Measurement and analysis: what can and does go wrong?

Pengembangan perangkat lunak adalah tugas kompleks dan membutuhkan adaptasi untuk mengakomodasi kebutuhan pengguna. Untuk membuat konsep dan perubahan perangkat lunak, dalam pemeliharaan, sekarang telah dikembangkan lebih mudah dalam pengembangan perangkat lunak, pola model-view-controller, yang merupakan arsitektur yang dapat membantu memfasilitasi dalam pengembangan dan pemeliharaan perangkat luna. Hal ini, karena dalam arsitektur model tiga-lapis, yaitu: tampilan dan pengontrolan dalam pembangunan dilakukan secara independen, sehingga dapat memberikan dahan dalam pengembangan dan pemeliharaan. Selain itu, arsitektur ini juga dapat melihat hal-hal yang sederhana dan menarik bagi pengguna. Software sistem on-line test adalah perangkat lunak yang memerlukan interaksi dengan pengguna, dan pemeliharaan perangkat adaptif. Karena sistem ujian on-line memerlukan pengembangan perangkat lunak untuk mengakomodasi kebutuhan ini berkembang dengan cepat. Makalah ini untuk menganalisis Model-View-Controller dan mencoba pembangunan, untuk menerapkannya dalam pengembangan perangkat lunak sistem pengujian on-line.

When Cyber Threats Loom, What Can State and Local Governments Do? Josephine Wolff (bio) and William Lehr (bio) State and local governments in the United States often struggle to muster sufficient funds and technical expertise to tackle the cybersecurity threats they face. A 2016 survey of 464 state, local, tribal, and territorial government entities conducted by the Multi-State Information Sharing and Analysis Center (MS-ISAC) found that these groups "show slow growth in their cybersecurity maturity" and are hindered primarily by a lack of resources.1 Allocating more resources for cybersecurity is therefore a crucial step for governments, but given the budget constraints public sector institutions face, it is not realistic to expect them to tackle every component of a comprehensive cybersecurity strategy on their own. Ideally, state and local governments would receive support from the federal government and regularly partner with federal agencies to address these threats and augment their limited resources. However, instead of fostering productive partnerships, these different levels of governments have found themselves at odds in the aftermath of serious cybersecurity incidents, hindering the ability to work together toward defending critical cyber infrastructure against attacks and mitigating the impacts of computer security breaches. Nevertheless, local, state, and federal governments should prioritize their strategic strengths when it comes to cybersecurity and invest their resources accordingly, relying on other levels of government to reinforce their weaknesses and provide additional funding and expertise as needed. For instance, in 2012, after the South Carolina Department of Revenue's (SCDOR) [End Page 67] computer systems were breached by intruders who stole 3.5 million tax records containing personal information of more than 75 percent of the population of South Carolina, the state government of South Carolina placed blame for the incident on a federal government agency, the Internal Revenue Service. Then-governor of South Carolina Nikki Haley insisted at the time of the breach, "There wasn't anything where anyone in state government could have done anything to avoid it."2 Instead of taking responsibility on the state government, she faulted the IRS for failing to require state revenue departments to encrypt their sensitive tax records, calling the IRS rules for data protection "archaic."3 The IRS, in turn, lashed out at South Carolina for failing to follow security standards recommended by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).4 This back-and-forth captures some of the challenges of promoting strong cybersecurity partnerships between the federal government and state or local governments: despite a common goal, they are often suspicious of each other's motives and eager to cast blame for failures and breaches because of both political and liability issues. More recently, this dynamic has given rise to tensions around the protection of voting systems, with some states rejecting the help proffered by federal government agencies such as the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) in 2018 to help assess and secure their voting technology.5 Government officials in several other states expressed suspicion in 2016 when DHS considered reclassifying voting technology as "critical infrastructure" for the purposes of enhanced protection.6 While all levels of government presumably share the goal of administering secure elections, their wariness of any interference and sense of mutual distrust has hindered attempts to partner effectively and pool their resources and expertise. In this paper, we consider how state and local governments can better leverage their particular strengths and capabilities to help mitigate the economic impact of cybersecurity incidents and data breaches. The first section identifies cybersecurity strengths and weaknesses of different levels of government and recommends how they should invest their resources and when they should look to other government entities for assistance. The second section focuses on the emerging classes of threats in cyberspace that state and local governments need to be better prepared to address, especially in light of the weaknesses identified in the first section. We emphasize how criminal business models are changing with the rise of threats such as ran-somware, extortion, and insurance fraud, and the ways in which state and local governments must adapt their policing and defensive efforts to these new types of threats and the associated schemes for monetization of stolen or compromised data...

