Measuring the Strength of Infrastructure Interdependency Using Meta-Path-Based Dependency Index

Urban flood defense facilities are facing pressure from climate change, infrastructure aging, and the increasing frequency and intensity of extreme rainfall events. Although resilience has been extensively addressed in urban flood management research, most prior studies depend on static indicators or index-based evaluations at city or regional scales, providing limited understanding of the dynamic responses of individual facilities to disturbances. This study presents a mathematical framework for assessing facility-level resilience in urban flood defense systems and for identifying critical thresholds that drive transitions between functional regimes. The proposed framework shows a composite sigmoid function to capture the nonlinear evolution of facility performance during disturbance and recovery phases. Four resilience dimensions, which are Robustness, Redundancy, Rapidity, and Resourcefulness, are explicitly linked to the parameters of the performance function, representing initial structural performance, availability of functional alternatives, recovery rate, and the resource system over time. To address uncertainty arising from incomplete or partially missing resilience indicators, the framework incorporates a probabilistic treatment of survey-based inputs. Missing or uncertain resilience attributes are modeled using probability distributions, allowing resilience dimensions to be represented as stochastic variables rather than fixed values. A systematic parametric analysis is performed by varying each resilience dimension across feasible ranges, while repeated Monte Carlo simulations are conducted to propagate indicator-level uncertainty into the dynamic performance trajectories. This enables the derivation of empirical cumulative distribution functions and density-based representations of resilience outcomes. The simulation results demonstrate pronounced threshold effects and the presence of alternative performance regimes. When resilience dimensions drop below critical levels, facilities fail to regain their original performance and instead converge toward degraded operational states with distinct probability distributions. Moreover, under scenarios of repeated disturbances, insufficient recovery intervals can trigger irreversible regime shifts, with uncertainty in recovery timing further amplifying the likelihood of such transitions, underscoring the critical role of recovery timing in environments exposed to recurrent extreme rainfall. By directly linking resilience attributes with dynamic performance modeling, and by explicitly accounting for uncertainty associated with incomplete resilience information, this framework enhances understanding of multistability and tipping points in engineered flood defense infrastructure.Acknowledgement This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) grant funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology (RS-2024-00356786) and Korea Environmental Industry & Technology Institute grant funded by the Ministry of Environment (RS-2023-00218973).

Purpose: The accuracy of respiratory gated radiation therapy (RGRT) depends on the respiratory regularity because external respiratory signals are used for gating the radiation beam at particular phases. Many studies have applied a respiratory guiding system to improve the respiratory regularity. This study aims to evaluate the effect of an in‐house developed respiratory guiding system to improve the respiratory regularity for RGRT. Methods: To verify the effectiveness of this system, respiratory signals were acquired from 5 volunteers. The improvement in respiratory regularity was analyzed by comparing the standard deviations of amplitudes and periods between free and guided breathing. The reduction in residual motion at each phase was analyzed by comparing the standard deviations of sorted data within each corresponding phase bin as obtained from free and guided breathing. Results: The results indicate that the respiratory guiding system improves the respiratory regularity, and most volunteers show significantly lesser average residual motion at each phase. The average residual motion measured at phases of 40, 50, and 60%, which showed lower variation than other phases, were respectively reduced by 41, 45, and 44% during guided breathing. Conclusion: The results show that the accuracy of RGRT could be improved using the in‐house developed respiratory guiding system. Furthermore, this system should reduce artifacts caused by respiratory motion in 4D CT imaging. This program was supported by the program of Basic Atomic Energy Research Institute (BAERI) which is a part of the Nuclear R and D programs (No. 20120004886) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MEST) and a grant (2012‐007883) from the Mid‐career Researcher Programfunded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MEST) and Leading Foreign Research Institute Recruitment Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)(Grant No.2009‐00420) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science & Technology (MEST) of Korea.

<b>504</b> <h3><b>Objectives</b></h3> We tried to monitor caspase-3-dependent apoptosis by adenoviral gene therapy using a caspase-3 sensor in human glioma cancer model. <h3><b>Methods</b></h3> Previously, we had reported sensitive caspase-3 biosensor based...

