Maximizing Joint Data Rate and Resource Efficiency in D2D-IoT Enabled Multi-Tier Networks

Next generation wireless network (NGWN) will be heterogeneous where different radio access technologies (RATs) coexist. In NGWN, efficient radio resource management and QoS provisioning are major challenges. We propose an optimal joint radio resource management algorithm to minimize call blocking probability in NGWN. The algorithm makes call admission decisions such that overall call blocking probability is minimized in the heterogeneous wireless network. We develop an analytical model for the radio resource management algorithm using a multi-dimensional Markov chain. Based on linear programming optimization technique, we determine the optimal splitting of arriving calls among available RATs. Results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms other algorithm in the heterogeneous wireless network.

The past three decades have experienced a phenomenal emergence of several wireless networks and technologies. This next generation of wireless networks (4G) will be integrated into one IP-backbone to offer improved services to the user. The features of 4G include: wide coverage, high data rates, seamless roaming and personalisation. This paper presents a personalised handoff decision method to offer personalisation in seamless roaming for the next generation of wireless networks. This is done by assigning profiles to different users with different preferences and using these profiles to offer personalised handoff. The integration of these two important features of 4G networks will provide the end user the ability to choose their own preferred networks while they roam freely between heterogeneous networks.

Next generation wireless networks (NGWN) will be heterogeneous, comprising a number of radio access technologies (RATs) coexisting in the same geographical area. In NGWN, a joint call admission control (JCAC) algorithm is needed to select the most appropriate RAT for each incoming call. The JCAC algorithm must be user-centric (i.e., consider user preferences in making RAT selection decisions) in order to enhance userspsila satisfaction. This paper investigates a user-centric JCAC (UJCAC) algorithm for heterogeneous wireless networks. The UJCAC algorithm uses Fuzzy multiple-attribute decision-making technique to select the most appropriate RAT for each incoming call. We develop a Markov model for the UJCAC algorithm to evaluate the overall call blocking probability and handoff call dropping probability in heterogeneous wireless networks. Performance of the UJCAC algorithm is evaluated using a three-RAT heterogeneous network. Simulation results show that a UJCAC algorithm can lead to highly unbalanced network load, and high call blocking/dropping probability. Therefore, a flexible UJCAC algorithm is more suitable for NGWN. In flexible UJCAC, if the mostly preferred RAT for incoming call is fully loaded, the next preferred RAT will be selected for the call. The call will be blocked only if none of the available RATs can accommodate the call. Therefore, call blocking/dropping probability will be reduced.

Global mobile data traffic reached 11.5 exabyte per month at the end of 2017, up from 6.7 exabyte per month at the end of 2016. Therefore to keep-up with this ever-increasing data demand, Heterogeneous network seams to be the most appropriate resolution. A Heterogeneous network consists of a combination of different types of nodes (small-cells and macrocells) that share coverage regions and may use different radio access technologies. Whenever a user in active connection moves from one cell to the other, the network must transfer the connection to a new cell to maintain the communication service in a process called handover. However this handover process must be seamless. Some key handover challenges and design issues for the next generation of wireless networks was discussed in this review.

Heterogeneous wireless networks are considered as promising technologies to improve energy efficiency. In heterogeneous networks, interference management is very important since the interference due to spectrum sharing can significantly degrade overall performance. In the existing work, various resource allocation methods are proposed to either improve energy efficiency or mitigate interference in orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA)-based multicell networks. To the best of our knowledge, no research on resource allocation has jointly considered improving energy efficiency and performing interference control, especially using interference power constraint strategies. Furthermore, most existing work assumes that all of the channel state information (CSI) is known completely, which might not be realistic in heterogeneous networks due to the limited capacity of the backhaul links and varied ownership of network devices. In this paper, we propose a game-theoretical scheme using energy-efficient resource allocation and interference pricing for an interference-limited environment in heterogeneous networks. We formulate the problems of resource allocation and interference management as a Stackelberg game with incomplete CSI. A backward induction method is used to analyze the proposed game. A closed-form expression of the Stackelberg equilibrium (SE) is obtained for the proposed game with various interference power constraints. Simulation results are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

