Mapping the Mind

Indonesia has 6.315.222 km2 of marine areas, 16.065 islands, and 99.093 kilometers of coastlines. The government arranges Coastal Waters Location Permit regulation to manage its abundance of marine resources. But there are no technical aspects that control the marine base and thematics map usage to make the Coastal Waters Location Permit Map. This research examines the usage of Base Map (LLN Map, RBI Map, and Nautical Chart) and marine thematics map (RZKSNT Map) in Coastal Waters Location Permit Map establishment by plotting the site plan in each base and marine thematics map. This study covers technical aspects such as scale, projection system, horizontal datum, vertical datum, and site plan’s area comparison. This study finds that the base map which fits the most in Coastal Waters Location Permit Map establishment is a base map that has sea depth information with a scale no smaller than 1: 50,000 at the latest year so that it has high horizontal accuracy and denser contour intervals. The area calculation comparison result by digitizing and mathematical methods (manual calculation) does not obtain any significant differences in the value of the Location Permit object area, the largest difference in the area for each method is 0,0003%.

Все тематические карты с зоологическим содержанием предложено разделить на зоогеографические и геозоологические по характеру объектов, которым посвящены карты. Выполнен обзор подготовки таких карт. На зоогеографических картах основными объектами являются части земной поверхности, а признаками объектов - любые параметры населения животных. Для построения таких карт вначале создается тематическая карта-основа на базе административной, ландшафтной или растительной карты. Она изначально не зависит от параметров популяций животных. Зоологическая характеристика дается каждому выделу легенды карты-основы уже после ее создания. В результате определенных обобщений этой легенды готовые зоогеографические карты отражают сходство и различия выделов карты-основы по их определенным зоологическим признакам. Приведен анализ структуры и содержания легенд таких карт. Рассмотрен наиболее частый случай их некорректного прочтения. Объектами геозоологических карт выступают виды животных или их популяции. Признаками вида (популяции) здесь являются отдельные участки земной поверхности с характеристиками вида на них. Эти карты формируют представления о пространственной разнородности плотности вида, его морфологии или жизнедеятельности. При создании геозоологических карт во многих случаях проводится предварительное деление территории на наименьшие единицы рассмотрения. Эти единицы должны быть равновеликими для наиболее объективного изображения явления. Чем мельче единицы, тем более полно можно отразить уникальность пространственного распределения вида и изменений его жизнедеятельности. Показана нецелесообразность использования ландшафтных или растительных карт в качестве основы для создания геозоологических карт. It is suggested that thematic maps with zoological contents should all be differentiated into zoogeographical and geozoological by the essence of the objects to which the maps are devoted. A review of the creation of such maps is made. On zoogeographical maps, parts of the earth’s surface are the main objects, and animal assembly parameters are features of objects. To create such maps, a thematic base map (drawing base) is first prepared on the basis of an administrative, landscape or plant map. This base map initially does not depend on the parameters of animal populations. Zoological characteristics will be given to each unit of the legend of the base map upon its creation. As a result of certain generalizations of this legend, the prepared zoogeographic maps reflect the similarity and differences in the territorial divisions of the base map according to their zoological features. An analysis is made of the structure and contents of legends of such maps. The most common cases of their incorrect reading were considered. The objects of geozoological maps are animal species or their populations. In this case, the features of a species (a population) are represented by individual areas of the earth’s surface with the characteristics of the species on them. These maps generate ideas of the spatial heterogeneity of the density of a species, its morphology or vital activity. When creating geozoological maps, a preliminary division of the territory into the elementary spatial units under consideration is carried out in many instances. These units should be of equal magnitude for the most objective image of the phenomenon. The smaller are the elementary spatial units, the more fully can the uniqueness of the spatial distribution of the species and the changes in its vital activity be reflected. The inexpediency of using landscape or plant maps as the basis for creating geozoological maps has been demonstrated.

