Mobile Devices And Protocols

The value of a mobile communication device is its ability to organize and access important information quickly. Mobile devices are often associated with the cutting‐edge technology of the last 4 years. Although having gained an increasing popularity over recent years, mobile devices have a history of 15 years. The first generation of mobile devices was the analog mobile phone. They were large and cumbersome, resembling a small briefcase. With the launch of the second generation, mobile phone units became smaller and easier to handle. Currently, third‐generation phones are starting to be released, advancing in design and dynamic capabilities. By the year 2005, 76% of consumers will own an Internet compatible device, 66% will own a cell phone, 45% will own an Internet cell phone, and 10% will own a personal digitial assistant (Forrester, ). In today's information surge, business never stops. IDC Research has forecasted that an average of more than 36 billion person‐to‐person e‐mails will be sent daily by 2005 (Juptner, ). Hence, mobile communication plays a major role in the success of most of today's business operations (Jones, ), and all businesses are continually faced with the challenge of engaging with the rapidly changing information technology age. One area of mobile communications that has been growing exponentially is mobile computing.

Understanding the Design of Mobile Social Networking

The General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is being deployed by GSM network operators world-wide, and promises to offer users always-on data access at bandwidths comparable to that of conventional fixed-line telephone modems. Unfortunately, many users have found the reality to be rather different, experiencing very disappointing performance when, for example, browsing the web over GPRS.In this paper we investigate what causes the HTTP protocol and its underlying transport TCP to underperform in a GPRS environment. We examine why certain GPRS network characteristics interact badly with TCP to yield problems such as: link under-utilization for short-lived flows, excess queueing for long-lived flows, ACK compression, poor loss recovery, and gross unfairness between competing flows. We also show that many web browsers tend to be overly aggressive, and by opening too many simultaneous TCP connections can aggravate matters.We present the design and implementation of GPRSWeb - a mobile HTTP proxy system that mitigates many of the performance problems with a simple software update to a GPRS mobile device. The update is a 'client proxy' that sits in the mobile device, and communicates with a 'server proxy' located at the other end of the GPRS link close to the wired-wireless border. The dual proxy architecture collectively implements a number of key enhancements - an aggressive caching scheme that employs content-based hash keying to improve hit rates for dynamic content, a preemptive push of web page support resources to mobile clients, resource adaptation to suit client capabilities, delta encoded data transfers, DNS lookup migration, and a UDP-based reliable transport protocol that is specifically optimized for use over GPRS. We show that these enhancements result in significant improvement in overall WWW performance over GPRS.

Recent interest and current optimism regarding battery-charging wireless power-transfer technology are driven by the ubiquity of cell phones and other mobile communication devices. In some ways, this is to make a dream come true: a truly wireless mobile or portable communication device, completely free from being tethered in any way. The concept of wireless power transfer is not new, even for charging batteries. Cellular service users and customers may be annoyed by or do not want to be bothered with having to plug the mobile device into an electrical outlet. If this is true - as appears to be the case - then time may well provide a fix to the grief. Aside from not having to plug in the mobile phone or laptop, a more probable cause for the sudden interest in battery charging through wireless power transfer may come from the potential for mobile communication devices to get their electrical power the same way they get their data. Unlike wireless communication uses, the level of transmitted electromagnetic power required for large-scale or commercial implementation of wireless power transfer could be substantial. A key feature of the system design and research effort should be consideration of biological effects and human safety.

A mobile communication device is a small size of portable computer which provides communication service, such as smart phone and PDA. Currently, one of the biggest barriers in developing the mobile communication device is security issue. Even though there are excellent security functions which can remove the security issues, there is a problem that the mobile communication device can not be loaded with all the functions because it has low storage, poor computational power, and inconvenient user interface, compared to the desktop personal computer. This paper proposes a context-aware security reconfiguration scheme for effective security management of the mobile communication device. The scheme can provide the mobile communication device with the optimized security service which is most adapted to its current security context. Through the prototype implementation and the experiments of the proposed scheme, we have confirmed that the proposed scheme is excellent in terms of computing resource efficiency and usability, without degrading security level.

