms of the increasing demand in wireless technology consumption with hardware and software. Meanwhile the Chinese TD-SCDMA has influenced considerably to globally reduce the system license cost proposed by patent holders. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of spread spectrum CDMA scheme based system with a focus on key techniques of capacity and capabilities. We expound their majors' characteristics and their impacts on the China market and we summarize their evolution in terms of the number of customers with a comparative study on China state carriers.

The demand for mobile coverage with adequate signal quality has triggered criticism due to the maturity of the Internet's diffusion in today's society. However, with the deployment of 5G networks, even 5G NSA by 4G LTE, the complexity of the operating environment of mobile networks has increased. To evaluate the behavior of mobile networks in terms of signal quality and other important metrics for mobile telephony, we developed a dataset consisting of 33 radio parameters that can collect up to 736,974 records generated daily by smartphones and tablets. The dataset comprises samples collected in cities situated on the banks of the Amazon and Negro rivers. To create the dataset, an application was designed for the Android operating system using the Kotlin programming language, which can collect data in real time and generate a CSV file. After post-processing the collected data with data science techniques, the filtered dataset was stored in the Mendeley public repository. We divided the data into three regions: the metropolitan area of Manaus, the middle Solimões River, and the middle Amazonas River. To improve the performance of the experiments, the database was separated according to the cities and locations collected.

The paper suggests a new method for describing mobile network coverage based on a previously automated division of the studied area into a set of nonoverlapping regions, each of which has its own model of the radiosignal propagation. Based on the method suggested, algorithms can be built to optimize the parameters of mobile network coverage.

Can Unlicensed Bands Be Used by Unlicensed Usage?