Material Identification Method for Railway Structures Using 2D-LiDAR

Introduction: This article addresses the pressing issue of ensuring the quality and safety of dairy products by combating adulteration, a challenge that continues to plague the dairy industry. Adulteration, often driven by cost-cutting motives, involves altering the composition, quality, or origin of dairy products, even in the face of tightened control measures and improved monitoring systems. Specifically, this study hones in on the problem of species-specific adulteration, particularly the substitution of goat milk with cow milk due to the significant cost differential. Detecting and identifying such adulteration is crucial, and while traditional methods like electrophoresis and chromatography have been used, they are often expensive and labor-intensive. The article explores the use of molecular genetic methods, particularly polymerase chain reaction (PCR), as a more efficient and accurate means of identifying species-specific milk adulteration. Methods like PCR offer high specificity, sensitivity, speed, and the ability to perform quantitative and multiplex analyses.Purpose: The objective of this study is to optimise a method for species identification of dairy products by PCR-based screening using DNA isolated from cow’s and goat’s milk comatic cells.Materials and Methods: This research conducted at the Central Laboratory of Microbiology, All-Russian Research Institute of Dairy Industry, focuses on milk species identification of cattle and small ruminants using a specific set of primers targeting the polymorphic amylogenin gene. The study involves PCR screening with DNA extracted from cow’s and goat’s raw milk utilizing a MiniAmp instrument for the analysis. Qualitative and quantitative assessments of DNA preparations were performed, measuring DNA concentration with a Qubit 4 fluorimeter and Qubit dsDNA BR Assay Kit. PCR analysis was carried out in 25 μl reactions, including key components such as 5xScreen Mix, specific primers, DNA samples, and mQ H2O. The amplification program comprised denaturation, annealing, and elongation steps over a series of cycles.Results: The experiment was aimed at assessing the suitability of primers SE47 and SE48 for amplification of nuclear DNA of milk somatic cells of cattle (Bos taurus) and goats (Capra hircus). Initially, a calculated annealing temperature of 56 °C was used in the PCR reaction, yielding in numerous nonspecific fragments appeared on the electropherogram. To solve this problem, we gradually increased the annealing temperature, which resulted in a significant decrease in the nonspecific fragments number and their complete absence at annealing temperature of 70°C.Conclusion: We succeeded in optimizing a PCR-based detection system for the milk species identification of cattle and small ruminants. The results obtained confirm the possibility of using genomic DNA of milk somatic cells for the successful amplification of species-specific nuclear markers, but there remains a need for further research to determine the sensitivity of the PCR system and the possibility of its use in the analysis of milk processing products.

A method for diffraction-based identification of amorphous sp2 carbon materials

ABSTRACTPowder x-ray diffraction has been the most common method for rapid structural analysis and identification of crystalline ceramic raw materials. However, new structural ceramic raw materials often have linebroadened or featureless XRD patterns due to structural strain or small crystallite size. Characterization of various silicon carbide and silicon nitride powders and ceramic fibers by Si-29 NMR-MAS spectroscopy has revealed structural details and differences in these materials previously indistinguishable by XRD or other routine methods. Unique variables intrinsic to a given ceramic synthesis process are reflected in the NMR-MAS spectra of the resulting products.

A genuine physicochemical method of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy has become a versatile research tool in the rehabilitation technologies of monuments. A spectroscopic technique in order to study the effects of aging, adverse weather, and pollution on the monuments is presented. Topical applications in the conservation of monuments and prime research in order to study the effects of aging are impressive illustrations of the high evolution of the technique. FT-IR spectroscopy has established itself as a powerful method for the rapid identification and differentiation of materials used by the artists or contractor-architects to describe and present the monuments as historic structures. It has become one of the best nondestructive techniques in the progress of basic research in sciences, in artwork, and in weather and natural effects on marbles for the various defects and the identification of pigments. At a molecular level, the method has advanced the vibrational problem of the chemical bonds of the molecules and the assignment of bond frequencies to chemical characteristic group frequencies, as vOH, vCO, vNH2, \( v{\mathrm{PO}}_2^{-} \), vO2-,vC-C, vC-S, and vS-S, stretching frequencies resulting from inorganic or organic colors as well as from proteins and DNA and the microorganisms on the surface of the monuments. The present work sets out to give a review of current examples on the analytical potential of FT-IR spectroscopy and its application on Pentelic marble.

Investigations by X-ray diffraction of swift heavy ion induced effects in inorganic materials

Regularized virtual fields method for mechanical properties identification of composite materials

This paper focuses on real-time estimation of optimal control parameters (maximum friction coefficient and optimal slip ratio) in order to secure maneuverability of a mobile robot on rough terrain. This paper is largely divided into two parts; 1) material identification, 2) estimation of optimal control parameters. Firstly, since maximum friction coefficient and optimal slip ratio indicate different characteristics depending on material types, prior to estimation of optimal control parameters, it is needed to identify which material a robot is moving on. Thus, this paper proposes a method for material identification based on soil resistance impeding motion of a robot. Material identification includes Gaussian classifier to stochastically identify one of the material types. Secondly, an estimator is developed so as to predict maximum friction coefficient and optimal slip ratio which are crucial parameters for a mobile robot while effectively traversing rough terrain. Friction-slip curves based on experimental data from a test for analysis of a wheel-terrain interaction are employed to make a prediction model for estimation of optimal control parameters. Results of material identification and estimation of optimal control parameters are verified through one-wheel driving experiments on three kinds of material types: sand, gravel and grass using the wheel-terrain interaction testbed.

