Method of remembering figures

Thermoelectric effect was discovered in 1821, but the related field didn’t develop be- cause of the small value of figure of merit ”Z”. Fortunately, in 1954 someone found that the figure of merit of semiconductor was larger than before[1]. So most of people start to pay attention to this field. The research of thermoelectric material began to flourish. In order to find the higher figure of merit we need to find the material which have poor thermal conductance and good conductance. Disappointingly, according to Wiedemann- Franz law[2], the electron thermal conductance is proportional to the conductance. We know that electrons and phonons are contribute to the thermal conductance, so the way of increasing the figure of merit is to reduce the phonon thermal conductance. In 1993 L. D. Hicks and M. S. Dresselhaus found that the figure of merit of nano-scale meterial was higher than macroscopic material[3]. N. Mingo also discovered that the figure of merit of one-dimension nano-scale devices was increased because of reducing the phonon thermal conductance[4].Now people want to find suitable nano-scale mate- rial to provide good figure of merit. Because of micro-scale view, the transport property of electron is different. So we need a new method to calculate the thermoelectric coefficients. The non-equilibrium Green’s function method(NEGF) provide a way to study nano-scale device. Ideally, if we know the Hamiltonian of material we can calculate the thermoelectric coefficients so we can solve the problem of any shape of device. This report will be repeated the result of an article in 2009[5] and a book named Quan- tum transport:Atom to Transistor[6].We will calculate thermoelectric coefficients from semi-classical model[5], and compare the number of modes of 1-dimensional-chain tight binding model using NEGF method with semi-classical model.

Animation S1: Animation showing MODIS imagery and edge detection for Kangerdlugssuaq glacier. Left hand plot shows band 1 surface reflectance of Kangerdlugssuaq and the surrounding area for each cloud free day, which forms a single frame of the animation; axis units are km. Central top figure shows surface reflectance of the 'active region', the area within which edge detection takes place; axis units are km. Second central figure down shows detected edge pixels (white) over the active region using the Sobel method; axis units are km. Third central figure down shows frequency of detected edge pixels (y-axis) using the Sobel method along the length of the glacier (x-axis, km). High frequencies signify likely calving margin positions. Central bottom figure shows gradient (y-axis) of across-glacier averaged surface reflectance along the length of the glacier (x-axis, km), used as part of the brightness profiling method of calculating margin position. High brightness gradient locations signify likely calving margin locations. Right hand plot shows detected margin positions after consolidation of the two detection methods and noise removal procedures; x-axis is relative margin position in km, y-axis is time in years beginning. A horizontal line travels down the plot to signify animation location within time. Animation S2: Plots are the same as in Supplementary Animation S1, but for Helheim Glacier. Plot details are described in the caption for S1.

Der durch die Veroffentlichungen der Kulpeschen Schule hervorgerufene Streit um die Gesetze des Vorstellungsverlaufes hat dazu gefuhrt, das nicht nur die Anhanger dieser Schule, sondern auch ihre Gegner im assoziationspsychologischen Lager ihre Begriffe mehr und mehr prazisieren und konkretisieren musten. So muste G. E. Muller bei seinem bekannten grosangelegten Widerlegungsversuch der gegen die Assoziationspsychologie gerichteten Angriffe einem schon fruher verwendeten Begriff eine zentrale Stellung geben und ihn darum genauer bestimmen und mit den ubrigen Gesetzen der Assoziationspsychologie in Einklang bringen. Nur mit Hilfe des Begriffes der Richtungsvorstellung kann Muller den geordneten Vorstellungsverlauf erklaren, der Erfolg der Erklarung mus also wesentlich von der Fundierung dieses Begriffes abhangen.

