MAḤMÛD ABÛ RAYYAH DAN KRITISISME HADIS

The use of the term “adolescence” for any period other than the late nineteenth or twentieth century has been much debated. Aries denied that the medieval period had a life phase that could be described with such a term; others have argued that the term carries a particular, very modern meaning even if Augustine did use the term adolescentia. This introduction to a collection of essays on the history of adolescence shows that the life stage was a well recognized and defined one through the Middle Ages and into the modern period. While the modern period did not invent adolescence, it did modify the definition. Constants in acolescence from the thirteenth through the twentieth century are the struggle between adults and youth over entry and exit from adolescence and for control during that period. But much changes over the centuries. Social scientific discussions that aid in our historical analysis are almost entirely based on the male rather than the female experience. While cultural change modifies the male definitions of adolescence, the medieval and twentieth-century definition of female adolescence stays closer to biological than social definitions of puberty.

This essay provides a historical analysis of development, typological features of residential areas in the mountainous settlements of Eastern Zangezur with an analysis of the results of its evolution, in order to identify trends and propose conceptual direction vectors for further urban development.The work consists of 3 chapters 1. Historical analysis 2. Analysis of the consequences of planning and development of Eastern Zangezur in the modern period 3. Theoretical solutions.The issue of restoration of the economic region damaged by the war and destroyed by occupation, as well as the typological features of residential areas in the mountainous settlements of Eastern Zangezur are mainly considered. Eastern Zangezur is located in the west of Azerbaijan.It includes Kalbajar, Lachin, Gubadli, Zangilan and Jabrayil regions. The area of the economic region is 7.47 km2, which is 9% of the entire territory of Azerbaijan. The project includes a general analysis of the region and all districts also, diagrams of the natural ecological framework, cultural heritage monuments and national economy are presented for all regions

The article discusses the doctrinal and normative foundations of deliberative popular constitutionalism, on the one hand, and the forms of constitutional changes - on the other, the procedures and technologies for the participation of citizens and the public participation institute in constitutional modernization in the light of legal forecasting and the development of the scientific foundations of constitutional reform and constitutional design. Deliberative popular constitutionalism is an integrated concept designed to analyze prescriptive requirements and promising principles in the constitutional modernization of the state and society, forms, and procedures for the participation of citizens in constitutional changes, the processes of preparing and implementing constitutional changes in the modern period. As a conclusion, the author of the article notes: deliberative popular constitutionalism is a kind of metatheory that combines the issues of the discursive and deliberative concept of democracy, the doctrine of the constitutional involvement of citizens and the institution of public participation - scientific, professional and otherwise - in matters of constitutional development and constitutional changes.

This study evaluates conversational large language models (LLMs) as pedagogical brainstorming tools for historical source code analysis through structured prompt-based approaches adapted from Critical Code Studies (CCS). The research tests whether conversational interfaces like ChatGPT-4o can support initial exploration of complex historical codebases by adapting CCS perspectives into conversational prompt formats. The dual-prompt evaluation separates technical parsing from interpretive reasoning, assessing how effectively conversational interfaces extract structural information while generating preliminary interpretive hypotheses. Using the Apple Lisa source code as a case study, this analysis documents both pedagogical utility and systematic limitations. The findings demonstrate that while conversational LLMs can preserve developer annotations, parse visual artifacts such as ASCII diagrams, and generate educationally valuable insights for approaching unfamiliar programming languages, the conversational user interface significantly constrains systematic analytical capabilities. Through three case studies examining ASCII typography, architectural diagrams, and interface implementations, the analysis illustrates how conversational interfaces function as structured brainstorming partners while necessitating rigorous validation against primary sources. This evaluation contributes to understanding AI’s pedagogical role in digital humanities by positioning conversational LLMs as question-framing tools rather than interpretive authorities, while identifying systematic implementation requirements necessary for rigorous computational approaches to historical software analysis.

The formation of Kharkiv’s image as an industrial city in the late 19th-early 20th centuries was accompanied by ups and downs, which were caused by changes in the political status of the city. The aim of this article is to trace the processes of formation, ruination, and revitalization of Kharkiv’s industrial architecture during the period of Modernism and their reflection in the authentic features of the city; to outline possible ways to rehabilitate the iconic industrial territories and structures. The method of historical and genetic analysis applied in the study showed that during the industrialization period of 1919-1934, there was a sharp change not only in the ideological program and strategy of the state, but also in the stylistics of industrial construction towards Avant-garde Constructivism, and then towards historicism, which were later replaced by the neutral features of Modernism. The analysis revealed several breakdowns in the search for authentic features of the city of Kharkiv, which are now expressed in a combination of artistic features of the Avant-garde and historical styles. With the achievement of Ukrainian independence and the restructuring of the entire industrial complex from state to private ownership in the 1990s, the process of degradation and decline of Kharkiv’s industrial infrastructure began, necessitating a reevaluation of the significance and utilization of valuable historical buildings. In addition, Russia’s military invasion in 2022-2025 makes the risk of losing modernist industrial architecture monuments in Kharkiv very real. The article discusses several strategic directions for revitalizing deteriorating industrial territories and constructions, which represent historical and cultural value and contribute to the authenticity of these districts. It develops the possibility of selecting and combining the proposed directions for revitalizing iconic industrial territories and structures.

