Marx's Concept of Life

Marcuse's « Reason and Revolution » was the first Hegelian Marxist text to appear in english, the first systematic study of Hegel by a Marxist, and the first work in English to discuss the young Marx seriously. It introduced Hegelian and Marxist concepts such as alienation, subjectivity, negativity, and the Frankfurt School's critique of positivism to a wide audience in the United States. When the book first appeared, it was attacked sharply from the standpoint of empiricism and positivism by Sydney Hook, among others. Since 1960, new critiques of Marcuse's book have been developed from varying perspectives. From the postmodernist camp, J. Derrida has discussed some of the same themes as did Marcuse

This essay explores the concept of imago Dei as "original righteousness" in the Old Testament, focusing on its theological implications for the sanctity of human life. ​The author examines the biblical foundation of the imago Dei in Genesis 1:26-27 and other scriptural passages, emphasizing humanity's unique creation in God's image and its implications for human dignity, value, and dominion over creation. Protestant perspectives, including those of Luther, Barth, Brunner, Thielicke, and Jenson, are analyzed alongside Roman Catholic views, particularly those of Thomas Aquinas and Pope John Paul II, highlighting differences in understanding the ontological and relational aspects of the imago Dei. The essay argues that the imago Dei is a permanent, unique, and God-given attribute that applies to all human beings, regardless of faith, and serves as a foundation for advocating the sanctity of life. ​The author concludes by addressing pro-life implications, emphasizing the need to protect human life at all stages and rejecting "anthropological nihilism" that equates human life with animal life. ​This theological exploration underscores the importance of the imago Dei in shaping ethical and moral frameworks for defending human dignity and life. ​

THIS is a fascinating introduction to the study of animal life, marked by freshness of outlook, stimulating exposition, and vivid style. To Dr. Gamble—editor though he be of an austere “Practical Zoology”—animal life is “a pageant,” “a moving spectacle,”and his inquiry is kinetic throughout. What is all this bustle about, what are the leading motives, what are the ends achieved? In developing his subject he has proceeded by the use of three leading motives that differentiate animals from plants—movement, the acquisition of solid food, and the nervous control of response to changing order, and the three main problems the solutions of which he considers are the maintenance of self, the development of self, and the progress of the race, though he is careful to point out that the last is “rather a motive that possesses animals than is possessed by them.” He begins by contrasting animal and plant life:— Animal Life. By Dr. F. W. Gamble, Pp. xviii+305. (London: Smith, Elder and Co., 1908.) Price 6s. net.

Energy security and energy management: The role of extreme natural events

In research employing animals we commonly do things to them which would be grossly immoral to do to humans. This paper discusses three possible justifications for so treating animals: (a) it is violating the autonomy of rational beings which makes actions immoral, and animals are not autonomous; (b) due to our participation in the human community, we have special obligations to humans that we do not have to animals; and (c) human life is morally more worthy than animal life. The conclusion of this discussion is that none of these three propositions justifies the routine sacrifice of animal interests for human benefit. Particular attention is paid to the idea that human life is morally more worthy than animal life, because I believe that to be the most common justification for our sacrifice of animal interests in research. The claim of greater worth is considered and criticized from both utilitarian and Kantian perspectives, and the inference from superior worth to being entitled to exploit one's inferiors is also criticized. The paper concludes by recommending a governing principle for research with animals which would bring that research into line with the rejection of hierarchical worldviews, social orders, and value systems which characterizes modern moral progress.

In many contexts and times, diseases have reshaped life, whether it be human life, animal life, or plant life. Here we share a podcast interview of ongoing research about the consequence of plant disease. We talk with Jean Ristaino, Ph.D., a leading expert who is also known as the “Sherlock of Spuds,” on the pathogen that caused the Irish Potato famine. Jean shares her own experience with plant pathology, her global travels to track outbreaks and then talks about her efforts to understand the history of the potato famine and why it is relevant to controlling emerging pathogens of all kinds today.

In his De vegetabilibus et plantis (ca. 1256), Albert the Great reorganizes the entire botanical knowledge of his time, creatively resorting to Aristotelian epistemic principles. Plant complex physiology is theoretically relevant for the theological-philosophical discourse. Nevertheless, plant life is mostly hidden, preventing direct investigation. This is borne out by unclear and fragmentary arguments ascribed to the ‘philosophers’ in the pseudo-Aristotelian De plantis. To rebut ‘those who treated the life of plants confusedly’, Albert explains the vegetative soul in a more rigorous way, exploring innovative themes such as sensitivity and the levels of touch. Going deeper into the reasons for the vegetative power, Albert also highlights the relationship between plant and matter (i.e., the elemental properties) to more general issues (e.g., sleep in plants; the night closing of flowers; sexual differentiations; the place of plants in the scala naturae).

