Modeling and Analysis of Two Wheeler Connecting Rod by Using Ansys

In this paper the problem of the failure of gear in speed reduction gearbox developed by Laxmi Hydraulic Pump (LHP) Pvt Ltd, Solapur is resolved by replacing the existing material by a material SAE8620. The Gear and Pinion using AGMA and FEM analysis Method. In the gear design, the bending stress and surface strength of the gear tooth are considered to be one of the main factors to the failure of the gear. In this paper bending and contact stresses are calculated by using analytical method as well as Finite Element Method. To estimate bending stress modified Lewis beam strength method is used as well as AGMA method. Software is used to generate the 3-D solid model of helical gear. Ansys software package is used to analyze the bending stress. Contact stresses are calculated using modified AGMA contact stress method. Ansys software package is used to analyze the contact stress and bending stress. The main objective of this study has to investigate the stresses induced by gear tooth profile. Finally, the results obtained by theoretical analysis and Finite Element Analysis are compared to check the correctness. Estimated stress is used to calculate module of gear which can withstand easily at given loading conditions. A conclusion has arrived on the material which is best suited for helical gear based on the results.

Objective To explore the establishment of 3D thoracic model by finite element methods, and study the mechanical mechanism of minimally invasive surgery for correcting the chest wall deformity, and provide personalized surgery solution in the future. Methods According to admission and exclusion criteria, we selected 10 cases of pectus carinatum that received chest CT scan. The finite element model of pectus carinatum was established and analyzed by Mimics, ABAQUS, etc. The validity of finite element method for chest wall was verified by comparing the sternal displacement between the simulated values and actual values with the same force. Results The 3D finite element model of pectus carinatum was successfully established and analyzed. The stress distribution of the 10 cases in the posterior ribs was mainly in the 1-6 ribs on both sides, mostly concentrated in the 4th to 6th ribs, and the stress was symmetrical on both sides. Statistical analysis showed that the displacement value of the sternum was correlated, and the validity of the model was verified. Conclusion Mimics, ABAQUS and other finite element modeling and analysis software can effectively establish the thoracic 3D finite element model and mechanical analysis, which can help the further development of personalized minimally invasive surgery for correcting chest wall deformities. Key words: Pectus carinatum; Chest wall deformity; Finite element analysis

Finite-element analysis of residual stresses in Al2O3–TiC/W18Cr4V diffusion bonded joints

Aim:The aim is to evaluate and compare stress distribution characteristics of ball, magnet, and positioned attachment systems in single and double implant-retained overdentures using the finite element method (FEM).Setting and Design:In vitro (in silico study) finite element analysis (FEA).Materials and Methods:A Styrofoam mandible with duplicated silicon mucosa was used to construct a mandibular complete denture. Implants of size 12 mm by 3.4 mm body diameter (Implantium, Dentium, Korea) were used along with ball O-ring, positioner, and magnet attachment system for constructing single and double implant overdenture. FEA models were processed defining geometry. Six models were formulated, namely, three models of central single implant and three for double implant overdenture using ball O-ring attachment, positioner attachment, and magnet attachment named B1, P1, M1, B2, P2, and M2, respectively. The FEM analysis was done using ANSYS workbench 16.0. A load of around 100N was applied bilaterally in the first molar regions, anteriorly between the two central incisors, and unilaterally on the right first molar region. Stresses were calculated according to the Von Mises stresses scale. Stress magnitude and patterns were analyzed and interpreted accordingly.Statistical Analysis Used:Stress patterns and maximum principal stress were described.Results:FEM analysis revealed that stress concentration in the B1 model was the highest. Anterior loading produced maximum stress followed by unilateral and lastly bilateral loading. In the bone, stress concentration was the highest in the crestal bone region (3–18 MPa). Mucosa showed the least amount of stress in all models (1.3–3 MPa). Stress patterns in dentures were symmetric with concentration on the mid-lingual and molar premolar area (3–18 MPa). Implants showed stress concentration near the collar and the internal connection region (7.5–24 MPa). Maximum stresses were around the head of prosthetic abutments (10.5–24 MPa). The stress concentration in the ball head was typically located in the abutment neck. In positioner attachment, stress was located in the inner open end area (11–20.1 MPa). For the keeper, stresses were at its base and stress patterns extended into the body (10.5–17.7 MPa). Less stress magnitude was seen for all models on bilateral loading (10.5–15 MPa).Conclusion:Magnet and positioner attachments have a more favorable stress distribution in both single and double implant-retained overdentures. Bilateral loading conditions are more favorable for uniform stress patterns.

