Measuring social value orientation by model-based scoring

The International Classification of Diseases, 11th edition (ICD-11) adopted a fully dimensional model of personality disorder. The Personality Inventory for ICD-11 (PiCD) and Informant-Personality Inventory for ICD-11 (IPiC) were developed to assess the ICD-11 trait model, and the PiCD has since received significant validation support. However, there has only been one prior study of longitudinal predictive validity of the PiCD, two relatively short test-retest reliability studies of the PiCD, and no prior longitudinal tests of the IPiC. Longitudinal psychometric support for psychological assessment measures is essential. The present study provides a longer, larger, 2-year psychometric validation test of the PiCD and IPiC. Participants (N = 711) and their informants (N = 569) were recruited in the St. Louis Personality and Aging Network. The results demonstrated strong 2-year retest reliability for the PiCD and IPiC, as well as mean-level stability. Additionally, we explored the relationships between the PiCD and IPiC and important life outcome measures (depressive symptoms, satisfaction with life, and health status). The analysis revealed several significant associations between PiCD and IPiC scales and the outcome variables across time. Further, the PiCD Negative Affectivity and IPiC Detachment scales demonstrated incremental validity over each other and the outcome variables at Wave 1 in the prediction of depressive symptoms and satisfaction with life, respectively. The findings provide essential longitudinal test-retest reliability and predictive validity support for the PiCD and IPiC. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Craving is a core characteristic in Cocaine Use Disorder (CUD) associated to relapse and treatment adherence. The assessment of craving is challenging due to the complexities arising from the various theoretical perspectives. Valid and reliable measures of craving are crucial in research and clinical settings considering the length to minimize the burden of patients. The existing craving assessment tools available in Italy are limited, with most instruments validated for populations other than CUD. This study aimed to validate the Italian adaptation of the 5-item Weiss Cocaine Craving Questionnaire (WCCS), a brief measure of cocaine craving. The sample included 385 CUD patients (359 men; mean age: 37.77 ± 8.46) undergoing multidisciplinary treatment. The Italian WCCS demonstrated a unidimensional factor structure and good internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald’s omega = 0.86). Nomological validity was assessed through significant associations with the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R), particularly with dimensions related to obsessivity-compulsivity, anxiety, and depression. Predictive validity was supported by receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analyses, with specific cutoff points enhancing the scale’s utility in classifying cocaine use patterns and predicting cocaine relapses. These findings indicate that the Italian WCCS is a reliable and practical tool for clinical and research settings.

Summary. Studies of the predictive validity of psychological tests are relatively rare in comparison with studies of other types of test validity. This is not surprising as studies of most types of test validity (e.g., concurrent, construct) require the collection of data at only one point in time while studies of predictive validity can only be done within the context of longitudinal research. There have, however, been relatively few such studies and only a few of these have studied the predictive validity of tests. The paucity of longitudinal studies is, no doubt, a result of the many problems involved in the establishment and maintenance of such long term research (Mednick, 1981). This paper reports data on the predictive validity of three tests, the Reynell Developmental Language Scales, the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, and the Stanford‐Binet Intelligence Scale.

Cyclical fluctuations of the ovarian hormones estrogen (E2) and progesterone (PROG) have multiple effects on reproduction and development. However, little is known about the roles of E2 and PROG in women’s social behaviors. Here, based on evolutionary theory suggesting social sensitivity and inhibition ability are conductive to maintaining social relationships, we provide evidence for the association between menstrual phases and social orientation. In Study 1, 78 women provided saliva samples and reported their intensity of behavioral activation/inhibition system (BAS/BIS) and interpersonal sensitivity at either of two phases of the menstrual cycle: late follicular phase (FP), and mid-luteal phase (LP). A significant between-subject association emerged, revealing that women with higher PROG levels reported higher levels of social feedback sensitivity, and women with relatively high PROG levels showed a positive association between their E2 levels and inhibitory response. In Study 2, 30 women reported their interpersonal anxiety and finished the social value orientation (SVO) measures at both late FP and mid-LP. A significant within-person effect emerged: women in the mid-LP, which is characterized by higher PROG levels, reported higher levels of interpersonal anxiety and SVO. In sum, these findings revealed that women’s social orientation could fluctuate naturally with ovarian hormones across the menstrual cycle.