Chemical Reactions in the Atmosphere and Their Impact on Human Health and Animal Life

This chapter looks at Foucault's last writings in the context of the recent pandemic of COVID-19. Foucault's last thought opens up to the theme of cynical life, that is, human life in the manner of the dog: that is, a human life and yet also an entirely animal life; parrhesia is the form of life marked by a radical immanence to the world, the time – to use Deleuze's distinction – of an ethical life and no longer a moral one. The time that opens with the pandemic is then the time of a humanimal life. In this sense, the biopolitical animal is really the posthuman, that is, the condition of a human being who is no longer anthropocentric, no longer a sovereign subject: the posthuman is the final farewell to the era of humanism (so it has nothing to do with the theme of transhumanism). The biopolitical animal is the human animal after the Anthropocene.

Biological struggle is the intentional use of micro-organisms and toxins to produce sickness and loss of life in humans, farm animals and plants, their attraction in warfare, and to be used in terrorist attacks is attributed to various specific features. Organic weapons (BWs) may be disseminated through aerosol sprays, explosives or food and water contamination. Bws can strike all of sudden with none warning and inflict big mortality and morbidity which could keep for a long duration, such assaults may additionally create excessive stage of panic, environment infection and severe pressures on emergency fitness offerings. Bioterrorism is the usage of bows in terrorism. modern-day issues regarding the use of bows end result from the growing wide variety of countries which might be engaged in the proliferation of such guns and their acquisition by way of terrorist groups. The want of the hour is to broaden bio defence via full worldwide cooperation and to educate the likely target populations approximately precautions and shielding measures to be taken in such assaults.

In a recent article, George Sher argues that a realistic conception of human agency, which recognizes the limited extent to which we are conscious of what we do, makes the task of specifying a conception of the kind of control that underwrites ascriptions of moral responsibility much more difficult than is commonly appreciated. Sher suggests that an adequate account of control will not require that agents be conscious of their actions; we are responsible for what we do, in the absence of consciousness, so long as our obliviousness is explained by some subset of the mental states constitutive of the agent. In this response, I argue that Sher is wrong on every count. First, the account of moral responsibility in the absence of consciousness he advocates does not preserve control at all; rather, it ought to be seen as a variety of attributionism (a kind of account of moral responsibility which holds that control is unnecessary for responsibility, so long as the action is reflective of the agent’s real self). Second, I argue that a realistic conception of agency, that recognizes the limited role that consciousness plays in human life, narrows the scope of moral responsibility. We exercise control over our actions only when consciousness has played a direct or indirect role in their production. Moreover, we cannot escape this conclusion by swapping a volitionist account of moral responsibility for an attributionist account: our actions are deeply reflective of our real selves only when consciousness has played a causal role in their production.

In this paper, we are focusing on study of the impact of sterilization on culture establishment of indigenous Musa variety to restore plant diversity and its importance in human life. Biodiversity supports biological system profitability where every species has a significant task to carry out. Biodiversity of plants guarantees an asset for new nourishment harvests and prescriptions. The biodiversity conservation can start from in situ and ex situ techniques. In situ strategies secure the plants in their common natural surroundings, where as ex situ techniques include safeguarding and upkeep of plant species through plant tissue culture technique. Re-establishing Indigenous plant territory is fundamental for conservation of biodiversity. Indigenous plants are those that present normally in a place where they developed. They are the biological premise whereupon the life of animals and human depends. Traditional medicines from plants are significant part of Indian culture. Banana cultivars nowadays are triploid (AAA, AAB, ABB) cross breeds of two species, Musa acuminate Colla (AA) and Musa balbisiana Colla (BB), which separately contribute the A and B genomes. The M. balbisiana which is normally present in North-Eastern belt of India has high nutrients and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Nanjangud rasabale has been found in parts of Mysuru district, known for its stand-out smell, flavor, taste, and time span of sensible convenience anyway incredibly viewed as a jeopardized grouping; red bananas are phenomenal anyway concerning supplement C and potassium, they are better than yellow ones; Meitei Hei is acclaimed for its enjoyableness and incredible alluring quality. It is a cold permissive grouping thriving incredible even at 12-15°C. The accomplishment of plant tissue culture convention relies upon explant sterilization procedure. Determination of sterilant and time span of introduction are additionally basic on the grounds that the living material should not lose their natural action and just contaminants should be wiped out during cleansing. Surface sanitization of explant is a procedure which includes the drenching of explants into suitable convergence of compound sterilants for a predetermined time bringing about the foundation of a contamination-free culture.