Clandestine transport of hazardous materials has been recognized as a major challenge for global aviation, water and land transport and homeland security. Nuclear resonance fluorescence (NRF) provides a high-potential physics basis for efficient detection of such materials at the entry points of a country. NRF's potency, however, is diminished due to varying environmental conditions and noisy background. Hence, fast and accurate signal processing algorithms are needed for detection and diagnostic purposes. In this paper a new method for identification of hazardous materials is proposed. The synergy of NRF signal processing and fuzzy logic allows an automated procedure for the detection of such materials. Automated decision making that does not require human interference improves the speed of the algorithm execution. The proposed method is tested on various scenarios aiming at the detection of Uranium-238 in NRF spectra.

Bacterial cultures, viruses, bacteriophages, and other materials which might be dried and sealed in small containers under the original vacuum are frequently kept for months or years before use. Methods commonly used for identification of such tubes, frequently only 7-10 mm. in diameter, are unsatisfactory. Gummed-paper labels are defaced or soak off during the customary preliminary freezing. If a spiral strip of paper is used, the contents of the tube may not be readily visible for inspection. Paper labels of any type are likely to become dry and frequently fall off during prolonged storage under varying conditions of humidity; furthermore, they are subjected to the attentions of the cockroaches and silverfish which are too frequently present in many laboratories. Adhesive tape is awkward to handle and difficult to write on. Scotch tape protects labels to some extent, but eventually dries. Writing on the container itself with wax pencil is impermanent, while the use of a diamond point introduces the possibility of weakening the glass. Most small containers do not afford sufficient area to permit inscribing adequate data. Introduction of a marker into the tube before use is more satisfactory. Permanent identification can be afforded by colored seed glass beads now available at 5and 10-cent stores. These beads, about 2 mm. in diameter and 1 mm. in height, can be obtained for about 15 cents per vial containing approximately 1,000 beads. Ten clearly differentiated colors are sold. The beads are made of colored glass and do not change color after being subjected to autoclaving or treatment in the hotair sterilizer. No toxic effect has been apparent. They can be introduced into the tube and sterilized with it or can be sterilized separately and put into the tube with aseptic precautions. The colors are readily visible after the culture or other material has been dried in the usual amounts. A standard code for identification of cultures dried by lyophile, cryochem, or other processes would permit exchange of materials between laboratories and ready identification. By a suggested system, now in use, a single bead is assigned to each of the major groups as follows: red, Clostridium; purple, Corynebacterium; green, Hemophilus; blue, Neisseria; white, Pasteurella; yellow, Salmonella; brown, Shigella; black, Streptococcus; gold, bacteriophage; and silver, virus. Forty-five additional generic combinations can be made by using two beads, each of different color. The use of an indicator code for each genus reduces records to a minimum, permits rapid recognition, and will simplify correspondence. Amplifying this system, the species is represented by two beads of the same color. With a single genus indicator bead, 10 species can be identified, using a total of three beads per tube. An additional 10 species can be identified by using three similarly colored beads with the single genus indicator color. When this possibility is exhausted, the number of combinations becomes greatly increased, since the addition of four beads to the genus indicator permits the possibility of representing the species by pairs differing in color from each other. If the genus is represented by two single beads of different colors, the 8

Signal detection and material identification method for loose particles inside aerospace relays based on overlapping signals

Inline multi-material identification via dual energy radiographic measurements

In this paper, the THz spectra of several weakly absorptive chemical materials are measured by a novel technology: reference-free THz transmission spectroscopy. We then introduce a new THz spectral feature recognition method by applying pattern recognition method in explosive spectra classification and identification. Two types of artificial neural networks (ANNs): self organized mapping (SOM) and multilayer perceptron (MLP) and are used through repetitive modeling and adequate training with high accuracy rate and low alarm rate. The results indicate that the reference-free technique is a viable and valid spectroscopic modality by replacing the conventional absorbance curves with phase curves as features for identification and classification. The phase spectroscopy method is especially favorable for long distance and large size THz sensing and imaging systems by ignoring the imperfect beam amplitude profile. We also show that it is feasible to apply these two ANNS on the identification of different types of explosives, amino acid and many other chemicals. It provides an effective method in material inspection and identification using THz-TDS.

There is an acknowledged need for improved conservation of plastic and rubber objects within collections, including improved methods of condition assessment, material identification, and better understanding of material degradation. This reflects the inherent instability and wide-ranging formulations of many such objects and also the relative lack of knowledge in this field. Analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is a useful method for understanding the chemical processes involved in polymer degradation and for the identification of materials. Conservators and curators have used odor analysis to identify historical plastics for many years, and techniques ranging from acid detection strips to laboratory-based techniques such as solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry have been used to characterize plastic and rubber materials and to understand their degradation. VOC analysis also has potential as a technique for bulk material identification, as a complementary tool to spectroscopic analysis of the surface. A significant advantage of VOC analysis is its potential to be non-invasive, avoiding destructive sampling or even contact with an object. However, there is a greater potential for VOC analysis to be of benefit within conservation than is currently being exploited and significant scope for future research. In fields such as construction or waste management, there is also significant research into analysis of VOC emissions from plastic and rubber materials. The goal of this paper is to systematically review research from a range of fields including conservation, polymer degradation, and plastics recycling and it includes the use of VOC analysis to understand the causes of damage to plastic and rubber objects, to provide evidence of degradation and to monitor degradation progress, and to identify materials and distinguish between different formulations. Summaries of relevant studies are given, and volatile markers of object damage and polymer degradation and key volatile identifiers of a particular material are highlighted.

Identification of elastic materials using wavelet transform

Nondestructive and rapid detection of foreign materials in wolfberry by hyperspectral imaging combing with chemometrics