Maternal air pollution exposure and postpartum depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Postpartum depression is the term used for depression that predominates in the postpartum period, which is increasingly seen in research and clinical practice up to 1 year after delivery. Other symptoms commonly seen in women with postpartum depression include mood swings or lability and excessive worry about the baby. In addition, postpartum depression is often associated with anxiety disorders or significant anxiety symptoms. Women with a history of psychiatric illness are prone to postpartum depression. Postpartum depression is a crucial psychological health ailment that confers a vast degree of disability in females and is often associated with significant emotional, behavioral, and cognitive dangers in children. It is a disorder that is often unrecognized and undertreated. Postpartum depression is a critical issue to be addressed because it interferes with a woman’s self-care and parenting. It also affects a child’s mental growth and development. For these reasons, evaluation of risk factors is required to consider every facet of postpartum depression in women. This article reviews the associated risk factors and management of postpartum depression in India. Traditional studies for risk factors in postpartum depression have typically categorized women according to a particular stage of pregnancy that follows them into postpartum depression. Pregnancy-associated risk factors are estimated during pregnancy and are looked up for their predictive association with postpartum depression defined by clinical diagnostic methods or self-report assessment. Treatment options include psychotherapy and antidepressant medication. The risk of postpartum depression in fathers also follows maternal postpartum depression. Paternal depressive disorder is associated with adverse effects on child development. Early intervention for postpartum depression and anxiety may decrease the severity and recurrence of symptoms as well as the negative effects on the baby's health and development.

ObjectiveMany psychiatric diseases have a strong familial aggregation, but it is unknown whether postpartum depression (PPD) without prior psychiatric history aggregates in families.MethodsBased on Danish national registers, we constructed a cohort with information on 848,544 singleton deliveries (1996–2017). Women with an episode of PPD were defined as having used antidepressant medication and/or had a hospital contact for depression within 6 months after delivery. Those with psychiatric history prior to the delivery were excluded. We estimated relative risk (RR) of PPD, comparing women with female relatives with and without PPD history, respectively.ResultsOverall, women with a PPD history in female blood relatives had themselves a higher risk of PPD (RR = 1.64, 95% CI 1.16–2.34). Having the first‐degree female relative with PPD history was associated with a more than 2.5 times (RR = 2.65, 95% CI 1.79–3.91) increased risk of PPD. However, having the second/third‐degree female relative and/or a female non‐blood relative with PPD history did not increase the woman's own risk of PPD (RR = 0.58, 95% CI 0.26–1.28, RR = 1.09, 95% CI 0.83–1.44).ConclusionPostpartum depression aggregates in families with no other psychiatric history, but the findings do not support a strong genetic trait as a major cause. Other possible mechanisms are shared environment and/or health‐seeking behavior in close relationships.

Maternal childhood trauma, postpartum depression, and infant outcomes: Avoidant affective processing as a potential mechanism

At the New Mexico Center for Environmental Health Sciences (NMCEHS), community concerns and relationships are as much at the center’s foundation as the latest research techniques. According to center director Scott Burchiel, the unique populations of New Mexico—including a high number of Hispanics and Native American tribes, pueblos, and sovereign nations—steer the center’s course. “One of the things we have tried to do is to determine what these populations’ concerns are for environmental health, because we want our center to be focused on environmental public health, and we want to work on basic research projects that address issues that people in this region are particularly interested in,” he says. Based in Albuquerque as a partnership of The University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center and the Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute (LRRI), the NIEHS-funded center comprises major research cores in environmental cancer and oxidative stress, cardiovascular toxicology, environmental lung disease, and population health and epidemiology. The center also includes world-class facility cores (particularly for inhalation toxicology), a pilot project program to provide funding for small innovative research studies, and an unusually strong community outreach and education program (COEP). Community input is essential, as is trust. “We have investigators who may have certain interests for certain kinds of projects and want to work with communities,” says Burchiel. “But when we go to the community, we find out that [the community has] a different agenda, different interests. We’ve been learning how to work with communities since we’ve had this environmental health center.” It’s a process that involves a lot of development of community relationships and trust relationships. Burchiel says that investigating environmental health problems such as asthma requires a broad definition of environment. He says, “In our center, we define the environment quite broadly. It includes nutritional, social, behavioral, economic, and built environment components. . . . We have not only environmental epidemiologists [but] also social epidemiologists who help us look at social factors in assessing economic and poverty factors.”

IntroductionDespite a recognized association between maternal postpartum depression (PPD) and adverse child health outcomes, evidence examining the relationship between PPD symptoms and associated child health service utilization and costs remains unclear. In addition, there is a paucity of evidence describing the relationship between early identification of maternal PPD and associated health service utilization and costs for children. This study aims to address this gap by describing the secondary associations of screening for maternal PPD and annual health service utilization and costs for children over their first five years of life.MethodsMothers and children enrolled in the prospective All Our Families cohort were linked to provincial administrative data in Alberta, Canada. Multivariable generalized linear models were used to estimate the average annual inpatient, outpatient, physician, and total health service utilization and costs from a public health system perspective for children of mothers screened high risk for PPD, low/moderate risk for PPD, or unscreened.ResultsTotal mean costs were greatest for children during their first year of life than other years. Those whose mothers were not screened had significantly lower costs compared to those whose mothers were screened low/moderate risk, despite equivalent health service utilization.DiscussionFindings from this study describe the secondary associations of screening for maternal PPD using a public health system perspective. More research is required to fully understand variations in health costs for children across maternal PPD screening categories.

