Mediating Unresolved Conflict Through Dominant News Discourse

This decade is proving to be crucial to national security of Sri Lanka as there are many international pressures upon the country. Some of these pressures are legal whilst others are economic. However, the common nature of all these pressures is that it threatens Sri Lanka’s national security and obstructs the development of the country. Therefore it is imperative that Sri Lanka conducts itself in a manner that safeguards the country’s national security. In this context, this research highlights the importance played by mass media and communication in safeguarding Sri Lanka’s national security and interests. The research thus provides an analysis of mass media in reporting international pressures on Sri Lanka. It will also analyse the media relations of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs against these international pressures. Towards this end, the research mainly utilises secondary data such as newspaper articles, press releases, feature articles from reputed websites and reports from social media etc. The research will also analyse media relations against existing communication models among others Shannon – Weaver and Defleur and identify a mechanism that will help safeguard Sri Lanka’s image. The research identified there is a communication gap and that mass media is not being utilised appropriately by the relevant authorities in presenting and projecting the image of Sri Lanka. In conclusion, the research provides a communication tool for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to follow when interacting with the media both local and international in order to safeguard Sri Lanka’s national security. It also highlights the importance of social media and its uses in the future and finally provides a link to the interconnectedness of national security and mass media as they both together assist with the development of the country. KEYWORDS: Foreign affairs, national security, mass media and communication

This study provides a cross-national exploration of the media and public responses to the 2002 Irish Republican Army (IRA) statement of apology for the hundreds of non-combatant deaths caused by them over the past 30 years. The study explored responses to the statement in national, regional, and local news papers across the United States, England, and Northern Ireland. It was hypothesized that relational closeness to victims of the IRA campaign would affect attitudes toward the IRA apology, as would geographical closeness to the political violence in Northern Ireland; also within Northern Ireland there would be differences in attitudes toward the statement due to the ethnopolitical orientation of the newspapers' intended readership. The results broadly supported these hypotheses, with the U.S. print media being generally more positive and the English print media more negative in attitude toward the statement of apology. Also, among responses in England, those areas that had suffered directly from IRA violence tended to have the most negative reactions of all. In Northern Ireland, newspapers with a predominately Catholic readership responded to the IRA apology generally positively, whereas newspapers with a predominately Protestant readership responded generally negatively. The results illustrate difficulties facing peace processes in settings of ethnic violence and the complexity of responses to apology and forgiveness of relevant publics within and outside actual conflict areas.

Developing Students’ Media Literacy in the English Language Teaching Context

Computer and telecommunication technologies have led to the development of modern mass media and have made significant competition with the print edition (newspapers, magazines, and books), the dominance of telecracy, etc. The media have gone a significant path of development from a channel of information and entertainment to a political institution, significantly increasing their capabilities as an in- strument of influencing public consciousness. The study?s main purpose is to conduct a socio-philoso- phical analysis of mass media as a factor in the formation of public consciousness. In this article, the pro- cess of cognition of mass media and socio-philosophical analysis of its impact on society were used: gen- eral scientific methods; logical methods of theoretical analysis; technical analysis, clarification.

The conflict in Northern Ireland, known colloquially as the ‘Troubles’, is often understood as a religious war but in fact is underpinned by competing religious, political, and national ideologies, often dichotomised into those who wish Northern Ireland to reunify with Ireland and those who wish it to remain part of the United Kingdom. These ideologies are bound up in a series of social identities that are represented by the Protestant and Catholic communities. In this chapter, we trace the relationship between identity, conflict, and peace in Northern Ireland from the emergence of the ‘Troubles’ up until and following the signing of the Good Friday/Belfast Peace Agreement. Specifically, we cover four key themes that underlie much of the work on social identity in Northern Ireland: (a) the prevalence of social categorisation, identification, and comparison strategies; (b) the role of identity in conflict; (c) the relationship between stress, coping, and identity; and (d) the role of intergroup contact in promoting identity for peace. In doing so, we argue that whilst identity lies at the root of the Northern Irish conflict, it also presents important exciting opportunities for peace.