It seems that the process of secularization of our culture has made it impossible for us to legitimate death through its ritualization, thus causing its repression. The article seeks to examine the role played by the media and architecture in a process of re-ritualization of death, especially in their function of filling the void of sacredness, through a symbolic metabolization of the fear of death in our late-modern or post-modern civilization. The relationship between media, death and architecture is particularly frequent, especially in the studies of architecture historians and critics, and it seems to be directly correlated to the media texts' degree of spectacularity. The examination of movies and tv programs reveals the many media discourses that correlate architecture to death: the death of architecture, that is, the death of the building (as in the images of 11/9); the death of urbanism, that is, the death of the cities (in this case, disaster movie genre is the privileged scenario wherein the destruction of the metropolis is spectacularized); and the death of the architect himself (as in Peter Greenaway's movie The Belly of an Architect). The article ends with a brief discussion on the very first corpse of architecture: that is, that of the user, removed from the images of the architectural project, as if it could contaminate the purity of the architect's work of art.

A Critical Study on the Haldar and Mahadevan's Reliability Analysis

The Brazilian Revolution of 1930: The Legacy of Getúlio Vargas Revisited

The article highlights the stages of formation of the architecture of temple complexes in the Ternopil region, which today form the sacred image of the region. The set of sources used in the study has different origins, gives researchers information for analysis of sacred architecture in the modern Ternopil region, which can be used in further research. The source base of the study are churches of different denominations - Orthodox, Catholic, Greek Catholic, Jewish, Armenian, as well as the remains of pre-Christian complexes. Such ethnic and confessional heterogeneity, complex socio-political processes on the territory of the region have given rise to a typological diversity of temples, which differ in style, dimensional solution, decoration. The analysis of sacred complexes was carried out by the method of field surveys, historical and comparative analysis and was based on reliable archival sources, data from research institutions, reserves and publications of leading scientists. European periodisation system was used in the analysis of the formation stages of sacred architecture: the Middle Ages, Renaissance, Reformation, Enlightenment, the period of XIX-XX centuries and the modern period. Each stage is marked by the appearance of majestic temples, which are bright dominants in the architectural space of settlements and creating a unique sacred image of the Ternopil region. It is shown that there are almost no sacred objects of the early medieval period left in the study area, except for mounds and cave temples. The High Middle Ages are represented by single temples. The Renaissance period declares the adoption of Western European construction technology. Temples have a pronounced defence function. The Ternopil region is most vividly represented by the Baroque temples of the Enlightenment. The period of the XIX-XX centuries. marked by the search for a national style in sacred architecture. Modern temple complexes are built according to the traditional planning system, but some have modern forms.

The concluding chapter reviews our arguments in Part One in the light of the other contributions to this volume. The general significance of these contributions was explored in Chapter 1 and, rather than repeat that exercise, we focus here on specific lessons. Likewise, we will not return to the important question posed by Jane Roitman regarding whether it is scientifically and practically appropriate to treat the modern period in general as crisis prone and/or to assume that specific events and processes can best be defined as (symptoms of) crisis to the neglect of alternative ways of interpreting them. For we are not interested in highlighting crisis as a description or self-description of modern times as if this captures the Zeitgeist (spirit of the times) nor do we consider crisis can be the taken-for-granted form of Zeitdiagnostik, an approach that privileges crisis as an explanandum and/or explanans for historical and contemporary analyses of the modern period. Similarly, we do not consider the conditions of possibility of a general theory of crisis. For, while accepting that there are real crisis tendencies and actual crises, we are not interested in developing a general theory of crises or identifying the features of crisis in general. Indeed, there is no crisis in general or general crisis: only particular crises in and/or of particular sets of social relations and the totality of crises in a given conjuncture.2 Thus, any serious approach to crises must define the specific mix of crisis tendencies that create the abstract conditions of possibility for a given type of crisis and the specific features that define the specificity of a particular crisis, whether considered as an event and/or as a process. This is illustrated by the diversity of the case studies in this volume.

