Mine Policy and Regulation

Mineral policy in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries: The case of Saudi Arabia

People's Mining is a permit to carry out mining business in a people's Mining area with a limited area and investment. People's Mining Activities are as follows: Metal Mineral Mining, Non-Metal Mineral Mining, Rock Mining. People's Mining Area (WPR) is part of the Mining Area (WP) where WP is part of the Legal Mining Area. According to data, WPR in Indonesia has a total area of 580,712 hectares with a total of 3,329 blocks. IPR data throughout Indonesia recorded at the Directorate General of Minerals and Coal as of November 2020 totaled 16 IPRs. This number is very minimal when compared to the number of WPR blocks and the total area of smallholder mining areas in Indonesia. This is the background for conducting research, namely the study of how to implement community mining business management policies. The method used in this study is a qualitative method in which data is sourced from journals and previous research to obtain data in the form of research on legal effectiveness which from the point of view of its form is evaluative research. Mining policies provide directions for the implementation of the Mining Law and its implementing regulations, bearing in mind that a regulation is more general in nature. So that the government and the people who carry out mining business activities have guidelines or instructions, how people's mining business activities are in accordance with mining regulations. Through this policy, the government provides benefits to miners but remains within the regulatory framework that governs them. Keywords: People's mining,region, policy

This article examines legal and policy environments in the mining sector after the economic reforms in Tanzania, it specifically: analyses the sector before the reforms, examines the legal and policy responses after the economic reforms; and profiles how those policies and legislations have impacted the socio-economic and political aspects related to mining in Tanzania. A documentary review (documentary research method) was used in collecting relevant information. It was revealed that prior to the reforms the extent of minerals extraction in Tanzania was low compared after the reforms, with the mineral sector development operations largely state owned and run by government enterprises. The legal and policy responses examined include the Mineral Policy of 1997, Mineral Act of 1998, Mining Act of 2010, New Investment Policy and the Tanzania Investment Act No. 26 of 1997, Mining (Environmental Management and Protection) Regulations of 1999, Natural Wealth and Resources (Permanent Sovereignty) Act, 2017; Natural Wealth and Resources Contracts (Review and Re-Negotiation of Unconscionable Terms) Act, 2017, the Written Laws (Miscellaneous Amendments) Act 2017; Extractive Industry Transparency and Accountability Act, 2015 and The Finance Act of 2017. These legal and policy responses in the mining sector were found to have both positive and negative impacts. It has been observed that the reforms in the sector have not fully captured the expectations of Tanzanians. The article ends up by suggesting several recommendations