Memorials in Times of Transition - Susanne Buckley-Zistel and Stefanie Schafer 1. Social Memory, Memorials and Meaning 2. Memorialisation, Memorials and Transitional Justice 3. Forms of Memorials in Times of Transition 4. Structure of the Volume Bibliography I. CONNECTING TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE AND MEMORIALS Chapter 1. Memorialisation in Post-conflict Societies in Africa: Potentials and Challenges - Ereshnee Naidu 1. Debates in the Field of Transitional Justice 2. Symbolic Reparations and Memorialisation in Post-conflict Societies 3. Memorialisation: Fuelling Underlying Divisions? 4. Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 2. Reflecting the Fractured Past: Memorialisation, Transitional Justice and the Role of Outsiders - Judy Barsalou 1. Defining Memorialisation: Forms, Timing, Initiators and Intentions 2. Memorialisation and Types of Conflict 2.1. Dictatorships and Political Repression 2.2. Ethnic Conflict 2.3. Mass Killings and Genocide 3. Connecting Memorialisation to Transitional Justice and Reconciliation 4. Getting Involved: The Role of Outsiders in Memorialisation 5. Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 3. Aletheia and the Making of the World: Inner and Outer Dimensions of Memorials in Rwanda - Julia Viebach 1. Memorialisation in Rwanda 2. Inside and Outside of Memorials 2.1. Making the World: Inside of Memorials 2.1.1. To the Beginnings: The Unmaking of the World 2.1.2. Fragments of World Alteration: The Practice of Care-taking and Human Remains as Collective Artefacts 2.2. Aletheia: The Outer Dimension of Memorials 2.2.1. Memory-Truth 2.2.2. Memory-Justice 2.2.3. The Unforgotten: Suffering and Victimhood in the Visuality and Materiality of Memorials 3. Juxtaposing Aletheia and Making the World or Juxtaposing Inner and Outer Dimensions . 92 Bibliography II. MEMORIAL SPACES AND REPRESENTATION Chapter 4. Detained in the Memorial Hohenschonhausen: Heterotopias, Narratives and Transitions from the Stasi Past in Germany - Susanne Buckley-Zistel 1. The Berlin-Hohenschonhausen Memorial Museum 2. Analysing Memorial Museums 3. Of Other Spaces: Inside Hohenschonhausen 3.1. The Physical Structures 3.2. The Guided Tours 4. Out of Other Spaces: Outside Hohenschonhausen 4.1. Transitional Justice and Memory in Germany 4.2. Competing Narratives and the 'Aufarbeitungskombinat' 5. The Gap between Transition and Justice 119 Bibliography Chapter 5. Stories of Beginnings and Endings: Settler Colonial Memorials in Australia - Elizabeth Strakosch 1. Settler Colonialism 2. Colonial Beginnings 3. Colonial Endings 4. Transitional Justice and Reconciliation Memorials 5. Reconciliation Place as Colonial Ending 6. Conclusion 144 Bibliography Chapter 6. Manicured Nails but Shackled Hands? The Representation of Women in Northern Ireland's Post-conflict Memory - Kristian Brown 1. The Northern Ireland Troubles 2. Transitional Justice and Memorialisation in a Divided Society 3. Women and Memory in Northern Ireland 3.1. A Complex Gender Matrix: Nationalisms, Peace-making and 'the Troubles' 3.2. Gendered Memories of the Northern Ireland Conflict: Marginalisation 4. The Representation of Women in Irish Republican Memorials 4.1. Women and Historical Struggle 4.2. Woman as Fighter 4.3. Woman as Prisoner 4.4. Woman as Victim 4.5. Woman as Symbol of the Nation 4.6. Woman as Resisting Citizen 4.7. Woman as Icon or Martyr 4.8. Woman as Mother 5. Representations of Republican Women: Beyond Marginalisation? 6. Possible Futures in Representing the Past 7. Conclusion 168 Bibliography III. CONTESTATION AND POLITISATION OF MEMORIALS Chapter 7. The Srebrenica-Potocari Memorial: Promoting (In)Justice? - Christian Braun 1. The Srebrenica Memorial as an Example for Memorials in Divided Societies 2. The Srebrenica-Potocari Memorial 2.1. The Form of the Srebrenica-Potocari Memorial 2.2. Exploring the Memorial: The Narratives of Commemorating Genocide 2.3. Narratives of Remembrance 2.4. Conceiving and Construction of the Memorial 2.4.1. The Serb Community: Denial and Obstruction 2.4.2. The International Community: Between Security and Shame 2.4.3. The Bosniaks: Mourning, Revenge and Political Benefits 2.5. The Memorial in the Mind of the Community 3. Transitional Justice in Divided Societies 194 Bibliography Chapter 8. Memorials, Memorialisation and Social Action in Santiago de Chile - Katrien Klep 1. Transitional Justice and Memorialisation 2. The Cemetery: Mourning and Demands of Justice at the Memorial del Detenido Desaparecido y del Ejecutado Politico 3. The City: Political Agency and Public Debate at Londres 38, Espacio de Memorias 4. Local and National Dynamics of Memorialisation 215 Bibliography Chapter 9. Commemorating the Famine as Genocide: The Contested Meanings of Holodomor Memorials in Ukraine - Tatiana Zhurzhenko 1. The Holodomor as Genocide: National Memory in the Age of Globalisation 2. Memorialising the Holodomor as Genocide 3. The 'Candle of Memory': The National Memorial to the Victims of the Holodomor in Kyiv 4. The Holodomor Memorial in Kharkiv 5. Conclusion Bibliography About the Authors