The historical and legal analysis of the reform of the prosecutor's office in the post-Soviet period is presented, the features of the judicial and legal reform, which began in the 90s of the XX century and continued in the modern period, are revealed. The article compares the assessments of researchers of the activities of the prosecutor's office within the framework of the implementation of modern tasks.

The subject of the research is the pedagogical education of parents in Russia (USSR) (1980s to present time). The purpose of the article is to present in chronological order the main pedagogically significant events and facts, to identify key ideas and features of the implementation of pedagogical education of parents in different periods. There are three periods of parents education: the Soviet (from the 1980s to 1991), the post-Soviet (1992 – the end of the 2010s) and the modern (the end of 2010 to the present time). It is shown that the pedagogical education of parents in Russia has evolved from pedagogical universal education, popularization of Westernization, opposition to Westernization and traditional approaches, to familiarization with traditional Russian spiritual and moral values. Research methods: theoretical analysis of sources, comparative analysis, generalization. Research sources: normative legal acts in the field of education, upbringing, and the development of family relations, the works of teachers, psychologists, and publicists, the journal for parents "Family and School." During the Soviet period, official pedagogical universal education with a formal approach and party postulates, and separate practices based on Western ideas (attention to the feelings of the parent and positive child-parent communication) coexisted. The specific psychological and pedagogical knowledge needed by the parent did not fit well with the communist ideology. Testing and adapting Western ideas to the Soviet reality was difficult. In the post-Soviet period, educational programs implemented in schools and social protection institutions rely mainly on a traditional approach with a passive and often indifferent parent, but influencing the child. Western practices have not been fully understood and accepted by educators and psychologists. The modern period is characterized by the development of unified methodological and substantive approaches: the All-Russian conferences on family education and parental education "School of Gifted Parents" are held annually, the All-Russian competition of best practices in parental education, a project is being implemented in all regions of Russia to provide psychological, pedagogical, methodological and counseling services to parents, university psychological services are being created that provide psychological education of parents. Information and methodological support are being created, unified education programs for parents and specialists are being developed.

The purpose of the study is to investigate the issues of religion and morality in the context of educating the younger generation based on the scientific heritage of K.D. Kavelin. Konstantin Dmitrievich Kavelin (November 4, 1818 – May 5, 1885) was a Russian philosopher, teacher, historian and public figure. He is considered to be one of the leading representatives of Russian pedagogical thought of the 19th century. Kavelin actively explored issues of morality, religion and education, emphasizing the importance of moral values in education. In his works, he advocated a humanistic approach to education, focusing on the need to develop spiritual and moral qualities in young people. From Kavelin’s point of view, education should be aimed not only at transmitting knowledge, but also at developing personal responsibility, freedom of choice and critical thinking. The authors analyze Kavelin’s main ideas about the role of religion as the most important element of moral education, which contributes to the formation of moral guidelines in young people. The methodology of the research includes historical and philosophical analysis, which allows to understand and analyse the ideas of the scientist, formed under the influence of time and the educational environment. With the help of comparative analysis, the views of K.D. Kavelin with many other philosophical, religious and pedagogical teachings were compared. Application of the methods of text analysis allowed to highlight the unique aspects of his approach and to understand how his ideas fit into the broader context of pedagogical thought. The authors present the interpretation of historical and cultural contexts on the basis of the analysis of some studies by K. D. Kaverin. An interdisciplinary approach makes it possible to include some elements of history, pedagogy, psychology, sociology and philosophy. In result the influence of various factors on the upbringing of young people is structured. The work examines the key aspects of Kavelin's study of morality, the relationship between religious and secular values, as well as the influence of these concepts on modern approaches to education. Particular attention is paid to how his ideas can be applied in the context of modern society, where moral guidelines are becoming increasingly uncertain. It is noted that in the process of education of modern generation the question of formation of the identity and feeling of belonging to their culture and country. The authors present a detailed analysis of the heritage of K.D. Kavelin, his views on the relationship between religious and moral education. In the modern period, it is important not only to analyze Kavelin's ideas, but also to develop recommendations for their application in the educational process. His works contain practical recommendations for teachers and parents who is aimed to develop spiritual and moral qualities in the younger generation. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of integrating extracurricular and educational programs aimed at developing morality and spirituality into educational practice.

