Method of Detecting Liquid Meniscus in Capillary Using Ultraviolet Sensor

Description Convenient reference tables for obtaining calculated Viscosity Index vales obtained from basic kinematic values (in centistokes) given in ASTM Standard D 2270 and in Standards on Viscosity Tables for Kinematic Viscosity Conversions. Kinematic viscosity values at 40 and 1000 degrees are given.

The use of biodiesel as an alternative fuel to replace diesel has a positive impact on reducing environmental damage, but on the other hand also has an impact on decreasing engine performance in the long-term operation, one of which is the degradation of lubricant quality. This degradation of lubricant quality can be characterized by a decrease in the value of kinematic viscosity and total base number (TBN) and the presence of contaminants in the lubricant. This study aimed to determine the impact of using biodiesel B100 on the quality of lubricants on train power generator diesel engine. The diesel engine used in this research was water cooled SCANIA DC16 093A with an engine capacity of 16.4 liters. The engine was directly connected to an electric generator monitored by Deep Sea and worked at a constant speed of 1500 rpm for a total of 218 operation hours of research. The lubricant samples were taken in the range of 0 (fresh lubricant), 82, 164, and 218 hours. Based on the results of the study, it was observed that the kinematic viscosity values were 40°C and 100°C, where TBN values decreased throughout the operation time. The contaminant laboratory test results showed an increase in Fe, Cu, and Pb content accompanied by a decrease in Mg and Zn content with increasing operation time. Laboratory test for other contaminants in the form of Na and Si also showed an increase in an insignificant amount and tended to be constant during the experimental.

Used cooking oil has great potential as a raw material for biodiesel due to its abundant availability and low price, but its quality often decreases due to high free fatty acid and impurities content. This study aims to examine the effect of variations in simple filtration compositions on improving the quality of used cooking oil before the conversion process into biodiesel. The filtration process was carried out using a combination of simple media such as activated charcoal, fine sand, and zeolite in certain ratios. The parameters tested included the density value at 15°C (kg/m³), the kinematic viscosity value at 50°C (mm²/s), and the calorific value (kcal/g) of the produced biodiesel. The experimental method involved several variations in filtration compositions followed by a standard transesterification process. The results of the study showed that the optimal filtration composition was able to produce B40 biodiesel at a temperature variation of 50-60 15°C with a density value of 868.5 kg/m³, a kinematic viscosity of 3,570 mm²/s, and a calorific value of 9772.4 kcal/g according to the standard range of SNI 7182:2015. In addition, biodiesel from simply filtered used cooking oil can be used as a generator fuel with an energy efficiency performance of 34.79% in an 8.5 kVA generator test. This finding provides an alternative for simple, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly used cooking oil processing to support the availability of renewable energy.

One of Sudanese fields has a heavy crude oil which has a high Total Acid Number (TAN) and high viscosity, can cause a lot of problems in production operation, transport, and storage facilities. The effect of ethanol dilution on the rheological properties of crude (especially the kinematic viscosity) was studied and presented. Moreover, the consequence of blending Trona (NaHCO3.Na2CO3) with a specified amount of Ethanol in the crude can reduce (TAN) to acceptable limits for solving corrosion and flowability problems. The approach is based on the experiments and laboratory works on the crude's samples after blending with a certain amount of Trona and Ethanol. It depends on the results of apparatuses, that are used to measure the samples, for instance, Calibrated glass capillary viscometer and ASTM D664 titration volume Total Acid Number tester which are employed to get the values of kinematic viscosity and TAN, respectively. The tests are established with crude have kinematic viscosity (187 cst) at temperature 75°C and TAN almost (8.51). While increasing the dosage of Trona at the ambient temperature (38°C) with the certain mass percentage of Ethanol (5%), TAN is decreased from (8.51 to 4.00 mgKOH/g). Also, the kinematic viscosity is declined from (187 cst to 96.75 cst) after increasing the volume of Ethanol at 75°C. These outcomes indicated that Ethanol could reduce Sudanese heavy crude's viscosity, and the Trona could decrease the TAN. This reduction occurred due to Ethanol dilution. The Ethanol molecules disturb the molecular structure of the crude, which forms polar bond within the hydrocarbon chain that leads to lower the friction between molecules of hydrocarbon in the crude. Also, Trona shrinks TAN because the Hydroxide ions (OH+) that founded in Trona neutralize the Hydrogen ions (H−) in Naphthenic acid in Sudanese heavy crude. This study can be summarized in the ability to solve the difficulty of transporting and processing the heavy crude oil in refineries; maintains the quality of the crude while utilizing it with friendly environmental materials and low cost.