PurposePrecise assessment of elastic stress is required in the field of fracture mechanics. While bending a straight pipe, the deformation of the circular cross section out of roundness called ovality and thinning are foreseeable. The ovality has a significant effect on the structural integrity of the pipe. The sole objective of this paper is to provide new analytical solutions to predict accurate elastic stress distribution at the median section of the U-bend, with deformities such as ovality and thinning when subjected to in-plane closing moment by using elastic finite element analysis.Design/methodology/approachThe quarter model of the U bend has been analysed by using ABAQUS. The elastic stress components included in this analysis are longitudinal bending stress, longitudinal membrane stress, circumferential bending stress and circumferential membrane stress. Based on finite element results, analytical elastic stress solutions are also provided for both longitudinal and circumferential stresses by using these stress components.FindingsAs the ovality has a significant effect, it is further included in the analytical solution. The thinning is not included since it has very little effect. Analytical stress solutions are provided for a wide range of bend characteristics to include ovality, mean radius and thickness.Originality/valueSignificance of ovality and thinning on elastic stress of U-bend has not been reported in the existing literature.

Introduction: This study introduces, validates and demonstrates a new automated software tool (VA-BATTS) to calculate bone stresses within a bone cross section subjected to bending, axial, torsional and transverse shear far-field loading conditions, using quantitative computed tomography (QCT) data. Methods: A QCT image is imported and processed to generate a 2D finite element (FE) mesh of the bone with inhomogeneous (CT-based) transversely isotropic material properties. Bending and axial stresses are determined using inhomogeneous beam theory; torsional and transverse shear stresses are calculated using a new 2D FE formulation. Results: Validation studies show excellent agreement between results obtained using VA-BATTS and results obtained using analytical 2D models and inhomogeneous 3D FE models. Discussion: Out-of-plane bone stresses can be accurately calculated using a 2D analysis. Material inhomogeneity can have a marked effect on predicted stresses. In three-point bending experiments, transverse shear may present important contributions to the failure potential. The software is available at https://simtk.org/home/va-batts.

The connecting rod is a critical component in internal combustion engines, converting reciprocating piston motion into crankshaft rotation. In heavy-duty applications, such as the Ural-4320 military truck, the rod endures high cyclic loads, elevated temperatures, and fatigue stresses, making material selection vital for optimal performance and durability. This study evaluates four candidate materials forged steel (42CrMo4), aluminium metal matrix composite (Al-SiC), titanium metal matrix composite (Ti-6Al-4V + SiC), and hybrid metal-CFRP composite using finite element analysis (FEA) in ANSYS Workbench 19.2. Structural parameters such as von Mises stress, total and directional deformation, elastic strain, and biaxiality, alongside thermal flux and fatigue life, were examined. Results indicate that titanium MMC offers superior specific strength, thermal stability, and fatigue resistance, while hybrid CFRP achieves significant weight reduction but suffers from limited heat dissipation. Forged steel demonstrates excellent durability and damage tolerance but is penalized by higher density and inertia loads. Aluminium MMC shows competitive thermal conductivity but lower stiffness and fatigue life. Among the evaluated materials, titanium MMC and hybrid metal-CFRP composites provide the best balance between lightweight performance, strength, and fatigue life, making them promising alternatives for future military-grade applications.This study provides a novel, directly comparative multi-criteria assessment of advanced MMCs and a hybrid composite against traditional steel for a specific military application, highlighting the critical trade-offs between specific strength, thermal management, and fatigue life that are often overlooked in singular-focused studies.

The propeller shaft is a component that transmits torque from the gearbox to the wheels. The complexity in manufacturing the propeller shaft lies in transmitting the torque from the gearbox to wheels in a reliable and vibration-free package. Two major design parameters to be taken into consideration are the weight and strength of the propeller shaft. Reduction in weight without compromising strength is of primary importance. This research paper aims at providing a comparative study on the design and analysis of solid and hollow propeller shafts. The drive system of a car used for SAEINDIA SUPRA is taken into consideration. The study also focuses on propeller shafts manufactured with composite materials, providing better strength and weight reduction. Solidworks are used for designing the parts, and analysis is carried out using Finite Element Methods in ANSYS Workbench. The Fatigue Tool in ANSYS Workbench software is used to analyze its strength, factor of safety, and fatigue life. The results are compared with results obtained by analytical methods. It is concluded that the hollow propeller shaft has a better fatigue factor of safety compared to the solid shaft.

