Microvascular Complications

Abstract

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This chapter focuses on diabetic retinopathy, diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and diabetic neuropathy. Diabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes. The screening programme has been an effective population-level intervention. Since its implementation around 20 years ago, there has been a reduction in the vision impairment due to diabetic eye disease. With the progression of DKD and renal function decline, a number of recognised complications can occur, such as anaemia, mineral bone disorder, metabolic acidosis and fluid retention. The chapter summarises the current tests that are available for the diagnosis of diabetic neuropathy. Diabetic neuropathy lacks a targeted pharmaceutical intervention, underscoring the pivotal role of stringent glycaemic control as a primary management strategy. Additionally, diabetic neuropathy can potentially result in foot ulcers and, in severe cases, may necessitate amputations. In the management of neuropathic pain, pharmacotherapy assumes a prominent role. Concurrently, lifestyle modifications play a crucial role in pain management.