Mixture Strategies

In the previous lectures, which made up the cycle “Classics of Russian Music of the 20th Century”, the works of Sergei Rachmaninov, Igor Stravinsky, Sergei Prokofiev, Nikolai Myaskovsky, Dmitry Shostakovich, Aram Khachaturian, Georgy Sviridov, Rodion Shchedrin and Alfred Schnittke were examined. Let us supplement this panorama with two final lectures: the first is intended to extend the range of composers’ names, the second will be devoted to an overview of 20th century music with an outlet into the universal space. As it is well-known, since the time of Peter the Great, who established St. Petersburg, two capitals coexisted in Russia, each of which possessed its own face and style, among other things, in the creation of music. By the end of the 19th century, two compositional schools had developed: the St. Petersburg school, the core of which was the “Mighty Handful”, and the Moscow school, headed by Piotr Tchaikovsky. During the 20th century, these schools continued their fruitful interaction. Among the names presented in the main sections of my lectures, Stravinsky, Prokofiev, Myaskovsky, Shostakovich, Sviridov began their activities in St. Petersburg- Petrograd-Leningrad, and later they became Muscovites (except for Stravinsky, who lived abroad from the early 1910s). In the second half of the 20th century, the leaders of the musical process in Russia were the Moscow composers Rodion Shchedrin and Alfred Schnittke, along with whom many other names can be mentioned, including Edison Denisov, Sofia Gubaidulina and Vladimir Martynov. Representatives of the Leningrad school continued to make a significant contribution to the treasury of Russian music. The following short overviews of the works of Sergei Slonimsky and Valery Gavrilin will testify to this. In addition to the two capitals, composers from a number of other cities in Russia, primarily, those with conservatories, have worked tirelessly in the field of the art of music, which has significantly expanded the scale of the panorama of the musical art in our country — the creative heritage of Elena Gokhman is cited as a characteristic example.

The presented material is based on a conversation the author of the article had with the outstanding Russian musicologist, Doctor of Arts, and Professor at the Moscow Conservatory, Valentina Nikolayevna Kholopova (1935–2025). The main focus of the discussion revolves around the musicologist’s influence on the creative biography of composers, as well as on the fate of Russian music as a whole. In the interview, Valentina Kholopova recalls her remarkable classmates from the Moscow Conservatory, among whom Sofia Gubaidulina, Edison Denisov, and Alfred Schnittke particularly stand out. The collaboration between the musicologists and the composers of the “Sixtiers” generation significantly shaped many pathways of Soviet musical culture, facilitating the integration of Soviet music into the global musical landscape. The role of the musicologist in these processes was also exceptionally high; it is enough to recall the story of the creation of the monograph on Anton Webern. The monograph, written by Valentina and Yuri Kholopov, is one of the first books about 20th-century music written in Russian; it became a true bestseller, sparking discussions among musicians throughout the country.

Drawing upon oral history, analysis, and a critical synthesis of secondary literature, this book examines the construction and reception of the “unofficial” music in the Soviet Union produced during the Thaw (roughly 1956–74) by composers including Alfred Schnittke, Arvo Pärt, Sofia Gubaidulina, Valentin Silvestrov, Andrey Volkonsky, and Edison Denisov. This book addresses “unofficial” music in all of its contradictions, and argues for a more refined understanding of its changing meanings during the Thaw (and the cold war). The book traces two interrelated phenomena. The first is the developing social function provided by “unofficial” concert life, which allowed Soviet listeners to congregate and question traditional socialist realist verities, and by extension many other facets of life in the USSR. The second is the shifting nature of the musical styles embraced by “unofficial” composers. Initially, while still conservatory students in the 1950s, they encountered music previously off‐limits, including scores by Schoenberg, Boulez, and other Western modernists. They avidly pursued the serial compositional techniques in these “new” scores. However, tiring of the limited expressive possibilities they perceived in these methods, they turned in other directions, first to aleatory devices, and then to quotations from familiar tonal works. The stylistic development of this generation thereby moved from “abstraction” to “mimesis” (borrowing musicologist Karol Berger's terminology). In their mimetic works from the end of the 1960s, the “unofficial” Soviet composers more directly engaged the contemporary situation in the USSR and in so doing received more favorable responses from listeners and Soviet critics alike. Andrey Volkonsky Edison Denisov Alfred Schnittke Sofia Gubaidulina Valentin Silvestrov Arvo Pärt serialism aleatory cold war oral history