Artificial Intelligence in the American Healthcare Industry: Looking Forward to 2030

Have state and local governments (SLGs) achieved pay parity with the private sector? The answer depends on how one defines parity. Using a standard labor economics model on U.S. Census data from 1990 to 2014, we find different patterns if we focus on pay, on pay plus benefits, or on total compensation within an occupation. All approaches indicate that pay is higher in local than in state governments and that Blacks, Hispanics, and employees without college diplomas earn higher pay in SLGs than in the private sector. In contrast, Whites, Asians, and college graduates are less likely to enjoy higher pay working in SLGs than in the private sector. Unsurprisingly, states with more liberal and Democratic legislatures pay public employees better, relative to workers in the private sector.

Automated retrieval of consistent documentation for rapid prototyping systems and software maintenance

Objectives. To assess salary differences between workers within key public health occupations in local or state government and workers in the same occupations in the private sector. Methods. We used the US Department of Labor's Occupational Employment and Wage Survey (OEWS). Referencing previous studies matching Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) codes with health department occupations, we selected 44 SOC codes. We contrasted median salaries in OEWS for workers in each occupation within state or local government with workers in the same occupations outside government. Results. Thirty of 44 occupations paid at least 5% less in government than the private sector, with 10 occupations, primarily in management, computer, and scientific or research occupations paying between 20% and 46.9% less in government. Inspection and compliance roles, technicians, and certain clinicians had disparities of 10% to 19%. Six occupations, primarily in social work or counseling, paid 24% to 38.7% more in government. Conclusions. To develop a sustainable public health workforce, health departments must consider adjusting their salaries if possible, market their strong benefits or public service mission, or use creative recruitment incentives such as student loan repayment programs for hard-to-fill roles. (Am J Public Health. 2024;114(3):329-339. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2023.307512).

Bivariate probit estimates with partial observability identify the factors influencing the worker’s decision to seek a state or local government job and the factors influencing the government’s decision to hire particular workers. The estimates routinely confirm the presence of a local job queue but confirm the presence of a state job queue only when the role of unionization is explicitly recognized. Our results suggest that the net benefits from local and state government employment are greater than those from private sector employment. The estimates also indicate that local governments disproportionately hire racial minorities relative to the local governments’ pool of applicants but indicate no such relationship for state governments.

State and Local Government Spending Growth and Private Sector GSP Growth: An Examination of the 50 States and the District of Columbia

Although increased political participation of minorities has been an important aspect of the civil rights movement, few studies have examined the effect of race-based political participation on employment discrimination. A number of studies provide evidence that minorities earn significantly less than comparably skilled whites in the federal government and that less wage exists in the federal sector [3; 11; 15]. Borjas argues and provides empirical support that this results from a vote-maximizing government that uses its hiring decisions to mollify an electorate with a for [6; 7]. While Borjas provides a valuable framework to analyze government employment policy, he overlooks the interaction between public and private sector hiring decisions and excludes state and local government employees (SLGs) that account for four fifths of public sector employment. In this paper, I extend the analysis by not only incorporating state and local government, but also by modeling public and private sector interactions. Rather than adopting a taste for discrimination to explain racial patterns in public wages and employment, I develop a public choice model where racial constituencies compete for economic rents from the provision of local public goods. Estimates of the black-white wage differential for male workers in each state are found to be consistently smaller for state and local government than the private sector. I show that this finding is consistent with the hypothesis of a vote-maximizing government responding to the political clout of rent-seeking racial interest groups. In particular, this paper provides the first evidence that racial groups may raise their relative wage in the public sector by increasing their voter participation relative to other racial groups; I also argue that the apparent joint effect of segregation and relative political participation on the relative wage distinguishes the hypothesis of competition for local public goods from its alternatives. In addition, the incorporation of a publicprivate sector interaction suggests that the private sector wage differentials are not simply passed forward to the public sector. In the theoretical model, I hypothesize that two racial interest groups (black and white) compete for government employment as a means of determining the allocation of local public goods

The 7th International Workshop on Economics-Driven Software Engineering Research (EDSER-7) continues to be the leading forum for the discussion of emerging research ideas in software economics. The focus of the workshop is on the use of economic models for reasoning about technical issues and decisions in the definition, design, development, deployment, and evolution of software and software-intensive systems.

The performance-based planning experiment in Queensland is now in its eighth year. The Integrated Planning Act 1997 (IPA) is the legislation governing Queensland's planning and development assessment system. The IPA is administered by 125 local governments, involves the State Government (including at least 7 State concurrence agencies), and directly engages over 3,000 people in State and local government agencies, and the private sector. Up to 100,000 development applications (including building approvals) representing over S6 billion of development work, are processed annually through the IPA's Integrated Development Assessment System (IDAS). Unlike most other Australian States, local governments in Queensland have the primary responsibility for plan-making and development assessment and approval. Prior to the IPA, local councils dealt with a range of planning approvals including applicant-initiated rezoning applications, This approach was on the long-held acceptance of local government autonomy (subject to reserve powers), and the principle that planning approvals should be made at the level of government closest to the community most affected. The IPA is one of the most wide-ranging regulatory reforms undertaken in Queensland, and possibly Australia. It is much more than just an update of town planning legislation and forms an important part of successive State government commitments to broader micro-economic and administrative reforms. It is a long-haUl agenda which focuses not only on modernising and making sense of the land use and development regulation regime, but also on making changes to old cultures and ways of doing things. These issues present some of the difficulties and impediments to change, and directly impact on implementing a performance-based planning system. This paper presents a review of Queensland's experience in moving towards aperformance-based planning system that is part of major legislative and administrative reforms. Central to these reforms is the ability prOVided by the Integrated Planning Act 1997 (IPA), to move away from traditional prescriptive activity based regulation, to an effects based planning system where development proposals are judged on their merits and in keeping with policy outcomes sought by the community. This papers is comprised of three parts. First, is an overview of the performance-based planning literature, which presents some of the challenges that have been encountered by other governments in implementing and administering performancebased planning systems. The overview focuses on the planning experiences in the United States and New Zealand, Secondly, the core performance-based elements of IPA are summarized; and finally, we assess some of the implementation difficulties encountered in Queensland's move to performance-based planning.