We discuss an interconnectivity framework for data and content delivery to mobile devices that allows data of higher priority to reach the mobile unit in the shortest time possible. Two possible scenarios are presented; one that connects the servers in an N-cube configuration network, and another that shows the same N servers connected in a grid type network. The goal is to minimize the rate of data jumps from server to server until it reaches the mobile device. As the mobile user travels, the mobile device registers itself with the next server and the session is migrated from the old server to the new one without interruptions, in an analogous way, cell phones move from one cell to another. Starting with the idea that all data is not equal (in importance/priority), this article suggest a framework topology for intelligent mobile computing that guarantees data will reach the mobile device in a minimum amount of time, assuring at the same time the privacy of transmission. The integration of this type of technology into the 3r d Generation (3G), and 4t h Generation (4G) mobile computing is also discussed. Pervasive computing is rapidly emerging as the next generation of computing with the underlying premise of simplicity (of use), minimal technical expertise, reliability, and intuitive interactions. As technology continues to advance and mobile devices become more and more omnipresent, the aim towards achieving easier computing, more availability and prevalence is becoming a given. Through the clever use of advanced technologies, the new generation of intelligent mobile computing has the opportunity to serve user needs via prevalent computing devices that are ever more transportable and connected to an increasingly ubiquitous network structure. Mobile communication is changing as the trends of media convergence including the Internet and its related electronic communication technologies and satellite communications collide into one. A change is being ushered by the 3G (3r d Generation) mobile technology with the usability and usefulness of information delivered to mobile devices taking on added features. For example, multimedia messaging, as opposed to voice transmissions, being delivered to cell phones has rendered such mobile devices an integral part of people’s lives and a core part of how they conduct their daily business rather than an add on tool (Buckingham, 2001). The 3G mobile phone system aims at unifying the disparate standards of current second generation wireless systems. The idea is to eliminate the different types of global networks being adopted with a single standard network. This will allow for the delivery of multimedia content and propagation through the network without the need for conversion from one standard to another. 3G systems need smaller cells thus the need for more base stations (mostly due to their operating frequency, power requirements, and modulation) and in many cases will not be feasible to install them in areas where population is not so dense (i.e., rural areas) (Garber, 2002). Because of these requirements and conditions, a better way to deliver the communication must be established. However, global access to such mobile devices will create data delivery challenges and servers can become clogged with unwanted communication, like that of wired Internet access. The need for moving relevant data to mobile devices in the shortest time possible becomes of utmost importance.

This study examines mobile communication network infrastructure and device development, assessing progress and failures. Smartphones featuring biometric verification, high-definition cameras, and voice-activated assistants have increased mobile Internet use. Smartphones use Wi-Fi and 3G, 4G, and 5G cellular networks to make communication faster and more reliable, revolutionizing it. However, data-intensive devices are increasing network traffic, straining existing infrastructure. Modern technology like millimeter-wave frequencies is needed to boost mobile communication networks, especially 4G networks, to satisfy this growing demand. This study found that mobile communication infrastructure drastically underserves traffic control and emergency communication. These functionalities are becoming increasingly important as mobile devices proliferate. The report underlines the need to address these concerns and investigates innovative technology that improves traffic management and emergency communication systems to bridge the gap between present infrastructure capacity and mobile device usage.

Abstract— Vehicle tracking system using GPS and GPRS integration googlemap provide information that is maximized with the technology of GPS (Global Positioning System) receiver which can indicate the position of the vehicle with the map and the ability of the appointment of direction and position coordinates (x, y or latitude, longitude) textually and visual at any location. Vehicle tracking system is built using equipment GIS (Geographic Information System) and dedicated to smartphones which support Global Positioning System (GPS), as well as portable computers, using General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) as a connection to the internet. The hardware used is a smartphone that supports GPS with supporting tools used are GoogleMaps, Notepad + +, NetBeans IDE 6.5.1, Mysql, Java (J2ME), PHP, JavaScript. The results of this system in the form of tracking system capable of monitoring the movement of vehicles on an ongoing position by utilizing GPS and GPRS as the sender of the wireless data and Internet connections. Keywords— GIS, GPS, GPRS, googlemaps, J2ME,

The increasing on the underground utilities are currently becoming crucial and significant for engineering works and land development. Nowadays, a grid concept is used to detect the subsurface utilities and this method is not efficient and time consuming for the large area. The objective of this study is to determine the real-time location of the subsurface utilities through the integration of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), Global Positioning System (GPS) and GIS. The GPS use to retrieve the location of the utilities obtained by the GPR and represented by x and y coordinates value. The GIS data model is mapped in the mobile device such as Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) as a base map of the study area. The results obtained are digital map of the subsurface utilities that integrated with PDA and the location of the utility is verified between the reading of the GPS and GIS base map. This study proposes the new approach technique that potentially to be used by government and private agencies that involves in underground utilities.