Summary Thematic maps and atlases, as complex production, can be compiled in different ways to reach the optimal quality of the product. It is possible to define the basic principles, which have to be applied developing thematic cartography projects. Main paradigms have to be also implemented before creating the information system for the first National atlas of Lithuania. Three models for creating a thematic map are defined (Fig 1). 1. Object based model. Object oriented design is time and resource saving technology which should be applied for thematic map design, seeking better efficiency and quality of maps in response to their users (Fig 2). This model is the most convenient for the complex thematic mapping, when multidimensional systems of conventional signs are used. From the point of traditional thinking in thematic cartography, “disadvantages” of this model are: high level of standardisation and relatively big cost in the design stage of the project. 2. Evolutionary model. In this model several dr...

Various editorial decisions made during the cartographic design process may lead to different interpretations of the same phenomena, potentially emphasizing one phenomenon at the expense of another. Such decisions occur at different stages of map development, including the selection of enumeration units, a form of data representation (map type), and map graphics, including color scales. This article presents the results of a user study examining the impact of selected map design choices – specifically: a level of spatial unit aggregation, a type of color scale, and a form of data presentation (a qualitative area map, a choropleth map, a cartogram, graduated symbols with choropleth colors) – on the accuracy of perceiving the dominance of a phenomenon shown on thematic maps. The study employed thematic maps visualizing two socially relevant topics: ethnonational diversity and presidential election results, each displaying two categories. The survey, conducted using the CAWI (Computer-Assisted Web Interviewing) method, involved 151 participants. Respondents were asked to identify which of the two categories was dominant on a given map. Response accuracy (identification of the actual dominant phenomenon), the perceived difficulty of the tasks, and the perceived magnitude of dominance were measured. Participants were also asked to describe the spatial distribution of the dominant phenomenon and indicate a map design preferred by them. Based on the collected responses, the analysis revealed statistically significant differences in metrics depending on the map designs tested. The tested map designs, therefore, vary in their degree of persuasiveness in portraying dominance. The article concludes by identifying the techniques that more or less effectively distort the information conveyed by thematic maps.

Este artigo apresenta reflexões teóricas acerca do campo educacional na pós-modernidade e as contribuições do método da cartografia social para as pesquisas em educação, considerando a formação de professores/as-pesquisadores/as. Tem como objetivo central discutir as contribuições e as implicações do método cartográfico para os processos formativos no campo educacional, perpassando: a gênese do método cartográfico e suas principais características; a diferenciação da cartografia tradicional e da cartografia social; o papel do professor/a-pesquisador/a no método cartográfico; os princípios básicos da pesquisa cartográfica; e os desafios que se apresentam no campo educacional, em especial da pesquisa qualitativa em educação. Como perspectiva metodológica, foi utilizada a pesquisa bibliográfica, a fim de apresentar o método, sua gênese e contribuições para um fazer implicado/engajado no campo educacional a partir do diálogo teórico. Diante desses diálogos, apontamos que o método cartográfico contribui para a formação de professores/as-pesquisadores/as no sentido de promover o processo formativo e autoformativo à medida que nos desloca a pensar e a experimentar novas decisões metodológicas de modo a buscar singularidades, narrativas contextuais e inventivos caminhos na aventura de pesquisar. Estes processos descritos em pistas implicam em buscar saídas para escapar de grades e narrativas homogeneizadoras e correr riscos ao deslocar pontos de vista tidos como certos e adequados às decisões metodológicas adotadas, e que nos possibilite contagiar tantos outros/as pesquisadores/as, que, como nós, buscam novos caminhos e novos olhares na pesquisa em educação.

Principles and objectives governing Soviet thematic mapping of nearby planets are outlined, types of information sources for such mapping categorized, and the suitability of different types of information sources for thematic mapping are evaluated. This is followed by a classification of thematic planetary maps according to type. The need for a standardized, systems approach to the determination of map scales, compilation and generalization, symbolization, and map design is emphasized as an essential prerequisite for the development of complex atlases of individual planets, atlases of “comparative planetology,” and the establishment of “planetary information systems.” Translated by Jay Mitchell; PlanEcon, Inc.; Washington, DC 20005 from: Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, geografiya, 1987, No. 6, pp. 60-67.

This paper systemically introduced the key technology and systematic structure of Integration of Remote Sensing Image and Basic Thematic Maps on Web.The selected study objects are basic thematic maps of Xilinguole and remote sensing images of Zhenglan banner.Modern information technology and the principle of WebGIS are attempted to design the experimental software by applying the technology of JAVA applet,and realize the system of remote sensing image and several thematic maps translucent overlayed on web.