Association between the existence of neonatal congenital anomalies and maternal postpartum depression up to 6months after delivery: The Japan Environment and Children's Study.

Objective: This thesis research is a descriptive study conducted to evaluate the relationship between emotional intelligence and postpartum depression risk and the factors affecting it.Methods: The research was carried out between April 1 - September 30, 2018 at Katip Çelebi University Atatürk Training and Research Hospital, Obstetrics Clinic. The universe of the study consisted of women (N = 624) who gave birth between April 1 and September 30, 2018. The sample of the study consisted of 193 women who delivered at the Katip Çelebi University Atatürk Training and Research Hospital's Obstetrics Clinic, agreed to participate in the research and complied with the research criteria. In the first meeting, the participants were applied “Participant Diagnosis Form” and “Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale” and in the second meeting, “Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale” was applied in 6-8 weeks after birth. In the study, t-test was used in independent groups for differences in two-group variables, and ANOVA analysis was used in determining the differences in variables with more than two groups. Tukey analysis was used to determine which two groups differ from the variables determined as a result of ANOVA analysis. All analyzes were carried out through SPSS for Windows V25.0 package program.Results: In the study, the risk of postpartum depression was found to be 10.88%. No statistically significant relationship was found between postpartum depression risk and emotional intelligence (p> 0.05). There is a positive and weak relationship between the risk of postpartum depression and the evaluation of emotions from the sub-dimensions of emotional intelligence (p <0.05). There is no relationship between postpartum depression risk and emotional intelligence sub-dimensions, optimism and the use of emotions (p> 0.05). A statistically significant relationship was found between postpartum depression risk and relationships with spouse and marital satisfaction (p <0.05).Conclusion: At the end of the study, no significant relationship was found between emotional intelligence and postpartum depression. However, there are many studies in the world literature regarding the relationship between emotional intelligence and mental well-being. In our country, studies are needed in different groups.

Much attention has been paid to the problem of postpartum depression in women. However, there is some indication that men also experience depression after the birth of a child, and that paternal depression is linked to maternal depression. The purpose of this integrative review was to examine current knowledge about postpartum depression in fathers. Specific aims were (1) to examine the incidence of paternal depression in the first year after the birth of a child, (2) to identify the characteristics and predictors of paternal postpartum depression, (3) to describe the relationship between maternal and paternal postpartum depression, and (4) to discuss the influence of paternal depression on the family and infant. A literature search from 1980 to 2002 was carried out using the CINAHL, PsychInfo, and Medline electronic databases. Twenty research studies were identified that included incidence rates of paternal depression during the first year postpartum. These were further examined and synthesized regarding onset, severity, duration, and predictors of paternal depressive symptoms, and for information about the relationship between maternal and paternal depression. During the first postpartum year, the incidence of paternal depression ranged from 1.2% to 25.5% in community samples, and from 24% to 50% among men whose partners were experiencing postpartum depression. Maternal depression was identified as the strongest predictor of paternal depression during the postpartum period. The implications of parental depression for family health were discussed. Postpartum depression in men is a significant problem. The strong correlation of paternal postpartum depression with maternal postpartum depression has important implications for family health and well-being. Consideration of postpartum depression in fathers as well as mothers, and consideration of co-occurrence of depression in couples, is an important next step in research and practice involving childbearing families.

Employment, income, and education and risk of postpartum depression: The Osaka Maternal and Child Health Study

Dietary folate and vitamins B 12, B 6, and B 2 intake and the risk of postpartum depression in Japan: The Osaka Maternal and Child Health Study

Maternal attachment insecurity is a potent predictor of depressive symptoms in the early postnatal period

Background: The prevalence of Postpartum Depression in India varies from 6.8-21.5%. About 5% women reported persistent PPD symptoms even three years after childbirth. PPD increases the suicide risk among mothers. It not only affects the psychological health but also physical health & quality of life of mother. Maternal PPD affects the mother child bonding and also the child growth & development. Objective: To assess the long-term effects of post-partum depression on the mothers and the children at 1 year-5 years. Methodology: We have done a Cohort study with 290 mother-child dyads in both rural and urban area of Khordha, Odisha. Mothers were screened using EPDS for PPD at 6wk to 6 months after delivery. The outcome for mothers and children were assessed at one year to five years after delivery. Chronic depression was assessed with EPDS, confirmed by psychiatric evaluation and suicidality of the mother with SBQ-R; child anthropometric outcomes with WHO growth charts and development with Bayley Scale of Infant and Toddler Neurodevelopment. Results: Among the 62 mothers screened positive for post-partum depression, 18 (29%) were found to have Chronic depression and a significant association was found between post-partum and chronic depression (OR=11.25, CI- 4.60- 27.69, p-value <0.001]. Conclusion: Maternal post-partum depression had significant impact on the maternal and child child-health in the long term.