Interference management is important in wireless cellular networks such as long-term evolution (LTE) and LTE-A, where orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), dense frequency reuse and heterogeneous cell sizes and capabilities provide great performance at the cost of increased network complexity. The layered structures of emerging cellular networks and their dynamic environments limit greatly the efficacy of traditional static interference management methods. Furthermore, conventional interference coordination techniques assume that perfect channel knowledge is available and that the signalling overhead can be neglected. In this paper, we analyse a heterogeneous LTE OFDMA downlink network composed by macro-, pico- and femtocells. We propose a low-complexity, distributed and cooperative interference mitigation method which is aware of network load and propagation conditions. The proposed method is fully scalable and addresses the interference received by the macro and pico layer and the interference received by femtocells separately. The new solution makes use of the iterative Hungarian algorithm, which effectively reduces interference and enhances the quality of service of starved users when compared to other state-of-the-art solutions. The proposed method outperforms static solutions by providing comparable results for the cell edge users (the proposed solution delivers 86% of the gain of a static frequency reuse 3) while presenting no loss at the cell centre, compared to an 18% loss of the frequency reuse 3 in a homogeneous scenario. In a heterogeneous network (HetNet) deployment, it generates a gain of 45% for the combined macro and pico edge users at a very small cost for the cell centre lower than 4% when compared with standard resource allocation. It optimizes greatly picocell performance, with improvements of more than 50% at a small cost for femtocell users (15%). In order to apply the proposed method to a practical network, the impact of the necessary quantization of channel state information on the interference management solution is studied and results show that signalling overhead can be contained while performance is improved by increasing resolution on the portions of the bandwidth more likely to be assigned to the users.

India has rolled-out the 5G wireless technology. The Nation’s 5G services official inaugurated by Prime Minister of India on October 1st 2022. The Fifth-generation (5G) technology having extreme capabilities in terms of high bandwidth, low latency, reliability and ability to connect large number of network devices. This communication technology has the potential to enhance efficiencies, address problems, and create new delivery mechanisms across different functions, services and schemes of the Government. The Government is also intend to established the 5G laboratories for quick prototyping of 5G use cases that cater to the requirements of several sectors. This new technology can be used in Water Resource, Agriculture, Environment, Smart Home, Smart Grid, Smart Transportation, Smart Health, Public Safety, Industries and many more. Water is natural and limited available resource therefore management of Water Resources, protection and supervision is very essential. Presently, Improvement in water resource management is an important and relevant issue. Internet of Things (IOT) is rapidly growing and become an easy way to access the physical objects or devices which are connected through internet. IOT can access any devices which have built in sensors, unique address identifier with the ability to collect and transfer the data without any human intervention. Using IOT we can control the devices from anywhere efficiently and safely [1]. The IOT based on 5G technology is an advance technology which could help tremendously for managing the water resources locally as well as remotely. IoT devices paired with 5G will help transfer, monitor and analyze the water resource data. National Water Informatics Center (NWIC) under Ministry of Jal Shakti (Govt. of India) has setup the Working Group Committee for adoption of 5G technology for identifying the possible 5G based use cases (applications) in Water Resource sector. First Author is the member of Working Group Committee for CWPRS [2]. 5G technology is magnificent opportunity for management of water infrastructures. In this paper we are discussing on possible uses of 5G technology and their benefits towards efficient water resource management along with the literature survey.  

The introduction of Fifth Generation (5G) and beyond networks has brought forth a new age of potential and problems in the quickly changing telecom industry. From conventional communication systems to complex radio communication networks, wireless communication has advanced significantly. With substantial advancements over earlier technologies, 5G cellular networks present a novel idea that unifies a wide range of machines and gadgets. 5G technology expands the user experience and improves communication efficiency through previously unknown advancements. Researchers have used cutting-edge technologies to create networks of tiny cells. Future wireless networks will still have significant challenges related to interference management. Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets), Internet of Things (IoT), Device-to-Device (D2D) connectivity, Relay Nodes (RNs), Beamforming, Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (M-MIMO), millimetre-wave (mm-wave), and other systems are all incorporated into the new network design. The performance and dependability of these sophisticated networks are greatly impacted by noise and interference; thus, controlling these elements effectively is essential. In order to maximize the performance of future wireless communication systems, this study looks at the interference and noise problems that have been seen and researched in a variety of network architectures and methodologies, including 5G and beyond. It emphasizes the significance of strong interference management techniques.