The public trust doctrine is the manifestation of a simple principle: certain natural resources are too important to entrust to private par-ties. Instead, those natural resources are held by the government in trust for the public. When we think of the contemporary public trust doctrine, we usually think of the doctrine as a state-level phenomenon. After all, the State is the sovereign entrusted with ownership of the public trust.
 But the doctrine also includes local governments, which play im-portant and substantive, if under-appreciated, roles. Missing from the conversation, however, is how local governments should be incorpo-rated into the doctrine. Should local governments be permitted auton-omy as co-trustees of the public trust? Do we trust local governments to safeguard public trust assets?
 This Article develops a framework for the normative relationship be-tween state and local governments in the public trust context. Doing so formally recognizes the role of local governments, thus localizing a doctrine that exists almost exclusively at the state level. This Article begins by reframing the doctrine as part of the lived experience of the public rather than merely a tool of the judiciary. Next, this Article cat-alogs the benefits of localizing the public trust doctrine, including the impacts local actors already have on the doctrine, localism’s tradition-al benefits, environmental justice, and environmental federalism.
 This Article then proposes localizing the public trust doctrine through three principles: (1) minimum state requirements; (2) increased local autonomy; and (3) shared responsibilities between local and state governments. This framework mirrors cooperative federal-ism and shares its advantages. Finally, the Article looks at local cli-mate adaptation as a case study of how states and local governments can begin localizing the public trust doctrine.

Private Sector-led Urban Development Projects. Management, Partnerships and Effects in the Netherlands and the UK

The modern world is increasingly entering the era of an information society, where the role of information becomes ever more significant. Information is accumulating rapidly and in large volumes, so quickly that people struggle to process and thoroughly comprehend the incoming information flow, leading to an overall reduction in usable information. In order to process relevant data effectively in the context of professional or other activities today, it is no longer sufficient to rely solely on traditional administrative experience to make informed management decisions. It is essential to incorporate scientific knowledge, comprehensive awareness, analytical and forecasting skills, as well as socio-political responsibilities, with an appropriate recognition of these processes. This is particularly relevant for public administration bodies—both central and regional levels of executive state power—and increasingly for local government authorities, which are gaining more authority as part of the decentralization process. In Ukraine, in particular, the ideology and framework for interaction between the state and society are changing, with an increased use of decentralization mechanisms that delegate specific functions and powers from state bodies (to varying degrees) to the level of territorial communities and even to civil society. The purpose of this article is to define the peculiarities of information and analytical support in the decision-making process within government bodies. The article systematizes approaches to information and analytical support in public administration. It identifies the subjects and objects of the information and analytical support system in state management processes and specifies the goals of such support. It justifies the need to highlight the key elements of the information and analytical support system for public administration. The article also outlines the principles guiding information and analytical activities conducted by government and local authorities. Levels of information and analytical work are established, taking into account the temporal dimension. Furthermore, the article identifies issues with information and analytical support in government bodies in Ukraine and suggests ways to address these challenges.

A key part of software evolution and maintenance is the continuous integration from collaborative efforts, often resulting in complex traceability challenges between software artifacts: features and modules remain scattered in the source code, and traceability links become harder to recover. In this paper, we perform a systematic mapping study dealing with recent research recovering these links through information retrieval, with a particular focus on natural language processing (NLP).Our search strategy gathered a total of 96 papers in focus of our study, covering a period from 2013 to 2021. We conducted trend analysis on NLP techniques and tools involved, and traceability efforts (applying NLP) across the software development life cycle (SDLC). Based on our study, we have identified the following key issues, barriers, and setbacks: syntax convention, configuration, translation, explainability, properties representation, tacit knowledge dependency, scalability, and data availability.Based on these, we consolidated the following open challenges: representation similarity across artifacts, the effectiveness of NLP for traceability, and achieving scalable, adaptive, and explainable models. To address these challenges, we recommend a holistic framework for NLP solutions to achieve effective traceability and efforts in achieving interoperability and explainability in NLP models for traceability.