Reconsidering the Place of Women in Transatlantic Quaker Studies Lisa M. Logan (bio) The Quakers, 1656–1723: The Evolution of an Alternative Community richard c. allen and rosemary moore, eds. Pennsylvania State University Press, 2018 346 pp. Female Friends and the Making of Transatlantic Quakerism, 1650–1750 naomi pullin Cambridge University Press, 2018 302 pp. New Critical Studies on Early Quaker Women, 1650–1800 michele lise tarter and catie gill, eds. Oxford University Press, 2018 284 pp. Six years ago, I began a collaborative project on a Quaker manuscript, entering the terrain of Quaker studies as an early Americanist for the first time. The archival study of Quakerism and those writing and operating in it requires an intimate understanding of its meeting structure and organization and an awareness of the historical waves of the early Quaker movement. Three reference books enabled me to untangle unfamiliar language, structure, and people: William Charles Braithwaite's The Beginnings of Quakerism (1919, rev. 1955), The Second Period of Quakerism (1919, rev. 1961) and Rufus Jones's The Quakers in the American Colonies (1909). I remember being struck by the publication dates of these important tomes and wondering that such a rich field depended on reference works published before the 1960s. Besides the methodological shifts in academic disciplines since the publication of these touchstones in early Quaker studies, another reason to welcome the three books reviewed here is that they make the scholarship on [End Page 821] Quaker works and lives more accessible to those who live far from archives. These works emerge at a time when early Quaker texts and records are becoming available through digitization. Digital platforms such as Ancestry.com, which houses many early American Quaker meeting records, have improved accessibility to the rare manuscript materials necessary for this work. Modern editions bring early Quaker texts to new generations of scholars and students. For example, in 2019 alone, Penn State University Press, which produced two of the books under review, published The Francis Daniel Pastorius Reader: Writings by an Early American Polymath, a selection of works by the German settler who lived among Pennsylvania Quakers, edited by Patrick Erben, Alfred Brophy, and Margo Lambert, and The Writings of Elizabeth Webb, an early Quaker minister, edited by Rachel Cope and Zachary Hutchins. That same year Early American Literature printed a newly discovered letter by eighteenth-century Quaker autobiographer Elizabeth Ashbridge, edited by Jay David Miller, who found the document. A renewed interest in Quaker studies is afoot, signaled by the recent publication of Jordan Landes's London Quakers in a Transatlantic World: The Creation of an Early Modern Community (2015), which recognizes the transatlantic community in which London Quakers operated; The Oxford Handbook of Quaker Studies (2013), edited by Stephen Angell and Ben Pink Dandelion, which takes a comprehensive geographical and temporal approach; and the appearance of Dandelion's slim The Quakers in Oxford's Very Short Introduction series. The time has certainly come for revisiting the lives and works of Quakers in the early modern period. The three books under review are those I wished for six years ago. The Quakers, 1656–1723: The Evolution of an Alternative Community, Female Friends and the Making of Transatlantic Quakerism, 1650–1750, and New Critical Studies on Early Quaker Women, 1650–1800 use contemporary literary and historiographical methodologies to guide our understanding of early Quakers and their writings in new, inclusive ways. Together these studies inform, serve as foundations for, and suggest paths for transatlantic Quaker studies in the twenty-first century. The Quakers 1656–1723: The Evolution of an Alternative Community, part of Penn State University Press's new historical series, The New History of Quakerism, succeeds in its aim to update our general understanding of Quakers in the so-called second period. Aimed at the "specialist and nonspecialist reader alike," the volume includes thirteen chapter-length essays, [End Page 822] seven written singly or collaboratively by volume editors and eminent historians Moore and Allen and six by other experts, most from history and church history fields. The chapters follow broadly the chronology of Quaker history from its beginnings to the final years of the Stuart period. Each robust and extensively documented chapter concerns...

PurposeThis paper analyses the origin, conceptual underpinnings and consequences of the idea of management theory. It argues that despite claims to incommensurability and except for critical studies authors, management researchers come together in their quest for performativity. The search for theory has condemned management scholars to espouse structural-functional-positivist assumptions. As such, mainstream management theorists assume and promote psychological determinism. Equivocations, ambiguities, tautologies and imprecise language obscure this implication, however, hollowing out management theory of its performative quality. A century after its inception, the quest for management theory has failed. Another avenue for management scholarship exists, one in which management history is a major contributor.Design/methodology/approachThis paper offers a historical and conceptual analysis, relying on relevant philosophy of science scholarship. The object of study is the concept of management theory.FindingsMost commentators on management theory rely on a widespread view (of postmodern lineage) according to which incommensurable management research paradigms exist. Allowance made for critical management studies, this paper argues otherwise, namely, that current management research paradigms are merely variations on a positivist theme. It further contends that mainstream management research has failed in its quest to identify theory, even if the language used to report research findings obfuscates this fact.Research limitations/implicationsA notable implication of this paper is that management academics should reconsider what they do and in particular abandon their quest for theory in favour of management history.Originality/valueThis paper builds on arguments that philosophers of science and scholars specialising in sociological analysis have long recognised to offer a new thesis on management theory in particular and management academia in general.