Objective To develop a digital polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-ribotyping method and database for Clostridium difficile genotyping. Methods Sequencer based fluorescence capillary gel electrophoresis was used, instead of agarose gel electrophoresis, to establish the digital PCR-ribotyping of Clostridium difficile. Forty Clostridium difficile reference strains, consisting of 10 PCR-ribotypes (RT), were genotyped by the new digital PCR-ribotyping method to set-up the database. Results The sequencer based fluorescence capillary gel electrophoresis correctly detected PCR-ribotyping products of the 40 reference strains, and showed as digital figure; significant differences of these digital figures were found between the 10 RT. High similar digital figures were shown in twenty-one RT027 strains, three RT002 strains and two RT014 strains. However, seven RT001 strains were typed as four subtypes, and two RT014 strains as two subtypes, respectively. Conclusion A digital PCR-ribotyping, and a reference database consisting of 10 RT are successfully established. Key words: Clostridium difficile; PCR-ribotyping; Fluorescence capillary gel electrophoresis; Digital; Database

A new method of combining one-wavelength anomalous scattering (OAS) phasing and density modification has been described, in which the improved phases from density modification are re-introduced into OAS phasing. In this way, the phases could be improved iteratively until convergence. The OAS phasing method is based on the previously established sign-probability formula, which breaks the phase ambiguity in the OAS phasing. The implementation of this method has been available in CCP4 as OASIS. This method, although based on direct-methods, could also incorporate known phases and figures of merit into its sign-probability formula. In the implementation of OASIS, the known phases are from the positions of the anomalous scatters. In the current method, the known phases are from the density modification. The current method was tested on phasing a lysozyme crystal using anomalous scattering of sulphur atoms with diffraction data collected on an in-house x-ray source. The resulting map was well connected for the backbone atoms and clearly traceable, with an average map correlation coefficient of 0.6622 for the backbone atoms.

The MS Excel file provides Muskoka2 estimates of aid for reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health (RMNCH) over the period 2002-17 as reported in Dingle et al (2020). The Excel file includes the main reported figures, and the analyses, data, and assumptions underlying the reported figures. The Muskoka2 method responds to donors' and other stakeholders' request for a single, agreed method which produces accurate, predictable, transparent and up-to-date estimates that can be used for analyses from both donor and recipient perspectives. Future iterations of the Excel workbook will provide additional user-friendly guidance and updated estimates. This is v1.4 (24 March 2020), which includes additional logo graphics.

Behavioral instability has recently been introduced as a new quantitative method for investigating the personality of animals through the use of behavioral reaction norms (Linder et al. 2020). Previous methods used in the field are unable to produce comparable quantitative results and lack a protocol ensuring systematic data sampling (Shyne 2006, Rose et al. 2017, Linder et al. 2020). The methods used in the past have primarily been used to estimate the percentage of time spent on various behaviors (Altmann 1974). These traditional methods are deeply dependent on the ethogram used, since the percentage of time spent on one behavior always will be dependent on the amount of time spent on other behaviors. Hence, reducing the reproducibility of results and making comparisons between studies difficult (Linder et al. 2020). Furthermore, the methods previously used do not account for the predictability of an individual (the probability that a given behavior occurs). The predictability of an individual is an important factor when assessing its personality and the novel approach using behavioral instability takes the predictability of the individual into account when assessing their personality. This is enabled by analyzing the variables: median, variance, asymmetry index and kurtosis of the time spent on all occurrences of an individual’s various behaviors (Linder et al. 2020). The asymmetry index (skewness) is a measure of the asymmetry of a distribution, i.e. how much a distribution is tilted due to a high frequency of extreme values in one direction (Mann 2016). The kurtosis is a measure of the relative distance from the center of the distribution to the tails, i.e. how spread the values are around the center of the distribution (Balanda and MacGillivray 1988). Linder et al. (2020) have showed the application of behavioral instability in the investigation of behavioral reaction norms in a case study investigating the behavior of two captive polar bears at Aalborg Zoo. Thus, showing how the estimation of the variables: median, variance, asymmetry index and kurtosis can be used for assessing the effectiveness of enrichment manipulation. The results presented in Linder et al. (2020) show an intuitive visual representation of the individuals’ reaction norms where the variables describing behavioral instability are plotted as a response to an environmental stimulus. Our aim is to demonstrate a novel way of visually representing this type of data as a three-dimensional plot, exemplified with the data collected and presented in Linder et al. (2020). First, the variables of behavioral instability were plotted simultaneously for different behaviors demonstrating the effect of the environmental stimuli and secondly, three different behaviors were plotted against each other showing the individuals’ responses to the environmental stimuli for each of the variables, respectively. This novel way of illustrating an individual’s reaction norms, enables the immediate identification of changes in an individual’s predictability for a given behavior. This is exemplified in the figures presented below.