Postpartum depression is a depression syndrome that occurs in mothers after childbirth and can be prevented and cured. According to Fazraningtyas, in South Kalimantan, to be precise in the city of Banjarmasin, namely Ulin General Hospital of Banjarmasin and Dr. H.M. Ansari Saleh General Hospital of Banjarmasin showed 56.8% mild postpartum depression, 26.1% moderate postpartum depression, 17.0% severe postpartum depression. The impact of mothers experiencing postpartum depression is that mothers have difficulty interacting and can endanger their children. Postpartum depression is caused by several factors, the factors that contributed are complications in pregnancy. This study used a literature review approach. The articles obtained from Google Scholar, Biomed Central, and Pubmed. The criterias applied be restricted. As many as 10 journals are found. Based on the previous study, complications in pregnancy are the cause of postpartum depression. Complications that are often experienced by pregnant women are maternal anemia that can appear during the pregnancy process until the birth process occurs and 30-70% of pregnant women with maternal anemia have a risk of postpartum depression. Second, gestational diabetes is one of the complications of pregnancy that occurs in women who are pregnant. Pregnant women can increase hormones including the progesterone hormone, human placental lactogen estrogen, and cortisol. The last, a history of depression is a cause of postpartum depression because if pregnant women have a history of depression before pregnancy, they will have a higher risk of experiencing postpartum depression.

Background: Postpartum depression is a mood disorder that occurs in the first year after childbirth, which affects mothers, babies and their families. The prevalence of postpartum depression is estimated to be 10-15% worldwide. Postpartum women who have weak social support are at risk for postpartum depression. This study aimd to estimate the strength of the relationship between social support and postpartum depression based on the results of previous similar studies. Subjects and Method: This research is a systematic review and meta-analysis. Meta analysis is carried out by systematically reviewing articles published from 2010 to 2020 from the Pubmed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Spinger Link databases using search keywords, namely "social support" OR "family support" OR "partner support" AND" postpartum depression "OR" postnatal depression "AND" cross sectional "AND" multivariate. Article searches were carried out using PICO. The study population was postpartum women, intervention/ exposure was weak social support with comparison was strong social support and the outcome was postpartum depression. The search for articles was carried out for one month. The articles included in this study were full text articles with cross sectional design. Articles were reviewed using the PRISMA flow diagram guidelines. Articles analyzed using Revman 5.3 Software. Results: 12 articles were reviewed in this study. This study shows that weak social support increased the risk of postpartum depression (aOR = 2.64; 95% CI: 2.08 - 3.35; p <0.001). Conclusion: Weak social support increases the risk of postpartum depression. Conclusion: Weak social support increases the risk of postpartum depression. Keywords: social support, postpartum depression Correspondence: Ardiani. Masters Program in Public Health. Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: dhiniardiani@gmail.com. Telepon: 085337742831.

BackgroundIt is estimated that 38.8% of mothers develop postpartum depression (PPD) in South Africa. While empirical evidence documents an association between intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization in pregnancy and PPD among adult women, the association has been underexamined among adolescent mothers (< 19 years). The study’s purpose is to examine whether IPV victimization during pregnancy is associated with PPD among adolescent mothers.MethodsAdolescent mothers (14–19 years) were recruited at a regional hospital’s maternity ward in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa between July 2017-April 2018. Participants completed behavioral assessments at two visits (n = 90): baseline (up to 4 weeks postpartum) and follow-up (6–9 weeks postpartum, when PPD is typically assessed). The WHO modified conflict tactics scale was used to create a binary measure of any physical and/or psychological IPV victimization that occurred during pregnancy. Participants with scores ≥ 13 on the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) were classified as having symptoms of PPD. We used a modified Poisson regression with robust standard errors to assess PPD in association with IPV victimization during pregnancy, controlling for relevant covariates.ResultsNearly one-half (47%) of adolescent mothers reported symptoms of PPD by 6–9 weeks post-delivery. Further, IPV victimization during pregnancy was highly prevalent (40%). Adolescent mothers who reported IPV victimization during pregnancy had marginally higher risk of PPD at follow-up (RR: 1.50, 95 CI: 0.97–2.31; p = 0.07). The association was strengthened and significant in covariate-adjusted analysis (RR: 1.62, 95 CI: 1.06–2.49; p = 0.03).ConclusionsPoor mental health was common among adolescent mothers, and IPV victimization during pregnancy was associated with PPD risk among adolescent mothers. Implementing IPV and PPD routine screenings during the perinatal period may aid in identifying adolescent mothers for IPV and PPD interventions and treatment. With the high prevalence of IPV and PPD in this vulnerable population and the potential negative impact on maternal and infant outcomes, interventions to reduce IPV and PPD are needed to improve adolescent mothers’ well-being and their baby’s health.