Evaluate the psychometric properties of indices of a lifetime history of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Convenience samples recruited from 2 treatment programs for persons with substance use disorders: N = 119 (study 1) and N = 103 (study 2) Test interrater reliability (study 1) and predictive validity (Study 2). Summary indices of the number, severity, timing, and effects of lifetime TBIs calculated from data elicited via a structured interview. Interrater reliability was high. Factor analysis showed indices could be characterized by severity weighted counts of the number of injuries, both lifetime and in childhood, number of symptoms persisting, worst injury, time since last TBI with loss of consciousness, and age at first TBI with loss of consciousness. Age at injury and symptoms persisting contributed independently to the prediction of common cognitive and behavioral consequences of TBI. These results provide preliminary support for the reliability and validity of summary indices of lifetime history of TBI elicited via a structured interview.

In an earlier study, we developed the Multiple Sclerosis Neuropsychological Screening Questionnaire (MSNQ) to assist in the screening for neuropsychological (NP) impairments. Self-report MSNQ scores correlated significantly with measures of depression, whereas informant-report MSNQ scores correlated with cognitive performance, but not depression. This study was criticized for use of a small sample and lack of data regarding normal performance and test-retest reliability. The present study was designed to replicate the earlier work with a larger sample of patients and normal controls obtained from multiple sites. We also evaluated the test-retest reliability and predictive validity of the MSNQ. The sample included 85 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and 40 normal controls, matched on demographic variables. All participants completed the MSNQ and underwent NP testing. Thirty-four patients were re-examined at one week. Pearson and ANOVA techniques were utilized for univariate comparisons. Bayesian statistics were calculated to assess predictive validity. Patient self- and informant-report MSNQ scores differed from normal and test retest reliability indices were high. Both self- and informant-reports were correlated with cognitive dysfunction and depression scales. Self-report MSNQ scores correlated more strongly with depression than cognitive performance, whereas the opposite pattern was observed with informant-report scores. Bayesian statistics showed that informant-report MSNQ scores predict cognitive impairment and patient self-report scores identify patients with cognitive impairment or depression. It is concluded that the MSNQ is useful, although patient self-reports may be exaggerated in depressed patients or reduced in patients with severe cognitive impairment.

This study focuses on explanations for the perceived consensus of one's own social value orientation. The prediction of the triangle hypothesis that the consensus expectation of individualistic and competitive people is higher than that of cooperative people was partially supported. Only individualists expected their own orientation more frequently of other people. According to a causal attribution explanation, it was expected that subjects' causal attributions for their own orientation to internal and external causes influenced their consensus expectations. Only attributions to internal causes differed significantly between subjects with different orientations and corresponded with their consensus estimates. Individualism was attributed least internally, cooperation most internally, and competition in between. Additionally, direct support for the effect of internal attributions on consensus expectations was found. Compared with subjects who attributed their own orientation more internally, subjects who attributed it less internally were more likely to expect their own orientation among other people. According to a self‐justification explanation, it was hypothesized that the consensus expectations of individualists and competitors would be higher when first their own social orientation was assessed and then the orientation they expected to predominate among others than in the reversed order. This hypothesis was not supported.

Objective: In recent years, Machiavellianism, psychopathy and narcissism have been considered together as the dark sides of the personality. In this study, the purpose is to adapt the Dirty Dozen Scale to Turkish culture. Meth-ods: Four steps have been conducted in this study. These studies are linguistic equivalence study, structure and concurrent validity study, predictive validity study, and reliability study, respectively. Nine hundred and thirty-two university students (61% female), who were included in the four steps, participated in the study. Results: Applying a confirmatory factor analysis [χ2(51,430)=145.16, p