Community, conflict and rural planning in Northern Ireland

The conflict in Northern Ireland since 1969 has cost over 3,600 lives and about 100,000 people in Northern Ireland live in a household where someone has been injured in a troubles-related incident. This has been a key issue in British and Irish politics and the recent peace process in Northern Ireland and the current ‘War on Terrorism’ has stimulated international involvement and a desire to ‘learn the lessons’ of ‘the troubles’. Although Northern Ireland has a population of just 1.5 million people it is one of the most researched territories of the world. There is considerable controversy over the interpretation of the history of Northern Ireland, not least since 1969. This new addition to the Seminar Studies in History Series provides a comprehensive introduction to the difficult topic, reviewing different perspectives on the recent history of the conflict in Northern Ireland while at the same time providing an authoritative overview. Each book in the Seminar Studies in History series provides a concise and reliable introduction to complex events and debates. Written by acknowledged experts and supported by extracts from historical Documents, a Chronology, Glossary, Who’s Who of key figures and Guide to Further Reading, Seminar Studies in History are the essential guides to understanding a topic.

Social media creates change in the world. Social media is the most crucial medium used in obtaining information. Various types of social media have been attached to community activities, one of which is Instagram. On the Instagram account @Parentaltalk.id where a video of a child aged about 12 begging his father to give him a break, telling his father that he needs "life balance" and that "even a robot" cannot handle the amount of work his father requires in order to study continuously . The child freely expresses his feelings for his father and the father does not interrupt the child's conversation and can accept the child's complaints well without having to scold a child. Communication within the family is an important factor in determining whether a child is good or bad. If communication in the family is harmonious, then the child will really feel that he is very valuable, so that it will foster good attitudes and behavior in the child. This study aims to analyze communication patterns between a child who is frustrated in learning because he does not have time to play. The method in this research is library research. The type of research used is mass media analysis, namely observing and analyzing a mass media. The data analysis technique uses the semiotics of Charles Sanders Pierce, who put forward the theory of a triangle of meaning which consists of three main elements, namely the sign, the object and the interpretant. The results of the study show that communication patterns between children and their fathers sometimes go well, but there are still some that are not good. thus causing worry and anxiety for every parent. The results of the study also show the attitude of children who can express their feelings and frustrations well with their fathers as well as the attitude of a father who provides a safe and free space for his children to express feelings and voice opinions

To date, no large-scale cross-comparative study of psychiatric morbidity in the United Kingdom has been carried out until recently when the Northern Ireland Household Panel Survey (NIHPS) included the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) in 2001. The GHQ-12 has been included in the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) since 1991 for England and since 1999 for both Scotland and Wales. The purpose of this article is to compare rates of psychiatric morbidity across the United Kingdom, given that one region in particular, Northern Ireland, has experienced political conflict and civil strife for more than 35 years. To assess the impact of low-intensity warfare on rates of psychiatric morbidity in Northern Ireland and to compare these with psychiatric morbidity rates across England, Scotland and Wales. The sample consisted of 17,343 respondents completing the GHQ-12 across the United Kingdom. In England, 8286 respondents completed the GHQ-12 while 2729, 3165 and 3163 respondents from Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland completed the GHQ-12 respectively. Results were then weighted according to population size. Rates of psychiatric morbidity varied across each UK region. Wales had the highest mean GHQ-12 score (11.54), followed by Northern Ireland (11.41). English respondents had the lowest mean score (11.02). The difference in mean scores across the four regions in the UK was statistically significant (F= 5.04, df = 3, p < 0.001). Post-hoc analyses indicated that the mean scores for England differed significantly from those for Wales and Northern Ireland but not for Scotland. Region accounted for less than 1% of the variation in GHQ-12 scores. Psychiatric morbidity rates for adults in Northern Ireland are comparable to other parts of the United Kingdom and we propose that individuals in Northern Ireland use a range of coping strategies to moderate the impact of the conflict in everyday life. These include habituation to the violence, denial and social cohesion, evidenced in the tightly knit Unionist and Nationalist communities. Particular concern was noted over GHQ-12 scores for Wales and while social and economic factors are acknowledged in our commentary, we conclude that further research appears to be crucial in understanding and preventing poorer rates of mental health in this region.