Introduction. The transformation of substances is an urgent problem of environmental hygiene. Urea (carbamide) is a product of human and animal life - enters water objects with household collector wastewater, surface runoff in areas that use urea as fertilizer, waste discharges from livestock complexes, and effluents of enterprises that produce carbamide. Two aspects of the problems associated with urea contamination of water bodies can be identified: the lack of a direct instrumental method for controlling urea and the lack of a comprehensive approach to controlling urea and its biotransformation products: ammonium, nitrites and nitrates. These two factors determined the relevance of the research. Materials and methods. The studies used the «Stayer» ionic chromatography system with anionic and cationic separation columns: Phenomenex Star-Ion A-300 100/4.6 USA; Shodex IC YS-50 150/4.6 Japan; when developing the urea analysis method, the «Aquilon» cationic column AQULINE C1P, 5µ,150/4.6 was used. The detection is conductometric and amperometric. The research objects were: surface, bottled, tap water, model water solutions of carbamide. As a urease source, the soil (sod-podzolic) from the Educational and Experimental Soil-Ecological Center of the Lomonosov Moscow State University “Chashnikovo” was used. Results. A new highly sensitive ion chromatographic method for determining urea in the water of various water bodies with a sensitivity of 5 mg/dm3 with direct sample input and using sample preparation - 0.5 mg/dm3 is proposed. The results of studies of model aqueous solutions of urea, surface water, tap water of Moscow, many bottled water samples on the content of urea and products of its biochemical transformation are presented. The presence of urea in the surface water and tap water of Moscow was revealed, and a correlation between the urea content and ammonium ions, nitrites and nitrates in the water was stated. Limitations of the study. The studies were carried out with waters whose total mineralization did not exceed 15 mg-eq/dm3 (water of river Don), and the urea content established in the water samples was not lower than 0.5 mg/dm3. Conclusion. When monitoring urea contamination of various water bodies, it is necessary to consider the products of its biotransformation under the action of urease, for as a result of the processes of urea biotransformation, a low-toxic substance can form more toxic products: nitrites, nitrates and ammonium. Applying the kinetic approach to study the processes of urea biotransformation in water under model conditions showed that the extreme type of kinetic curves corresponds to the formation of intermediate products - nitrites, and the increasing type corresponds to the formation and accumulation of final products - nitrates and ammonium ions.

Nowadays air pollution created by chemical gaseous pollutants becomes the major concern for the adverse effect on human health, plant or animal life, or the welfare of man. Thus miniaturized low-cost sensor device based on nanomaterials can be introduced for an observable signal, or warning bell may be set to control the pollution level of outdoor as well as indoor air. Exploring the present state-of-the-art inorganic, organic, or even hybrid nanomaterials used as receptor in chemical sensors to detect the pollutants in the air is briefly considered here. In that goal, the utility of the various nanomaterials is focused in the sensing of various air pollutants. Among those, the nanomaterials receptors like metal and metal oxide semiconductors, solid electrolytes, insulators, catalytic materials, polymers, etc. including their hybrid nanomaterials have been considered here. The synthesis and required properties of the nanomaterials for the sensing application of specific gaseous pollutants are discussed in brief. The discussion also highlights the activity of nanomaterials for the improvement of sensing performance of existing sensor. Finally the important example of air pollutant sensor based on various nanomaterials is represented elaborately, and challenges for the future development are outlined in this chapter.

Heavy metals are an important category of elements that are commonly used in the industrial sector. Among these elements, cadmium is utilized in various types of industries. It may accumulate in the environmental systems such as water and soil as a result of industrial activities. Exposure to cadmium may evoke several ill effects on human, plant, and animal life. The well water sources in the industrial areas face a major threat from the exposure of cadmium used by the industries. The guidelines of the World Health Organization only permit a maximum amount of 3μg per liter of drinking water. In this study, 14 well water samples from the industrial area of Ollur in the Thrissur district of Kerala, India are collected and the concentration of cadmium is identified. The analysis was conducted by using an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscope (ICP-OES), which is a highly sensitive instrument used in the identification of trace elements. Among the 14 samples analysed, several samples exceeded the maximum accepted concentration of cadmium according to the guidelines of WHO.