<sec><p indent="0mm">Understanding the development of third-party interventions for preschool children is crucial to elucidating the origins and growth of social norms and justice. Preschool children are in a critical period of forming social values, and gradually understanding and applying the norms of fairness and group dynamics. As they transition from family environments to broader social groups, their responses to violations of social norms are influenced by these group relationships. This study aimed to investigate the influence of social value orientation and group relations on third-party intervention in preschool children aged <sc>3–6 years.</sc> </sec><sec> Two tasks were designed to examine these effects: a third-party punishment task and a third-party compensation task. Task 1 investigated the influence of social value orientation and recipients’ group identity on preschool children’s third-party punishment behavior. The participants first completed a social value orientation measurement, followed by a group relationship manipulation. They then engaged in a third-party punishment task, in which the allocator distributed six coins, keeping five for themselves and giving one to the recipient. The participants were informed that they had three coins and could choose to use one coin to reduce the allocator’s coins to 0. Participants were asked whether they were willing to use one coin to reduce the allocator’s coins, and to explain their choice. The results revealed that social value orientation mediates the relationship between age and third-party punishment and that group identity significantly moderates both the relationship between age and third-party punishment and the relationship between social value orientation and third-party punishment. </sec><sec> Task 2 investigated the influence of social value orientation and group identity on third-party compensation in preschool children. Task 2 was conducted three days after Task 1, following a similar experimental procedure. The difference was that the participants were informed that they had six coins and were given the option to use one coin to increase the recipient’s coins to five. The results show that social value orientation mediates the relationship between age and third-party compensation. No significant moderating effect of group identity was observed. </sec><sec> The integrated analysis revealed that while children generally prefer to compensate victims rather than punish allocators, this preference is modulated by group identity. Specifically, in the context of third-party punishment, children are more inclined to intervene when the recipient is an in-group member, whereas in third-party compensation contexts, they do not exhibit a significant group preference. Additionally, the results indicated that six-year-old children were more likely to intervene than four- and five-year-old children. An analysis of the reasons for this intervention revealed that, in third-party compensation contexts, children primarily compensate in-group members based on group identity considerations and out-group members based on fairness considerations. However, in third-party punishment contexts, the reasons for intervention did not show any significant group differences. </sec><sec> These findings provide insights into the developmental mechanisms through which social value orientation and group relations influence third-party intervention. Practically, these results can inform family and school educational practices, help parents and educators guide children toward a stable prosocial orientation, encourage reasonable intervention in unfair situations, and contribute to a more harmonious social environment. </sec>

Retest reliability is a better predictor of validity than is internal consistency. One explanation for this is item-specific variance, which distinguishes different nuances of a facet and contributes to retest reliability but not internal consistency. Specific variance at the facet level is temporally stable, consensually validated, and heritable; a consideration of the role of specific variance in personality measures leads to a distinction between traits as the intersection (∩) versus the union (∪) of their constituents. I discuss specific variance at the item level and its implications for scale development and argue that retest reliability outpredicts internal consistency because item-specific variance has been shown to be observable, and is probably heritable and stable. I consider some implications of these ideas for the use of single-item scales, the causal interpretation of traits, and the notion of scalar equivalence. Finally, I note that the sources of random error in scales are still poorly understood.

&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Study relevance.&lt;/strong&gt; Revealing groups of people at high risk of suicide is important for suicide prevention, especially among adolescents, and the practical way of achieving it is screening adolescents for suicide risk. A major obstacle to the development of screening protocols and other preventive procedures is lack of data or conflicting data on measures that can be used in adolescent samples. &lt;strong&gt;Objective&lt;/strong&gt;. The current systematic review of systematic reviews was carried out to discover measures of suicide risk with a good predictive validity on adolescent samples. Recommendations for screening implementation were also narratively reviewed. &lt;strong&gt;Method&lt;/strong&gt;. Literature search was carried out in PubMed, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, EBSCO Academic Search Premier, EBSCO Health Source: Nursing and Academic Edition, and Elibrary. 10 papers that satisfied all inclusion criteria (systematic reviews of measures assessing the risk of suicide in children and adolescents) were included in the study. &lt;strong&gt;Results&lt;/strong&gt;. The reviews included in the study were of satisfactory quality. Predictive validity was reported for 18 measures, 16 of them were self-report, and 2 were versions of the Implicit Associative Test. Computerized tests showed relatively low predictive validity coefficients, while self-report measures (including screening questions) had higher predictive validity. &lt;strong&gt;Conclusion&lt;/strong&gt;. More studies of predictive validity of the suicide screening measures on adolescent samples are needed. The decision to use a measure in the screening protocol should be also based on practical considerations and resources available to medical workers on cite.&lt;/p&gt;

Promoting pro-environmental behavior is a significant concern nowadays. Researchers have identified social value orientation as one of the key factors influencing pro-environmental behavior. This study aims to investigate the influence of social value orientation on pro-environmental behavior and to highlight differences based on gender. The research method used is non-experimental quantitative causality. This research was carried out in 2024 at B University in Bandung. The study participants were 378 students from B University in Bandung, selected using convenience sampling. The measurement tools used were the Triple Dominance Scale by Van Lange (1998) to assess social value orientation (SVO) tendencies and the GEB Scale by Kaiser (2020) to measure general ecological behavior, i.e., the tendency to engage in pro-environmental or non-pro-environmental behavior. Data analysis was done using JASP version 19. The results showed a significant influence of social value orientation on pro-environmental behavior with Fisher's exact test p=0.017 (p&lt;0.05). An odds ratio of 0.084 was obtained, indicating that participants categorized as pro-social are 11.9 times more likely to engage in pro-environmental behavior than those classified as pro-self. Regarding gender differences, the chi-square test revealed no significant differences between males and females in terms of social value orientation tendencies with χ2=0.056 (p&gt;0.05), as well as in terms of engaging in pro-environmental behavior, with χ2=0.774 (p&gt;0.05). The conclusions of this study are that social value orientation affects pro-environmental behavior, and there was no significant difference between gender in social value orientation tendencies and pro-environmental behavior.