Escalating climate crises, characterized by rising sea levels, alongside excessive groundwater pumping, have severely exacerbated saltwater intrusion, posing a critical threat to coastal aquifers. These combined environmental stressors induce complex, non-linear dynamics in groundwater systems, making the exact prediction of regime shifts driven by tipping points increasingly challenging. To address these uncertainties, this study proposes a comprehensive data-driven approach designed to identify early warning signals (EWS) for approaching tipping points using Electrical Conductivity (EC) time-series data. The primary objective is to investigate the feasibility of utilizing complementary statistical indicators—Variance and Fisher Information (FI)—to assess system instability. We analyzed monitoring data from Incheon and Jeju, South Korea, to validate whether these metrics can effectively filter noise and detect genuine precursor signals. Empirical results demonstrate that our approach achieves significantly enhanced performance in distinguishing critical transitions compared to single-indicator methods. Ultimately, this study serves as a foundational step towards establishing an "Integrated Machine Learning" framework. By validating these statistical metrics as key features, we aim to incorporate them into advanced learning algorithms to further improve the robustness and predictive accuracy of coastal groundwater management systems against climate-induced risks.AcknowledgementThis work was supported by National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) grant funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology (RS-2024-00356786).

We studied the pair production of charged scalar particles of a five-dimensional near extremal Reissner-Nordström-Anti de Sitter (RN-AdS5) black hole. The pair production rate and the absorption cross section ratio in full spacetime are obtained and are shown to have a concise relation with their counterparts in the near horizon region. In addition, the holographic descriptions of the pair production, both in the IR CFT in the near horizon region and the UV CFT at the asymptotic spatial boundary of the RN-AdS5 black hole, are analyzed in the AdS2/CFT1 and AdS5/CFT4 correspondences, respectively. This work gives a complete description of scalar pair production in a near extremal RN-AdS5 black hole.

We evaluate the impact of temperature on the output behavior of a carbon nanotube field effect transistor (CNFET) based chaotic generator. The sources cause the variations in both current-voltage characteristics of the CNFET device and an overall chaotic circuit is pointed out. To verify the effect of temperature variation on the output dynamics of the chaotic circuit, a simulation is performed by employing the CNFET compact model of Wong et al. in HSPICE with a temperature range from −100°C to 100°C. The obtained results with time series, frequency spectra, and bifurcation diagram from the simulation demonstrate that temperature plays a significant role in the output dynamics of the CNFET-based chaotic circuit. Thus, temperature-related issues should be taken into account while designing a high-quality chaotic generator with high stability.

242 This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2010-0013701 and 2013R1A1A2012013). Received 15 October 2014, Revised 12 November 2014, Accepted 19 November 2014 Correspondence: Sangwook Lim (medicalphysics@hotmail.com) Tel: 82-51-990-6393, Fax: 82-2-6280-6247 cc This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Discrepancies between Calculated and Delivered Dose Distributions of Respiratory Gated IMRT Fields according to the Target Motion Ranges for Lung and Liver Cancer Patients

Downregulation of erythroid differentiation regulator 1 (Erdr1) plays a critical role in psoriasis pathogenesis.

Hyperglycemia increases oxidative stress which contributes to the development of diabetic complications. Myricetin has been reported to show antioxidant activity in vitro. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidant effect of myricetin in animal model of type 2 diabetes. Four‐week‐old male db/db mice were fed AIN‐93G diet or diet containing myricetin (150 mg/kg) for 7 weeks after one week of adaptation. The animals were sacrificed after an overnight‐fast. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels of the liver were measured. Activities of hepatic antioxidant enzymes were measured. Hepatic TBARS levels were significantly reduced by consumption of myricetin in db/db mice. Activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase of myricetin group were significantly higher than those of the control group (p&lt;0.05). Consumption of myricetin significantly increased glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) activities compared with the control group. These results indicate that myricetin exerts antioxidant effect in db/db mice, suggesting it could be useful in preventing diabetic complications. This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2012015763).