Ultrasound is the most sensitive method for detecting hip pathology in the first year of life. However, it has been shown that neonatal sonography, or combined sonographic-clinical screening, can cause some over-diagnosis which, when not used properly, can lead to over-treatment. We developed the concept of 'true developmental dysplasia of the hip' on the basis of our experience. Despite the still-growing popularity of Pavlik's method in the treatment of the condition, we were unable to find a study dealing with the relationship between sex, sonographic and clinical pathology, age at the start of treatment, and duration and outcome of treatment. To answer these questions, we assessed patients we had treated using Pavlik's method in a 5-year period at a special developmental dysplasia of the hip clinic. The influence of sex, clinical stability, severity of sonographic pathology and age when treatment was started was assessed according to duration, outcome of treatment and rate of avascular necrosis. In spite of the relatively small number of hips treated in this study, some conclusions can be drawn. The short period of treatment for clinically unstable hips can be surprising. As treatment was started before the age of 14 weeks, the favorable results can be attributed to this fact. There are hips which, according to our theory, will not improve spontaneously to normal; therefore, we believe that our figures reflect the real results of treatment using Pavlik's method. Practically 0% avascular necorosis for all the treated population (only one child had transient avascular necorosis of type 1) is, in our opinion, due to this fact. The high rate of success (98%) can also be attributed to early treatment.

This article has made a study of the thermal noise effects on spacecrafts signal correlation in details. Analysis has been made based on statistical signal processing, and the difference between Cross-Correlation method and Independent-Correlation method has been figured out. Simulation has been made to evaluate the phase estimation performance between two methods. Both theoretical and simulation results show that Independent-Correlation method could achieve better performance than Cross-Correlation method in the sense of phase estimation variance. And the performance of the Cross-Correlation degrades severely when the power signal-to-noise ratio is poor which is the case in deep space navigation.

This article explains how a song, through the aesthetical element that it has, can be applied in the school or at home as a medium of education that is interesting for children in the age of pre-school and kindergarteners. The song chosen by the author is the song with the title ‘This Old Man’. Lyrics is a part of literary work in the form of poem that contains the elements that poem has which are: typography, theme, rhyme, dimension, figure of speech, diction, and imagery. Through the analysis of the song, it is found that this song has all the elements that a poem has. However, the author only pinpoints to the elements that related with the title of the article which are connected with education for children. These elements eases the students to learn counting, pronunciation (in English) while singing. The aim of the study is to deliver the information to the teachers specifically, and parents in general, that to educate the children through song can be an effective way to do because children prefer and curious about things that are interesting for them. The method for this study is using descriptive analysis method, by which the author has the understanding towards the target language, yet tend to focus on the generalisation from the corpus taken (literature/poem). The result of this study is the lyrics from This Old Man has typography, theme, rhyme, dimension, figure of speech, and imagery that can help the students to easily learn basic math (counting from 1 to 10), pronunciation, and singing. Key words : lyrics, this Old Man, children.