Real-world groundwater modeling deals with heterogeneous and anisotropic aquifer systems. Numerical models, particularly the finite difference and finite element methods, are extensively used for modeling such a complex aquifer system. The finite difference method is an age-old straightforward approach, whereas the finite element method is more idealistic, relatively new, and has emerged as a popular approach. The unique advantages with the finite element method are (i) an irregular-shaped domain can be discretized into elements with a matching boundary, (ii) a node can be connected with the neighboring nodes in any direction. Thus, the finite element analysis allows water/solute to flow more freely toward the surrounding nodes along nodal links. On the other hand, the mathematical formulation of the finite element technique follows a set of rules step by step. Conventionally, this idealistic approach uses shape functions and integration techniques to develop element matrices, which, in turn, are assembled to form the global matrix. This conventional global matrix was found to be inconsistent with the basic partial differential equation representing the mass balance in a nodal domain as a control volume. As a result, the matrix solution, particularly for nonlinear problems (e.g., vadose zone flow, density dependent flow, and so forth) becomes unstable and computationally burdensome. To overcome the limitations of the conventional finite element method for real-world groundwater modeling, a new approach, called the direct-formulation finite element (DFFE) method, has been developed. In this approach, a two-dimensional model domain is discretized into triangular elements. Element matrices are formed directly based on flow principles and material properties of elements without using shape functions and integration process. The DFFE method is robust. The global matrix is consistent, and the solution is stable and efficient. The results obtained from this approach were found in a good agreement with that obtained from analytical and other widely used models.

The conventional methods used to analyze the shear lag effect in simply supported box girders assume that the neutral axis of the section coincides with the centroid, which does not strictly satisfy the axial equilibrium condition. To address this problem, this study proposes an analysis method in which three independent functions for the shear lag are employed to define the different shear lag strengths of the top slab, the bottom slab, and the cantilever slab. To fulfill the axial equilibrium condition of the box girder and to automatically locate the neutral axis position, the longitudinal displacement of the web is introduced. The shear deformation of the box girder is also considered. The governing differential equations and corresponding boundary conditions for displacement variables such as deflection and rotation of the box girder are derived through the application of the principle of virtual work. The differential equations are solved by utilizing the boundary conditions to obtain the analytical expressions of the shear lag function, longitudinal displacement of the web, rotation, deflection, and neutral axis position. Furthermore, after performing the finite element analysis, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by comparing the results with those obtained from conventional methods and finite element analysis. Furthermore, the influence of the axial equilibrium condition is quantified on axial force and stress difference ratios under three methods. Finally, extensive parametric analysis is carried out to investigate the effect of different parameter ratios on the ratios of the stress difference of the flanges. The results show that when the axial equilibrium condition is not considered, the axial stresses in the upper flange of the simply supported box girder are underestimated, especially at the intersection of the top, cantilever slab, and web, and the axial stresses in the lower flange are overestimated. As a result, the method in this study is able to calculate the axial stresses and deflections on simply supported box girders more accurately.

Due to the development of urban areas, underground structures are increasingly needed. Therefore, not only it is likely to have two tunnels located close to each other, but also it happens frequently.Because of the complexity of realistic problems, closed form analytical solutions are not accessible for them. However, latest advances in computational techniques have made numerical approaches more practical for realistic problems. Boundary element method (BEM) is one of such approaches. This technique formulates the problem in terms of boundary values. The main advantage of BEM, especially in comparison with finite element and finite difference methods, is that the discretization is only applied to the boundary, thus reducing the volume of modeling and the number of unknown variables. Moreover, the radiation condition at infinity is exactly satisfied in this method which is very striking for wave propagation problems. First the formulation of boundary element method in the time domain is presented and then a parametric study on the dynamic response of unlined circular tunnels subjected to internal explosion is done. Depth of tunnels, vertical and horizontal distance between two tunnels, diameter of tunnels, and other parameters related to geometry are important factors which can affect displacements and stresses of tunnels under explosive loading. In the present study, effect of two parameters has been investigated: changing the depth of the tunnel that is subjected to internal explosion (case A) and changing the horizontal distance between two shallow tunnels subjected to explosion (case B). Radial displacements and circumferential stresses are the results obtained. Case A- Tunnel depth: The tunnel behavior in depth of H=50R is alike to behavior of same tunnel in infinite depth. Also, radial displacement in upper point of tunnel in depth of H=2R is about 2.7 times of the same tunnel in infinite depth. Circumferential stress in points placed on horizontal diameter of tunnel in depth of H=2R is about 1.8 times of the same tunnel in infinite depth. Case B- Tunnels distance: Two tunnels with horizontal distance of greater than L=50R don’t affect each other. When horizontal distance parameter of two tunnels is L=2.5R then the maximum normalized displacement of the side point of the loaded tunnel, is approximately 2.15 times of the same tunnels with distance of infinite. Also, when horizontal distance of two tunnels is L=2.5R, circumferential stress in lower point of the loaded tunnel, which is normalized with static stress, is approximately 1.2 times of the same tunnels with distance of infinite. Normalized results calculated here display the importance of the geometric parameters on the behavior of unlined tunnels subjected to internal explosion and provide suitable criteria for displacement design of shallow tunnels that are subjected to internal explosion. The accuracy of the present study for the computation of radial displacements and circumferential stresses is verified by solving several problems.