Nature Communications 6: Article number: 6063 (2015); Published 28 January 2015; Updated 30 March 2015. The financial support for this Article was not fully acknowledged. The Acknowledgements should have included the following: This study was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (2014055007), Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2012004585), and by the Korea Health Technology R&D Project, Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (A111345).

138 Inhibition of MTor Through AMPK Activation and PI3K/Akt Inhibition is Important to Docosahexaenoic Acid-induced Cell Death in Human Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Cells

A Fluorescent Protein Voltage Sensor in the Endoplasmic Reticulum

Obesity‐induced chronic inflammation has been known to increase the risk of ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and colorectal cancer. Accumulating evidence suggest that obesity‐associated phenotypes including leptin and insulin are key molecules linking obesity and diseases of the lower intestine. We identified serum phenotype‐associated genes in colon tissue of diet‐induced obese mice to interrogate candidate genes as early biomarkers of obesity‐associated colonic diseases. C57BL/6J mice were assigned to either normal diet (ND, 15% of fat calories) or high‐fat diet (HFD, 45% of fat calories) group for 8 weeks. Genome‐wide gene expression profiles of colon tissue were determined using Illumina MouseWG‐6 v2 Expression BeadChip, followed by statistical analyses to detect differentially expressed and to identify serum phenotype‐associated genes. Among differentially expressed genes affected by HFD, 135, 128, 110, and 341 genes were associated with serum concentration of leptin, insulin, IGF‐1, and adiponectin, respectively. We found 17 and 4 differentially expressed genes exhibited inverse relationships with serum leptin and serum insulin, respectively, by two different dietary types. Among these genes, leptin‐associated Peli3 (pellino E3 ubiquitin protein ligase family member 3), Creb1 (cAMP responsive element binding protein 1), and Enpp2 (ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2, autotaxin) and insulin‐associated Centg1 (AGAP2, ArfGAP with GTPase domain) have been reported to play a role either in obesity or in colonic diseases. In conclusion, our data suggest that Peli3, Creb1, Enpp2, and Centg1 would be potential candidate early biomarkers of obesity‐induced pathophysiological changes in the colon. Further studies on gene functions related to diseases of lower intestine needs to be fulfilled.Support or Funding InformationThis research was supported by the SRC program (Center for Food &amp; Nutritional Genomics: 2015R1A5A6001906) of the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology.

B-Raf is the most frequently mutated protein kinase in human cancer. Thus, inhibition of B-Raf kinase activity could benefit cancer patients. However, the clinical benefit of RAF inhibitor therapies is limited by the emergence of drug resistance. In this study, expression of Spry2, negative regulators of the MAPK pathway, was higher in A375P cells harboring the B-Raf V600E mutation compared to wild-type B-Raf-bearing cells (SK-MEL-2) that is resistant to B-Raf inhibitor. In particular, Spry2 had strongly reduced expression in A375P/Mdr cells with acquired resistance to B-Raf inhibitor. Furthermore, overexpression of Spry2 partially restored sensitivity to B-Raf inhibitor PLX4720 in two B-Raf inhibitor-resistant cells, indicating a positive role for Spry2 in the growth inhibition induced by B-Raf inhibitor. However, Spry2 overexpression in A375P/Mdr cells resulted in no significant change in the levels of pERK or pMEK.On the other hand, when Spry2 is silenced, the A375P cells were significantly more sensitive to B-Raf inhibitor. Moreover, long-term treatment of PLX4720 induced pERK reactivation following B-Raf inhibition in A375P cells, indicating that Spry2 might be bypassed in B-Raf mutant melanoma cells by the presence of B-Raf mutation. Taken together, these data suggest that induction of resistance to B-Raf inhibitor in B-Raf V600E cells can be attributed to the inability of Spry2 to inhibit B-Raf V600E activity. Grant Funding Source: Supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2013R1A1A2A10058897)

FRI0635-HPR Effects of a Community-Based Multifaceted Intervention for Korean People with Osteoarthritis