شرایط اقلیمی به عنوان یکی از عوامل اصلی در شکل گیری بلوم جلبکی در اکثر نواحی دریاچه‌ای، دریایی و اقیانوسی دنیا مطرح است. هدف اصلی این تحقیق، شناسایی الگوهای نقشه ای اقلیمی در زمان توسعه و گسترش جلبکی در سطح دریا و تعیین شرایط اقلیمی آن می‌باشد. داده‌های مورد استفاده در این تحقیق شامل فشار هوا در تراز 1000 و 500 هکتوپاسکال، باد مداری و نصف النهاری و قائم، درجه دمای هوا و آب، کلروفیل است. روش تحقیق در این پژوهش به صورت الگوی محیطی به گردشی بوده است. برای انجام این تحقیق ابتدا زمان شکل گیری بلوم جلبکی تعیین و سپس عناصر اقلیمی همزمان با آن نقشه سازی شدند و در ادامه نیز تحلیل و نتیجه گیری انجام گرفت. نتایج این تحقیق حاکی از آن است که در زمان شکل گیری بلوم جلبکی بر روی خزر جنوبی، الگوی نقشه ای فشار هوا به صورت یک سامانه پرفشار با تداوم زمانی زیادی دیده می‌شود و منشا اصلی این پرفشار بر روی اقیانوس اطلس در حوالی پرفشار جنب حاره آزور قرار دارد. الگوی وزش باد به تبع این الگوی فشار در جهت عقربه ساعت برروی منطقه در حال گردش است. همچنین جریانات عمودی هوا حاکی از آن است که در حوالی جنوب غربی خزر نزول ضعیفی از هوا دیده می‌شود.

The study explores the practice, meaning and significance of invective and insults in political discourse among Ghanaians. It examines the use of such language forms against people of higher social status in online discourse in Ghana, a country where it is traditionally unacceptable to openly criticize the elderly and authority figures, let alone insult them. Data was sourced from GhanaWeb [www.ghanaweb.com], the most patronized online news website in Ghana that ensures anonymous citizen participation in issues of national interest. The data involved invective and insult-filled online reader comments on news reports about the presidential candidates and the electoral commissioner involved in the 2016 general election in Ghana. Metapragmatic comments (reader reactions) which portray Ghanaian sociocultural perspectives on the use of abusive language against these individuals were also gathered. These two sets of comments were used to build the Corpus of GhanaWeb Comments on Ghana’s 2016 Election (CGCGE16). In addition to CGCGE16, the data for the study included comments from social media platforms, native speakers’ intuitions and the views of Ghanaian anthropological linguists and cultural specialists obtained from interviews, and evidence from scholarly works. The qualitative meaning analysis method is used along with the quantitative discourse analysis method. The study adopts an ethnopragmatic approach, combining corpus-based searches with semantic explications and cultural scripts, following the principles of the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) approach (Wierzbicka, 1992, 1996; Goddard & Wierzbicka, 2014). The findings indicate that most of the comments in CGCGE16 are personal attacks that violate the Ghanaian communicative norms towards the elderly and people in authority and, furthermore, do not conform to the expected displays of verbal respect. Instead of expressing their views on on-going socio-political issues, the commenters often draw on past socio-political occurrences, their public and sociocultural knowledge to engage in negative emotional characterizations and evaluations of the presidential candidates and the electoral commissioner, thereby, showing disapproval of them. By means of name-calling expressions, derogatory adjectives, and derogatory interjections, these commenters attack the intellectual abilities, moral behaviour, social competence, and physical characteristics of their targets. This negative communicative behaviour is attributed to the fact that on GhanaWeb, like on many online communities, interactants are not obliged to uphold communicative norms. The anonymity of GhanaWeb shields commenters from the repercussions such speech behaviours would otherwise necessitate. It is also attributed to the right to freedom of speech, the repeal of the criminal libel law, and the fact that traditionally, there are some specific settings that allow the use of insults against authority. The study demonstrates that although the practice of using insults against political leaders in online commentary appears to be “normal” in the online context, it is a transgression when one considers the Ghanaian sociocultural norms of communication. Consistent with this, although the interaction on GhanaWeb is asynchronous, some commenters play the role of regulatory figures and traditional gatekeepers of appropriate communicative behaviour by posting disapproving metapragmatic comments. The study identifies many ways in which interactions on GhanaWeb are culturally shaped. These include first, commenters do not only rely on English slang terms and swearwords, they also employ some local language insulting expressions (e.g. kwasea ‘fool’, yaka gbɔmɔ ‘worthless person’) due to the ‘weight’ such expressions carry for Ghanaians. Secondly, the metapragmatic comments do not employ certain key terms such as “offensiveness” that can be found in the literature on online studies related to the speakers of Inner Circle Englishes. Instead, they highlight the clear position of the Ghanaian culture on respect for elders and people in authority. These metapragmatic comments also stress the fact that the exchange of invective and insults in politics can result in violence which may have adverse effects on the development of the nation. Overall, the study is inclined towards the view that instead of generalizing the results of studies on abusive language use in online interactions, there is a need to draw out what distinguishes Ghanaian online interactants from, let’s say, Western countries, Asian countries, African countries, or from interactants elsewhere. The key claim is that understanding the sociocultural backdrop for the speech practices of online interactants is crucial to understanding their language use, as interactants draw on existing communicative repertoires which influence their language choices. Also, the study draws attention to news websites in Ghana as a platform where the use of unmitigated invective and insults against people of higher social status is increasingly becoming the norm, despite the fact it violates Ghanaian communicative values. Thus, this study serves as a springboard for future research into abusive language use in online interactions among Ghanaians.