Considering the ever‐growing demand for network traffic, increasing the capacity of cellular networks has always been a necessity. Heterogeneous cellular networks using small‐scale base stations in addition to macro base stations (BSs) are a low cost and effective solution to this problem. The diversity of the BSs in heterogeneous networks, however, has raised new issues in terms of cell association and interference management compared with the traditional single‐tier networks. Devising novel and effective methods for cell association and resource allocation in these networks is currently an open and developing problem. This paper addresses cell and subband association in the downlink of orthogonal frequency‐division multiple‐access heterogeneous networks. Unlike the existing works in this field, our scheme maximizes network utility while preventing harmful interference for all connections in the network. Using the protocol interference model, necessary and sufficient constraints for preventing interference in cellular networks are presented. By choosing the appropriate interference constraint, the joint problem of cell and subband association is formulated as an integer optimization problem. After simplifying the optimization problem, an equivalent linear problem is obtained. Using one‐level dual decomposition, an iterative algorithm with a near‐optimal solution has been devised. A distributed protocol is then presented, in which each user and each BS requires only its own local data to determine its connection for service. The simulation results demonstrate the algorithm behavior and confirm the efficiency and near‐optimality of the proposed solution.

It is envisaged that next generation wireless networks (NGWN) will be heterogeneous, consisting of multiple radio access technologies (RATs) coexisting in the same geographical area. In these heterogeneous wireless networks, mobile terminals of different capabilities (heterogeneous terminals) will be used by subscribers to access network services. We investigate the effect of using heterogeneous mobile terminals (e.g. single-mode, dual-mode, triple-mode, etc.) on call blocking and call dropping probabilities in cooperative heterogeneous wireless networks. We develop analytical models for heterogeneous mobile terminals and joint radio resource management in heterogeneous wireless networks. Using a two-class three-RAT heterogeneous wireless network as an example, the effect of using heterogeneous terminals in the network is evaluated. Results show the overall call blocking/dropping probability experienced by subscribers in heterogeneous wireless networks depends on the capabilities of mobile terminals used by the subscribers. In the worst case scenario, when all subscribers use single-mode mobile terminals, each subscriber is confined to a single RAT and consequently, joint radio resource management in heterogeneous wireless network has no improvement on new call blocking and handoff call dropping probabilities. However, in the best case scenario, when all subscribers use three-mode terminals, new class-1 call blocking probability decreases from 0.37 (for 100% single-mode terminals) to 0.05, at the arrival rate of 6 calls per minute. New class-2 call blocking probability also decreases from 0.8 to 0.52. Similarly, handoff class-1 call dropping probability decreases from 0.14 to 0.003, and handoff class-2 call dropping probability decreases from 0.44 to 0.09.

In the next generation of wireless networks, small base stations are being adopted to increase the system's speed and capacity. However, this adoption increases the likelihood of inter-cell interference, which can degrade performance the system. This report discusses different approaches to managing interference that can mitigate these effects. Currently, a few techniques are already in use in 4G systems, while others have been suggested but not put into practice. The purpose of this study is to conduct an analytical examination of the different and various interference management methods that could be utilized in Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets), focusing specifically on HetNets with high density of small cells as they are expected to be part of the network topology for 5G networks and beyond. The study involved implementing time-based enhanced inter-cell interference coordination (eICIC) by establishing coordination between macro and small base stations. The results showed that robust communication with low latency is essential, and backhaul connections play a critical role in achieving this. Consequently, the network's sum-rate was increased.