The article is devoted to the research for commonalities and differences between the conflict in Northern Ireland and Eastern Ukraine. The meaning of terms and emphases as «military conflict», «armed conflict», «local and regional war» are explained. The settlement of the conflict in Northern Ireland by the British government has been studied. Steps have been identified to resolve the conflict in Northern Ireland that would be useful for resolving the conflict in Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts by the Government of Ukraine. A brief generalized analysis of the success of some commitments of the government programs of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine (governments of V. Groysman, O. Honcharuk, D. Shmygal) on the settlement of the conflict in Donetsk and Luhansk regions has been made. The article assesses the actions of the Russian Federation in the framework of aggressive policy towards Ukraine. The settlement of the military conflict through diplomacy is considered. From the beginning to the end of the article, the importance of military capability and development of the Armed Forces of Ukraine is emphasized. The proposed steps to resolve the conflict have a history of practical implementation. The topic of deoccupation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol is proposed to be given a separate study. The article considers, but needs more extensive research, the introduction of transitional justice, compensation for damages at the interstate level, referendums on certain issues. It is argued that an important area of conflict resolution is the solution of humanitarian problems: the implementation of social benefits, ensuring access to health care in health care facilities. It is also worth noting that, in general, the government's policy towards the inhabitants of the temporarily occupied territories should be stable, strategic, result-oriented in the long run, and frequent changes of ministers/governments may harm this and contribute to further delays.

James McKenna, Farhat Manzoor and Greta Jones, Candles in the Dark: Medical Ethical Issues in Northern Ireland during the Troubles (London: Nuffield Trust, 2009), pp. v + 149, no price given, paperback, ISBN: 978-1-905030-32-3. - Volume 55 Issue 4

2023 was declared the Year of the Teacher and Mentor in Russia by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 401 dated June 27, 2022. As the analysis of mass media, social networks, various channels on which various problems of the educational environment in our country are discussed shows, the most important of the expectations on the part of professionals in the field of education are associated with an increase in wages this year. The speeches of the heads of the highest state administration bodies in the field of education on the remuneration of teachers and teachers are actively discussed and commented on. Attention is also drawn to the absence of statements at the level of representative authorities about the increase in wages of the above — mentioned category of workers, but only about changing approaches to their accrual. The current approach to remuneration in general, and in the field of education, in particular, does not contribute to the fair distribution of additional financial resources due to bonus payments. An effective contract, which has been discussed a lot in the social and labor sphere in previous years, does not work here fully, which is noted, including among scientists dealing with these problems in the framework of research on the economic aspects of personnel management systems in educational budget organizations. In this regard, this article presents the main directions of the state policy of ensuring decent wages in the field of education, taking into account the analysis of the accounting documents of the Ministry of Education of Russia in 2023.

Part 1 Context: Northern Ireland - a state in conflict understanding political violence in Northern Ireland economic and social aspects of the troubles pen pictures of the protagonists a chronology of events. Part 2 The human costs of the troubles: profiling those who died in Northern Ireland's troubles patterns of violence victims and perpetrators half the battle - the impact of the troubles on children conclusions and next steps.

This article questions the fashionable view that Northern Ireland is a counterinsurgency lesson to be learned for the global ‘war on terror’. It suggests that Britain’s involvement in the Northern Ireland conflict – one of the longest conflicts within Europe in which a government has been at war with a clandestine organization – can be regarded as a meaningful metaphoric utterance in efforts to analyse the practical failures and threat discourses of the global ‘war on terror’. Northern Ireland is more than a specific case study: it acts as an appealing metaphor in attempts to understand the logics and pitfalls of the ‘war against terrorism’, where the increasing primacy granted to terror control – present and future – means that Western governments are increasingly more willing to infringe otherwise inviolable rights in the pursuit of a supposed greater good – security. The article explores the political economy of unease, suspicion, exception and radicalization in the ‘war against terrorism’. It concludes that Northern Ireland is not a model that can be exported around the globe but an invitation to analyse contingency, daily operations of security, and their effects on social practices and routines. Northern Ireland also represents a remarkable inducement to assess how exception, suspicion and radicalization are correlated, as well as to recognize that efforts to contain the unpredictability of the future are self-defeating.