In this paper, the finite element analysis (FEA) for a proposed secondary containment assembly (Envirolock) intended to protect the environment from pipelines leaks was carried out. The assembly, composed from a Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP), aims to protect the most susceptible locations on pipelines where corrosion, dents and cracks could cause pipeline leaks to occur. The FEA was conducted to investigate the mechanical capacity of the system under hoop and longitudinal pressures. In the current study, the system was under full pressure emanating from a leak from the carrier pipe into the secondary containment liner. To explore the resistance capability of the containment system, which is composed of three layers (two polyurea and one carbon fiber), against internal pressure, finite element models were developed. Two separate finite element models for mid-pipe and end cap segments were created. System failure was defined as material failure, where failure pressure being the pressure at the onset of material failure in any layer. The FEA results indicated that the strength and failure of the mid-pipe segment under internal pressure is dominantly controlled by the carbon fiber layer. The failure of this layer will consequently lead to the failure of the polyurea layers. The carbon fiber makes the system capable of sustaining internal pressure (hoop stresses) up to 86 MPa. For the end cap FEA model, several consecutive trials and modifications were prototyped, and finite element models were created accordingly. The final design of the end cap has a cone-shaped geometry that is reinforced by different numbers and directions (acting in hoop and longitudinal directions), of carbon fiber layers wound over the surface of the end cap assembly. Based on the FEA results, the end cap segment of the containment system can sustain internal pressure of 21.5 MPa to 27 MPa depending on the number of CF layers. These results indicated that the containment system is safe to be used for most operating pressures of liquid and gas pipelines without compromising the assembly. The results of this FEA were used to finalize the design. The system passed ASME PPC-2 certification testing, the results of which can be used to finetune these FEA models. As more stringent rules and government regulations are enacted to enhance the protection of the environment, pipeline operators need to be proactive regarding public safety and the protection of the environment from pipeline leaks. This system is a risk mitigation tool containing pipeline leaks until further actions are implemented by pipeline operators. It also has the advantage of being a low-cost solution that can be installed on new or existing pipelines.

This paper focuses on developing formula-based method to predict shell stresses in a high-pressure heat exchanger with three-point supports. It compares the results with Finite Element Analysis (FEA) based design procedure. High pressure heat exchanger is supported with two saddles on shell (fixed and sliding saddles) and one lug support on channel due to heavy thk. tubesheet and channel flanges. Heat exchanger vessel part is considered as a hollow circular beam and closed form solutions are derived using continuous beam theory. Three-dimensional (3D) Finite Element model is developed using Ansys® and three types of meshing options are considered i.e., tetrahedron mesh, hex dominant mesh, and shell element mesh. Linear static structural analysis is performed, and shell membrane plus bending stresses are extracted by linearizing the axial stresses along the Stress Classification Lines at four shell locations using PVRC 3D stress criteria (Bulletin WRC 429). Longitudinal membrane plus bending stresses are calculated for the severe most design load case: Internal pressure, superimposed tubesheet weight and ship motion acceleration loads. Stress values which are obtained by formula-based approach and FEA are compared at four shell locations and conclusions are drawn.

Investigation of the effects of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells on bone union and regeneration in the necrosed bone by biomechanical test and the finite element method

Simple physical models for the stresses in dovetail attachments are developed. These models address: to slip or not to slip, nominal stresses during loading up, peak contact and shear stresses during loading up, hoop stresses during loading up, peak contact and shear stresses during unloading, and hoop stresses during unloading. Comparisons are made with a previous paper on companion finite element modeling. Generally there is good agreement between the simple physical models and the finite element analysis. Together the two identify a pinching mechanism as leading to large fluctuations in hoop stresses at the edges of contact. These fluctuating hoop stresses can be expected to be a major contributor to the fatigue of dovetail attachments.