The article analyzes the term "freedom" as an important concept in the history of Cold War music. This contested notion existed along two major axes of the prewar era: socialism versus liberalism and social freedom versus autonomy. These neat divisions between East and West began to unravel after 1953 when the different sides started to interact and reference each other. In presenting a case study of the "Moscow Troika" (a group of composers consisting of Alfred Schnittke, Edison Denisov, and Sofia Gubaidulina), this essay highlights the importance of communication and contact among individuals and groups in establishing notions of "freedom." Концепция "свободы" в настоящей статье рассматривается в контексте процессов в советской музыкальной среде времен холодной войны. Понятие "свободы" в политическом пространстве наделялось смыслом в рамках двух важнейших дихотомий: социализм и либерализм, социальная свобода и личная автономия. Географически эти полюса распределялись между "Востоком" и "Западом". Но с 1953 г., когда между противостоящими сторонами началось сотрудничество и вырос взаимный интерес, бинарное восприятие "свободы" усложнилось. Обращаясь к феномену "московской тройки" (группа композиторов вокруг Альфреда Шнитке, Эдисона Денисова и Софии Губайдуллиной), автор настоящей статьи вскрывает важность общения и контактов между индивидуумами и группами в определении понимания "свободы".

ABSTRACTSince the mid-eighteenth century the fandango has been regarded as the epitome of Spanish cultural identity. It became increasingly popular in instrumental chamber music, as well-known examples by Domenico Scarlatti, Antonio Soler and Luigi Boccherini show. To date, published musicological scholarship has not considered the role of solo violin music in the dissemination of the fandango or the shaping of a ‘Spanish’ musical identity. Now, eight rediscovered pieces – which can be dated to the period 1730–1775 – show that the violin was frequently used to perform fandangos, including stylized chamber-music versions. In addition to offering evidence of the violin's role in the genre, these pieces reveal the hybridization of the fandango with foreign musical traditions, such as the Italian violin sonata and French courtly dances, demonstrating hitherto overlooked negotiations between elite and popular culture in mid-eighteenth-century Spain. Analysis of these works’ musical features challenges traditional discourses on the ‘Spanishness’ of the fandango and, more broadly, on the opposition between ‘native’ and ‘foreign’ music in eighteenth-century Spain.

As one of the most important physical processes of strong-field laser-matter interaction, laser-driven electron-ion recollision depends sensitively on the polarization of the laser field and can be effectively manipulated via an orthogonally polarized two-color (OTC) laser field. Here we present an extension of recollision manipulation in an OTC field to the midinfrared laser field regime, and demonstrate that only a few recollisions occur in a multicycle $1800/900\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ OTC laser field. The number of recollisions can be controlled by simply tuning the relative delay of the two-color laser pulses, and this manipulation process can be visualized by measuring the high-order harmonic spectra. When the intensity of a midinfrared OTC field is further increased, a single recollision can be correlated to one hump in the harmonic spectrum, which will help to increase the measurement accuracy of time-resolved dynamics in atoms and molecules.

Reactive human–robot collaborative manipulation of deformable linear objects using a new topological latent control model

In this chapter, I review literature in CR and formal systems with regard to the corefields of the generic leadership systems framework (Reichwald, Siebert & Möslein, 2005). The four core fields of instruments are (shortcuts in brackets): Leadership as a day-to-day interactive process (“interactive process”); leadership metrics (“metrics”); leadership deployment (“deployment”); and selection of leaders and leadership development (“selection and development”). All four fields are elaborated in the following sections.KeywordsGlobal Reporting InitiativeService LearningLeadership DevelopmentBalance ScorecardStakeholder DialogueThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Constraint-based mining is an active field of research which is a necessary step to achieve interactive and successful KDD processes. The limitations of the task lies in languages being limited to describe the mined patterns and the ability to express varied constraints. In practice, current approaches focus on a language and the most generic frameworks mine individually or simultaneously a monotone and an anti-monotone constraints. In this paper, we propose a generic framework dealing with any partially ordered language and a large set of constraints. We prove that this set of constraints called primitive-based constraints not only is a superclass of both kinds of monotone ones and their boolean combinations but also other classes such as convertible and succinct constraints. We show that the primitive-based constraints can be efficiently mined thanks to a relaxation method based on virtual patterns which summarize the specificities of the search space. Indeed, this approach automatically deduces pruning conditions having suitable monotone properties and thus these conditions can be pushed into usual constraint mining algorithms. We study the optimal relaxations. Finally, we provide an experimental illustration of the efficiency of our proposal by experimenting it on several contexts.