The article analyzes the existing methods of managing data flows in mobile radio communications. During the analysis, the peculiarities of the functioning and construction of these networks were considered. It has been established that such networks have features different from other networks, such as mobility, dynamic topology, independent organization, use of mobile means of communication, lack of fixed data transmission routes, etc. The task of providing routing in mobile radio communication devices, mobile radio networks, and the types of routing in communication networks are considered. The conditions for the implementation of the routing task and the features that characterize the routing process have been established. The levels of the OSI open systems model and the most well-known protocols that work at these levels and are used in data flow management are considered. Data flow management methods are classified by type and a list of requirements for the process of data flow transmission in mobile radio networks is defined, taking into account the peculiarities of the functioning of mobile radio communication means, which must be taken into account when building a mobile radio network management system. It has been established that at the current stage of information technology development, data flow management methods are mostly adapted for use in computer, wired or fixed networks and do not take into account the conditions of use in mobile radio communication devices. It has been established that the construction and operation of an effective data flow control subsystem in the control systems of mobile radio networks and mobile radio communication means requires the use of the latest technologies and modern approaches in the development of data flow control methods and methods that will ensure the functioning of the corresponding data flow control subsystem. When choosing protocols, methods, methods of managing data flows, it is proposed to focus on adaptation, modification of approaches or their combined use based on the target function, taking into account the peculiarities of the functioning of mobile radio networks and mobile radio communication means.

General packet radio service (GPRS) is a packet oriented mobile data service on the 2G and 3G cellular communication systems global system for mobile communications (GSM). GPRS is the most widely used technology solutions to solve mobile communication combined with IP. Due to its advantage such as real-time online, binding billing, quick login, high-speed transmission, widespread coverage etc, it has been widely used in the remote monitoring and data transmission fields, etc. In this paper the PPP protocol of GPRS was researched in detail, moreover, the PPP protocol process based on GPRS was analyzed. In addition, it describes the composition and content, meaning and connection of the PPP protocol process and data exchange between terminal and monitoring center. Meanwhile, the TCP/ IP transmission protocol was discussed. it also gives three handshake data exchange situation which is connected by TCP/IP. It gives the specific application example of PPP and TCP/IP protocol exchanging data when connecting public wireless internet net with GPRS module. This article provides the essential basis for making further use of PPP and TCP/IP protocol to achieve the design of wireless transmission terminal.

In order to improve the information management of the modern digital agriculture, combined several modern digital agriculture technologies, namely wireless sensor network (WSN), global positioning system (GPS), geographic information system (GIS) and general packet radio service (GPRS), and applied them to the information collection and intelligent control process of the modern digital agriculture. Combining the advantage of the local multi-channel information collection and the low-power wireless transmission of WSN, the stable and low cost long-distance communication and data transmission ability of GPRS, the high-precision positioning technology of the DGPS positioning and the large-scale field information layer-management technology of GIS, such a hybrid technology combination is applied to the large-scale field information and intelligent management. In this study, wireless sensor network routing nodes are disposed in the sub-area of field. These nodes have GPS receiver modules and the electric control mechanism, and are relative positioned by GPS. They can real-time monitor the field information and control the equipment for the field application. When the GPS position information and other collected field information are measured, the information can be remotely transmitted to PC by GPRS. Then PC can upload the information to the GIS management software. All the field information can be classified into different layers in GIS and shown on the GIS map based on their GPS position. Moreover, we have developed remote control software based on GIS. It can send the control commands through GPRS to the nodes which have control modules; and then we can real-time manage and control the field application. In conclusion, the unattended automatic wireless intelligent technology for the field information collection and control can effectively utilize hardware resources, improve the field information intelligent management and reduce the information and intelligent cost.

This work presents a tracking system for autonomous unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and any ground vehicle using global positioning system (GPS) and general packet radio service (GPRS). A Google form is created and a Google spreadsheet is set as destination location to store Google form responses on ground station. Whenever UAV is flying autonomously, GPS finds its current location (latitude and longitude). Thereafter, GPRS sends hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) request which consists of the current location of a UAV and submits a response in Google form and Google spreadsheet. A custom function is added in a Google spreadsheet to monitor the path of an UAV on static Google map using Google Apps Script (GAS).

Bacterial contamination of mobile communication devices in the operative environment

The mobile devices have grown rapidly with the progresses of information technology those years. The mobile devices, such as i-Phone, i-Pad, Tablet PC and smart-phone, have become personal and business tools. Those devices are specially developed for mobile users on the basis of the conceptual design of personal digital assistant (PDA) long time ago, but the scopes of the usages extend much more extensive through integrated multimedia needs. This paper proposes a model called integrated usability model (IUM), derived from the technology acceptance model (TAM), to transfer the design criteria into the design guidelines. By using IUM, the developers for multimedia mobile device can use the conceptual indicators like mobile, integration and convenience to reduce the large-scale design factors and evaluate the capability and acceptance for the users. It turns out that the developers can speed up the design processes and avoid the repeated and time-consuming reworks. A mobile multimedia device development for the integrated graphic hand-sketch tablet is presented in this paper. This development uses IUM to reduce the design criteria and then transfer the result criteria into design guidelines. This paper demonstrates the practices of the multi-demand product design as the case validation of IUM.