Random-dot stereograms (RDS) do not have monocular cue in testing stereopsis. The absence of stereopsis as tested with RDS has higher correlation with diseases such as refractive error, amblyopia and straismus etc., as compared with line or contour stereograms. Commercially available RDSs have several drawbacks. Some do not consider the cross/uncross problem and thus require more convergence efforts to perceive. Some do not apply forced-choice and double-blind methods which is the basic requirements of good psychophysical tests. The other important concern is that the costs of these RDSs are too high to be used in nationwide screening. We designed on personal computer our own RDS. The algorithm is positional shift and logical operatons, such as AND, OR, XOR.. of computer graphics. With this algorithm, we can hide any figure into RDS. Photograghed directly from computer screen, we made four 300 sec-arc RDSs with geometric figures hidden in. The measure of stereopsis with our RDS and TNO met with each other. The subjective readibility and youngest testable age, about 3 year-old, of these tests also met with each other. Our RDS test has the advantages of (1) forced-choice, double-blind test method, (2) more fun and (3) low cost. The improvements from the old version of our RDSs include (1) uncrossed disparity for less convergence efforts, (2) higher dot density for higher brightness and (3) suitable picture size and color. The low-cost of this RDS test makes it especially suitable for nationwide screening of stereopsis in preschool children.

Edge Localized Mode Control in TCV

Objective To compare the efficacy between different modalities in the treatment of positive lymph nodes after radical resection for squamous cell carcinoma of thoracic esophagus (TESCC), and to explore the best treatment mode. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate survival rates. The log-rank test and Cox model were used for univariate and multivariate prognostic analyses, respectively. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed among 548 patients with TESCC who were admitted to our hospital and had positive lymph nodes after radical resection. The efficacy of different treatment methods was evaluated. Propensity scores (PSM) were used to make 1-to-1 patient matching between different treatment groups to further analyze and figure out the best treatment model for patients. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate the overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) rates. The log-rank test was used for survival analysis and univariate prognostic analysis. The Cox regression model was used for multivariate prognostic analysis. Results In all patients, the 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS rates were 79.9%, 38.1% and 28.5%, respectively, while the 1-, 3-, and 5-year DFS rates were 68.5%, 39.8% and 32.5%, respectively. After 1-to-1 matching based on PSM, there were no differences in general clinical pathological data between the four groups. After PSM, there were significant differences in 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS and DFS rates between the surgery alone group, the postoperative radiotherapy group, the postoperative chemotherapy group, and the postoperative chemoradiotherapy (POCRT) group (P=0.000, 0.000). There were significant differences in OS and DFS rates between patients with stage N1, N2, and N3 disease (P=0.000, 0.000). The result of the Cox multivariate analysis showed that treatment method and N staging were two independent prognostic factors for OS and DFS (P=0.001, 0.000, 0.025, 0.016). Conclusions Patients with positive lymph nodes after radical resection for TESCC have a poor prognosis. Moreover, the prognosis becomes worse with the increase in metastatic lymph nodes. POCRT may improve the survival in those patients. Prospective studies are needed to further confirm those conclusions. Key words: Esophageal neoplasms/surgery; Esophageal neoplasms/postoperative adjuvant therapy; Prognosis; Propensity score matching