Research on culture and personality is thriving. In this article, I address several prominent controversies, including: (a) alternative perspectives on the relationship between culture and personality; (b) the cross‐cultural universality versus specificity of personality structure; (c) whether comparisons of mean inventory profiles reveal valid cultural differences in trait levels; and (d) the importance and role of the trait concept across cultures. Greater consensus regarding the relationship between culture and personality will likely be achieved if researchers clarify which aspects of personality they are addressing (e.g., basic tendencies vs. characteristic adaptations). Recent lexical and indigenous studies have weakened consensus regarding the universality and comprehensiveness of the Five‐Factor Model. The validity of cultural mean profiles remains unresolved. Research on the importance of traits across cultures provides support for both trait and cultural psychology perspectives, although more culture‐comparative studies of consistency and predictive validity are needed. Suggestions for research are offered.

BackgroundFew validated instruments exist for use in hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) trials.ObjectivesTo develop a novel HS Investigator Global Assessment (HS‐IGA) and to validate its psychometric properties.MethodsDevelopment of HS‐IGA involved discussion among stakeholders, including patients, within HISTORIC. Data from replicate phase III randomized controlled trials evaluating HS treatment were utilized. Multivariate models identified lesion type and body region as variables of importance. Classification and regression trees for ordinal responses were built. Validation included assessment of test–retest reliability, predictive validity, responsiveness and clinical meaningfulness.ResultsThere were 3024 unique measurements available in PIONEER I. Mean and median lesion counts by region were largely <10 and were highest in axillary and inguinal regions. The mean and median number of regions involved were ≤ 3 for individual lesions and combinations. Regardless of lesion type, axillary and inguinal regions most influenced the HS‐IGA score. Accordingly, regions were combined into a six‐point IGA based on the maximum lesion number in either upper or lower body regions with a score of 0 (0–1 lesions), 1 (2–5), 2 (6–10), 3 (11–15), 4 (16–20) and 5 (≥ 20 lesions). The intraclass correlation coefficient for test–retest reliability was 0·91 (95% confidence interval 0·87–0·94). Spearman’s rank order correlations (SROCs) with HS‐PGA and Hidradenitis Suppurativa Clinical Response (HiSCR) were 0·73 and 0·51, respectively (P < 0·001 for both comparisons). SROCs with Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), pain numerical rating scale and HS‐QoL were 0·42, 0·34 and –0·25, respectively (P < 0·001 for all comparisons). HS‐IGA was responsive at weeks 12 and 36. Predictive convergent validity was very good with HS‐PGA (area under the curve = 0·89) and with HiSCR (area under the curve = 0·82). Predictive divergent validity was low with DLQI and HS‐QoL.ConclusionsHS‐IGA has moderate‐to‐strong psychometric properties and is simple to calculate.

The tendency for dishonesty and cheating engenders efficiency losses, manifesting in various forms, such as non-compliance with established production protocols or instances of tax evasion. Cumulatively, the compounding effect of numerous small acts of dishonesty culminates in substantial damage. The behavioral economics literature documents that people tend to commit small frauds but rarely resort to large frauds. We conducted a series of well-known experiments and quasi-experiments measuring propensity to cheat, social orientation, and personality traits. To measure the tendency toward dishonesty, we conducted a coin-flip experiment. Additionally, we utilized quasi-experimental methods to calculate social orientation through a brief six-question version of the Social Value Orientation Measurement and a short ten-question version of the Big Five personality traits. Trust in others was included as an explanatory variable derived from a sender-receiver experiment. Employing Poisson regression analysis, we discern the dependence of the tendency for dishonesty on social orientation. Our findings reveal a correlation between social orientation and the propensity for dishonesty. Specifically, individuals with a more competitive disposition exhibit a heightened inclination to engage in dishonest behaviors compared to their prosocial counterparts. However, our analysis did not detect any dependence on trustworthiness or personality traits to the tendency for dishonesty.