Experimental and empirical study of diesel and castor biodiesel blending effect, on kinematic viscosity, density and calorific value

BackgroundThis paper deals with the production of biodiesel from the brown seaweed Sargassum myriocystum, a third-generation biodiesel from the Gulf of Mannar, Rameshwaram, India. The optimization of reaction parameters was done using Design-Expert software version 8.0.7.1. Algal oil was transesterified using methanol and sodium hydroxide. The effect of oil:alcohol ratio, catalyst amount, temperature, and time on biodiesel yield was investigated by response surface methodology using central composite design.ResultsIt was found that the maximum biodiesel yield was obtained at 60°C for 1:6 (v/v) oil:alcohol ratio, 0.4 (w/w) catalyst amount, and 120 min. The R2, adjusted R2, and predicted R2 values are 0.9977, 0.9956, and 0.9923, respectively, which implies that experimental values are in good agreement with predicted values. The fatty acid profile of S. myriocystum biodiesel was determined using gas chromatography. Algal biodiesel was stored in dark and light conditions. Fuel properties like kinematic viscosity and acid value were determined. It was found that the samples exposed to light led to an increase in kinematic viscosity and acid value with some sediment formation.ConclusionsThe acid value and kinematic viscosity of the samples stored in the dark environment had only marginal increase in fuel properties which were within the range specified by the American Society of Testing Materials (ASTM D6751).

ABSTRACTBio-oil is one of the liquid biofuels obtained through the fast pyrolysis of any material. In this study, Prosopis wood was used as a feedstock and a maximum bio-oil yield of 62.5%wt was obtained at 450°C with the particles of size 0.25–0.50 mm. The physical, chemical, and fuel properties of the bio-oil such as kinematic viscosity, ash content, solid content, pH, surface tension, corrosivity, and calorific value were determined as per standard methods. The bio-oil had phenolic groups (12.23%), amides (0.74%), ketones (1.08%), ascaridole (0.20%), and amyrin (0.37%).

The research is to investigate the effect of B10 biodiesel-blends from Palm Oil Methyl Ester (PME) and Jatropha Oil Methyl Ester (JME) on the fuel properties and diesel engine performance. Tests have been carried out to measure the fuel properties of the blended fuels (J10D90, P10D90, and J5P5D90) such as density, kinematic viscosity and calorific value compared with D100 pure diesel as base fuel. The experiments were performed with single cylinder four-stroke diesel engine at constant engine load of 3 Nm and variation engine speeds from 1000 to 3000 rpm at 500 rpm interval, thus to obtain the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), and brake thermal efficiency (BTE). The results of fuel properties show that blend J10D90 have the highest density and kinematic viscosity which were 3% and 4% higher than base fuel respectively. The result shows that BSFC is increased with the increase of density and kinematic viscosity. The BSFC increased 16% when engine fuelled with J10D90 as compared with base fuel at 3000 rpm and constant engine load of 3Nm. In contrast, BTE is decreased 20% as compared with base fuel at same engine test condition. This is due to high viscosity which led to poor fuel atomization and mixing process. Inconclusion, the blending of fossil fuel with PME and JME led to changes in several fuel properties which significantly improved the engine performance.

The lubricating oils are essential for operating engine with high efficiency. Therefore, the physical properties of oil such as flash point, pour point, kinematic viscosity, specific gravity and the American Petroleum Institute are necessary to be studied to indicate good quality of the lubricating oil. In this study, we compare the physical properties of two virgin oils with re-refining oil. The results indicated slight differences in the re-refining oil properties in comparing to virgin oils due to larger values of specific gravity and carbon residue, and lower value of flash point, pour point, kinematic viscosity, and American Petroleum Institute.

Glycerol, trehalose and glycerol–trehalose mixture effects on thermal stabilization of OCT

Kinematic viscosity estimation of fuel oil with comparison of machine learning methods

Development of high free fatty acid crude palm oil as a biodegradable electrical liquid insulator as an alternative to mineral oil-based insulators

Evaporation rates and pollutants emission from heated cooking oils and influencing factors

Three traditional methods for the refining step in biodiesel production were compared: (i) washing with distilled water; (ii) washing with acid (HCl); and (3) dissolving and extracting in a solvent (hexane or petroleum ether) and then washing with distilled water. Biodiesel with a high purity (97.5%) could be obtained by all three methods, but serious emulsification occurred during the refining processes, which led to high refining losses. A novel refining method was developed by using hollow fiber membrane extraction, and polysulfone was selected as the most suitable membrane. This process effectively avoided emulsification during refining and decreased the refining loss. The purity of the biodiesel obtained was about 99%; and other properties, such as density, kinematic viscosity, water content, and acid value, conformed to the standards.

One-pot decarboxylation and decarbonylation reaction of waste cooking oil over activated carbon supported nickel-zinc catalyst into diesel-like fuels