The use of mind maps and geographic maps to promote creative thinking and critical learning is examined in this article. It emphasizes how maps and other visual aids can improve students' comprehension, organization, and ability to relate to the information. Students can investigate relationships within physical locations using geographic maps, particularly when they are utilized interactively. This promotes engagement and interest. Teachers can help students to think critically about a variety of issues, including environmental changes, spatial patterns, and global links, by introducing mind mapping techniques into geography lectures. Additionally, by coming up with original concepts and solutions,students are engaging in creative problem-solving when they make their own maps or examine geographic data. By encouraging both analytical skills and imaginative thinking, this method turns geographic maps from a source of factual knowledge into a platform for the development of critical cognitive abilities. The paper recommends a number of useful exercises, such as collaborative brainstorming sessions,GIS-based research projects, and interactive map analysis. By converting standard geography instruction into an interactive and thought-provoking activity, these techniques seek to enhance the educational process. Students acquire the abilities necessary for critical and creative thinking in practical settings while also gaining a deeper comprehension of geographical ideas thanks to these resources.

Water is our most precious natural resource. It is imperative need to human life and is a vital necessity for plant and animal life. Due to increase in population and industrial activities, water is gradually becoming a scarce commodity rather than a freely available natural resource. Even in areas where normally there is an abundant surface water supply through major, medium and minor irrigation projects, groundwater is playing an increasingly vital role in supplementing surface water. The primary objective of this paper is to identify groundwater prospects in Khammam district using Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System techniques. The present work involves creating a database both spatial and non-spatial with the help of Survey of India toposheet to a scale of 1:2, 50,000 and Remote Sensing imageries. Various thematic maps like base map, drainage map, slope map, soil map, hydrogeomorphology map, water table fluctuation map and landuse landcover maps are prepared. After integrating all thematic maps using Arc GIS 9.1 software, groundwater prospects map is generated for the study area.

In the view of the problem that the government department, enterprise and farmers lack timely exact agricultural products price information and effective convenient visualization tools, the paper focuses on the realization of producing and delivering dynamic thematic map of agricultural products price in the Internet. Firstly, the agricultural products price data, acquired from Internet through vertical search engine is standardized, such as the text format of price, types of agricultural products. Especially the agricultural products wholesale markets are located by geo-coding technology. Secondly, the two models of traditional WebGIS client: thin client and fat client are both discussed. To overcome the shortcomings of traditional WebGIS client, RIA is described as the solution. Then the methods of producing thematic map based on thin client-traditional WebGIS server ArcIMS and RIA-Flex technology are both described. As a result, the text information of agricultural products price and type can be located, labeled and rendered in the geographic map by different colors and symbols. The data classification map, column map, pie map of agricultural products price can be produced and published dynamically in the Internet. In conclusion, the two methods of producing dynamic thematic map are compared. Experimental results reveal that WebGIS based on RIA significantly improves user experience and increases response speed. It demonstrates that developing WebGIS by using RIA technology is an ideal method.

Visual variables were originally proposed for hard copy maps printed in black and white by Bertin in 1980s. However, we can now generate various digital geovisualization products that are inherently different from printed maps, such as interactive 3D city models. Additional visual variables have been proposed for some of these new geovisualizations, however the discussion is still on-going. In this paper, we contribute to this discussion by investigating the relevance of a subset of visual variables for planning informal settlement upgrades in 3D geovisualizations, and specifically how these variables contribute to the selectiveness of objects. The variables were systematically evaluated against specific requirements for planning upgrades which were compiled using expert knowledge. We observe that evaluated visual variables, except colour and texture, are not directly transferrable. Furthermore, we propose that; in an interactive 3D setting, visual variables position, orientation and motion should not be only considered in relation to the objects in a 3D environment, but also in relation to the camera, and the concept of Level of Detail (LoD) should replace shape. The results contribute towards building design principles of 3D informal settlement models for planning upgrades.