Exponential growth in the demand for network capacity has led to extensive research on advanced cellular network technology. A heterogeneous network in which traditional well-planned macro cell deployment is overlaid by small-scale unplanned base stations is one effective solution for next-generation networks. However, the cell association techniques currently used in macro-only cellular networks are not suitable for next-generation heterogeneous networks. Finding effective methods to handle the cell association problem in this new type of network is a hot topic of research in this field. This paper provides an overview of the cell association problem in heterogeneous networks and discusses the main issues that need to be addressed by an efficient cell association technique in order to maximize the network throughput. It has been shown that an efficient cell association scheme in heterogeneous networks must balance the load among different cells while minimizing the inter-cell interference at the same time. Jointly considering these two objectives is a challenge currently being investigated by researchers. An overview on load balancing and interference management in heterogeneous networks is provided in this paper. A review of the existing literature shows that there is a need for an efficient distributed solution in which load balancing approaches are observed and at the same time users prone to harmful interference are protected. A framework for modeling the heterogeneity of this type of network is presented, a simulation is performed in order to verify the effects of different parameters, and, finally, the problem is formulated. Future research directions are also provided in the paper.

Increasingly High-Performance Computing (HPC) applications run on heterogeneous multi-core platforms. The basic reason of the growing popularity of these architectures is their low power consumption, and high throughput oriented nature. However, this throughput imposes a requirement on the data to be supplied in a high throughput manner for the multi-core system. This results in the necessity of an efficient management of on-chip and off-chip memory data transfers, which is a significant challenge. Complex regular and irregular memory data transfer patterns are becoming widely dominant for a range of application domains including the scientific, image and signal processing. Data accesses can be arranged in independent patterns that an efficient memory management can exploit. The software based approaches using general purpose caches and on-chip memories are beneficial to some extent. However, the task of efficient data management for the throughput oriented devices could be improved by providing hardware mechanisms that exploit the knowledge of access patterns in memory management and scheduling of accesses for a heterogeneous multi-core architecture. The focus of this thesis is to present architectural explorations for a novel access pattern-based multi-core memory architecture. In general, the thesis covers four main aspects of memory system in this research. These aspects can be categorized as: i) Uni-core Memory System for Regular Data Pattern. ii) Multi-core Memory System for Regular Data Pattern. iii) Uni-core Memory System for Irregular Data Pattern. and iv) Multi-core Memory System for Irregular Data Pattern. Les aplicacions de computació d'alt rendiment (HPC) s'executen cada vegada més en plataformes heterogènies de múltiples nuclis. El motiu bàsic de la creixent popularitat d'aquestes arquitectures és el seu baix consum i la seva natura orientada a alt throughput. No obstant, aquest thoughput imposa el requeriment de que les dades es proporcionin al sistema també amb alt throughput. Això resulta en la necessitat de gestionar eficientment les trasferències de memòria (dins i fora del chip), un repte significatiu. Els patrons de transferències de memòria regulars però complexos així com els irregulars són cada vegada més dominants per a diversos dominis d'aplicacions, incloent el científic i el processat d'imagte i senyals. Aquests accessos a dades poden ser organitzats en patrons independents que un gestor de memòria eficient pot explotar. Els mètodes basats en programari emprant memòries cau de propòsit general i memòries al chip són beneficioses fins a cert punt. No obstant, la tasca de gestionar eficientment les transferències de dades per a dispositius orientats a throughput pot ser millorada oferint mecanismes hardware que explotin el coneixement dels patrons d'accés de les aplicacions, així com la planificació dels accessos a una arquitectura de múltiples nuclis. Aquesta tesis està enfocada a explorar una arquitectura de memòria novedosa per a processadors de múltiples nuclis, basada en els patrons d'accés. En general, la recerca de la tesis cobreix quatres aspectes principals del sistema de memòria. Aquests aspectes són: i) sistema de memòria per a un únic nucli amb patrons regulars, ii) sistema de memòria per a múltiples nuclis amb patrons regulars, iii) sistema de memòria per a un únic nucli amb patrons irregulars, iv) sistema de memòria per a múltiples nuclis amb patrons irregulars.

In heterogeneous network, femtocell is deployed inside macrocell coverage. Femtocell and macrocell use the same frequency as the resource. Thus, if the resources are not properly allocated, the interference will arise. The higher level of interference results in decreasing signal quality. Therefore, interference management is needed to increase network capacity and system performance. This research implements particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to minimize interference on the heterogeneous network. Based on the simulation results, it is shown that PSO algorithm works efficiently to increase the throughput value of femto user equipment (femto UE) up to 62,2 Mbps by minimizing the interference.

A bidding model and cooperative game-based vertical handoff decision algorithm