Integrating manufacturing strategy and technology choice

ABSTRACTObjectiveWhen analyzing population data, there is a need to link data about organizations. One challenge in linking organization level data is that unlike a person, there can be many definitions for an entity. For example, for hospitals, depending on the dataset, an entity might represent any one of the following similar but different semantic types:(1) physical units, (2) billing units (3) legal units, (5) licensed units, or (5) reporting units. How these different entities relate to each other can be complex such as one billing unit can span across many physical units or multiple billing units can exist for one physical unit. Thus, linking organization level data requires human involvement to sort through these issues in heterogeneous data sources to make informed decisions on the messy data. We design and evaluate a general framework for a hybrid Human-Machine process for ongoing integration and cleaning of hospital level data when no common identifiers exist such that we highlight the decisions that need human judgement and document and track the full processes to ensure reproducibility. Such ongoing integration is often called incremental record linkage (RL).
 ApproachAccurate linkage in big data requires well-defined tasks that need automatic or human processing. In the human computer interaction (HCI) field, Human Intelligence Tasks (HITs) are defined as micro tasks requiring human judgment and are often used in designing crowdsourcing systems. We designed HITs for linking organization level data and embed them into automatic deterministic linkage algorithms that supports interactive stepwise RL. The hybrid system is a framework for reproducible incremental RL.
 ResultsWe illustrate this framework by integrating four databases of hospitals in Texas from 2008 to 2014(N=664). The IDs used in the databases are the Texas Provider ID, the National Provider ID, the Medicare ID, and the Facility ID. We link the databases using provider name, including dba (i.e., doing business as), addresses, and phone numbers. Similarities in hospital names and addresses and the dynamic nature of hospital attributes over time make it impossible to build a fully automated linkage system for hospitals. Using our system to iteratively standardize and clean the data, we linked the hospitals with 100% precision using HITs that required confirming 79 approximate linkages and manually linking 28 hospitals.
 ConclusionEffective software that can support the interactive and iterative process of RL with well-designed HITs can streamline the linkage processes to support high quality replicable research using big data.

With the growing demand for water, and many challenges related to water availability, food security, pollution, and environmental degradation, it becomes imperative to establish good water policy planning for a sufficient supply of water consumption. This paper presents a general problem-solving framework for modeling multi-issue agent negotiation in water policy planning via fuzzy constraint processing. All participants involved in water policy planning are modeled as agents. Agent negotiation is formulated as a distributed fuzzy constraint satisfaction problem. Fuzzy constraints are used to define each participant’s professional views and demands. The agent negotiation simulates the interactive process of all participants’ water policy planning. This approach provides a systematic method to reach an agreement that benefits all participants’ water policy planning with a high satisfaction degree of fuzzy constraints, and move towards the deal more quickly since their search focuses only on the feasible solution space. An example application to Negotiation for Water Policy Planning is considered to demonstrate the usefulness and effectiveness of the proposed approach.

The introduction chapter presents a new conceptual general framework that analyses the relationship between the occupier and the occupied society. It suggests that an occupation cannot operate in separation from the occupying society, especially when the occupier settles in spaces which are the perceived as a continuation of the homeland territory, as in the Israeli case. Following the occupation by the military forces the boundaries expand, albeit mainly for the occupiers; and a continuous process of interaction between occupiers and occupied begins. These processes touch upon every aspect of the collective life of the occupied and occupying societies, including in the military, political, societal, economic and cultural domains. The chapter then presents the legal considerations regarding the nature of occupation in general and prolonged occupation in particular. This is followed by a brief outline of the physical costs of the occupation on the Palestinian society, as well on the Israeli society.

In gas turbine, multi-stage row blading and technological effects can exhibit significant differences for the flow compared with isolated smooth blade rows. Upstream stages promote a non-uniform flow field at the inlet of the downstream rows that may have large effects on mixing or boundary layer transition processes. The rows of current turbines (and compressors) are already very closely spaced. Axial gaps between adjacent rows of approximately 1/4 to 1/2 of the axial blade chord are common practice. Future designs with higher loading and lower aspect ratios, i.e., fewer and bigger blades, and the ever present aim at minimizing engine length or compactness, will aggravate this condition even further. Interaction between cascade rows will therefore keep increasing and need to be taken into account in loss generation estimation. Also the cavities at hub platform induce purge flow blowing into main annulus and additional losses for the turbine. A robust method to account for the loss generated due to these different phenomena needs to be used. The notion of exergy (energy in the purpose to generate work) provides a general framework to deal with the different transfers of energy between the flow and the gas turbine. This study investigates the flow in a two-stage configuration representative of a low-pressure turbine including hub cavities based on large eddy simulation (LES). A description of the flow in the cavities, the main annulus, and at rim seal interface is proposed. The assessment of loss generated in the configuration is proposed based on an exergy analysis. The study of losses restricted to boundary layer contributions and secondary flows show the interaction processes of secondary vortices and wake generated in upstream rows on the flow in downstream rows.

The Quantum Aspects of Relativistic Fermion Systems with Particle Condensation