In the winter of 1942, as retiring President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Irving Langmuir addressed the membership on the topic ‘Science, commonsense and decency’. He was concerned with the interaction of scientific progress and human endeavour and took the opportunity to reveal his own ideas concerning problems of human behaviour and morality. He recognized two categories of phenomena in modern physics which he termed convergent and divergent phenomena. He included among the convergent phenomena all those fluctuating details of individual atoms and molecules which average out giving a result that converges to a definite state. Many of the phenomena of classical physics belong in the convergent category. To a second class he assigned the divergent phenomena where, from a small beginning, increasingly large effects are produced. Quantum physics includes many such phenomena. Langmuir chose as an illustrative example the Wilson cloud-chamber experiment. Here, a single swift particle, say an alpha particle, whose release from its parent is unpredictable as to time and direction, subject only to the laws of chance, in its passage through the chamber leaves a trail of ions. If the chamber atmosphere be super-saturated, droplets are formed; illumination renders these visible and photography can record the multiple divergent consequences from a single event, the release of the swift particle. In further development of this theme of divergence Langmuir went on to state that ‘when we consider the nature of human affairs it is to me obvious that divergent phenomena frequently play a role of vital importance’. Langmuir’s birth on 31 January 1881 comes within the category of his divergent phenomena, from which beginning profound effects on the development of physico-chemical science finally resulted.

Thematic mapping and scientific visualization are two dedicated areas for visualizing a wide range of domain-specific data sets. From a general perspective, thematic mapping and scientific visualization reveal large overlaps in terms of visualization methods. However, these two disciplines are shaped by different driving forces and usage purposes. Accordingly, the concerns involved in the thematic mapping workflow that ranges from data source, data processing to map design principles may be quite different from those for scientific visualization and vice versa. Although some interdisciplinary researches between general mapping and scientific visualization have been conducted, little knowledge about the differences and commonalities between thematic mapping and scientific visualization is available. This research work is devoted to an in-depth comparative study with the aim to bridge these two disciplines by identifying their methodological strengths and synergetic effects. Comparison results show that thematic mapping goes steps further than scientific visualization in terms of data preprocessing, while scientific visualization relies more on the capability of users to visually process the data by themselves. We believe that scientific visualization can very well profit from thematic mapping methods to achieve some communication effects while thematic mapping can be very well extended to embrace some scientific visualization methods for the hotspot explorations.

Critical rehabilitation must provide economic and social contributions to the community around critical land. This study aims to determine the strategy for the essential rehabilitation of land, especially in areas of community land. The research method with secondary data collection consists of basic and thematic maps, climate, population, and socio-economic data, as well as the potential for suitable forest plants. Land units are units of analysis obtained from overlaying slope maps, soil types, and land cover. The observation location is the representative sample location in land units selected using stratified random sampling techniques. The socio-economic survey locations are several villages around critical land whose communities interact directly or indirectly with critical land. The survey results show several limiting factors that will inhibit the development of vegetation types, namely climate, slope, and soil. Patterns that can be developed include a combination of fruit-producing NTFPs, annual plants in legumes, and applying gold terraces with terrace reinforcements in the form of elephant grass as animal feed. Another pattern combines fruit-producing vegetation types planted according to contour lines

Saber interpretar as diferentes variáveis presentes em um espaço e organizá-las da maneira mais apropriada é de suma importância para os gestores municipais. É através do reconhecimento das características, necessidades e fragilidades do município que a administração poderá otimizar as ações públicas e o direcionamento dos recursos. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho buscou inserir as ferramentas de geoprocessamento na gestão municipal de um pequeno município no sul do estado de Minas Gerais. Utilizando imagens do satélite Landsat-8 e os softwares ArcGIS 10.2 e QGIS 2.14 foi possível correlacionar os dados espaciais à realidade da região. Foram elaborados mapas básicos e temáticos com boa resolução e consequentemente passíveis de uso, sendo eles: classes de solo, altitude, declividade, suscetibilidade a erosão, uso e ocupação do solo, aptidão para atividades agropecuárias e aptidão para instalação de aterro sanitário. As análises realizadas no município de Jesuânia/MG comprovaram a eficácia da utilização das ferramentas de geoprocessamento para o estudo das aptidões e vulnerabilidades do município, sendo, portanto, essenciais para a difusão dessas técnicas na gestão municipal.