MONITORING LABORATORY SCALE RIVER CHANNEL PROFILE CHANGES USING DIGITAL CLOSE RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY TECHNIQUE

Measuring and monitoring of river channel evolution or changes under laboratory conditions is an important scope in hydraulic assessment. Measurement such as changes in river channel profile for instance, provides an important indicator on erosion and accretion rates in hydraulic modelling. Under controlled conditions, the changes in channel profile are usually measured using a high precision point gauge. However, when large numbers of points of river profile need to be measured, the use of point gauge method becomes laborious and time consuming. This study proposed a digital close range photogrammetry technique to measure natural river channel bed profile changes in laboratory. The objective of this study was to investigate the changes of physical river model profile for pre and post flooding simulations using digital close range photogrammetry technique. Small scale physical model experimental works were conducted in the Hydraulics and Hydrology Laboratory to observe the river profile evolution during the events. The flood flume utilized in this study is 4.95 m long, 1.38 m wide and 1.26 m deep with carved V-shaped natural main channel with a bed slope of 1:500. Data measured from digital close range photogrammetry technique during pre-flooding at t = 0 second and post flooding events at t= 9660 second were compared to determine the channel profile evolution or changes after simulation of flood event. The results show the changes in invert level or bed level between non-flooding and flooding events due to erosion is varies from 1 mm (minimum) to 6 mm (maximum) along the channel between chainage 0mm and chainage 2000 mm with total volume of erosion is 1157 x 103 mm3 respectively. It can be concluded that the digital close range photogrammetry technique can be used as a complimentary method to measure and monitor the changes of river channel profile in the laboratory

Natural and Anthropogenic Drivers of Water Quality in the Normanby Basin and Princess Charlotte Bay, Cape York Peninsula, Australia

Estimating a mathematical formula of soil erosion under the effect of rainfall simulation by digital close range photogrammetry technique

Estimating a mathematical formula of soil erosion under the effect of rainfall simulation by digital close range photogrammetry technique

Measurement and monitoring of structural components such as beams and columns under loading are important in structural analysis and design assessment. Presently, the assessment on structural components on deformation or displacement measurement is carried out through LVDTs or dial gauges. The LVDTs or dial gauges were installed in contact with the structural components, also known as contact method. However, present contact method is subjected to some limitations such as s displacement points of measurement are highly depend on the position of LVDTs available, reliability of LVDTs and dial gauges to measure during the experiments due to possibility of damage sensors and consumption of time on the installation the sensors. Due to the limitations of contact method, this study demonstrates the use of a noncontact method using digital close range photogrammetry technique to measure the deformational behaviour of full-scale structural beams and columns. In this study, a full-scale load tests on structural components were performed under laboratory conditions. A series of digital images of the structural beams and columns under various loads were captured using Nikon DSLR cameras. The digital images then processed and analyzed using digital close range photogrammetric technique to measure and extract the magnitude of the structural beam and column displacements. The deformation and displacement of beam and columns have been validated by comparing the photogrammetric outputs against the results obtained from the LVDTs. The statistical analysis shows the differences obtained between the photogrammetric technique and contact method used were not significant.

Meander dynamics has been the focus of river engineering for decades; however, it remains a challenge for researchers to precisely visualise natural evolution processes especially in alluvial plains. The evolution of meandering channels is a complex geomorphological process driven by the interactions between flow and alluvial channel beds and banks. The presence of vegetation along a riparian zone added the complexity of geomorphological process. Riparian vegetation is a major roughness element that influences channel morphology, decreases the average flow velocity and physically traps material that transported in alluvial rivers. A laboratory experimental investigation was carried out in Universiti Teknologi Malaysia in order to understand the flow behaviour and morphodynamics for a riparian vegetated flooded meandering channel. The morphological patterns visualisation and river channel profile changes estimation for pre and post flooding were obtained using digital close range photogrammetry technique. The findings prevailed that riparian vegetation had induced higher resistance to the flow and forced the flow to take place in main channel and right flood-plain while reduced the left floodplain flow velocity. The presence of riparian vegetation combined with the river bed morphology had increased the Manning’s n in left flood-plain. The influence of riparian vegetation on the sediment movement in the compound meandering channel was also identified. The sedimentation was 45% increased, while erosion decreased about 31% as the floodplain was roughened by vegetation.

Based on the grain size and geochemical data from the 285 samples taken in front of the first terrace at the Jingyang reach of the Jing River,together with field investigation,top sample OSL data,and historical records,we identified the palaeo-flood sediment in the section of JYc.The variation of paleoflood in the period between 960 AD and 1662 AD lasted for about 702 years was carefully studied.The result shows that the sediments formed during the 702 years are mainly composed of coarse silt and very fine sand.The changes in grain sizes were sensitively related to the variation of flood and precipitation.According to the grain size data,the section JYc could be divided into 41 layers,indicating 41 floods on different scales and the years with high precipitation.Our results show that the concentrations of the chemical elements and compounds of the flood sediments are consistent with that indicated by grain sizes.Therefore,those data could be used as useful proxies to the flood power,flood level,and precipitation.Catastrophic floods and big floods came from the events covering the whole drainage basin of the Jing River or large parts of the basin.There are three causes to cause flooding in Jing River,i.e drastic increase in annual precipitation,episodic rainstorm without increase in annual precipitation and concentrative and long time rainfall without increase in annual precipitation.The flood sediments in the section of JYc were supposed to be resulted from the moderate floodiing disaster,big flooding disaster and catastrophic disaster.

A RISK ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACTS OF COASTAL FLOODING AND SEALEVEL RISE ON THE EXISTING AND NEW PUMP STATIONS 113 NORFOLK, VIRGINIA David A. Pezza Old Dominion University, 2015 Director: Dr. Gary Schafran The author assessed the risk to a wastewater pump station and a planned replacement located nearby due to coastal flooding and rising sea levels. The locations for the pump stations are in the Larchmont neighborhood by the Lafayette River tidal estuaries in Norfolk, Virginia. The Lafayette River is a tributary to the Elizabeth River, which flows to the Chesapeake Bay. The low-lying areas along the river are subject to coastal surges caused by tropical and extra-tropical storms that flood the bay. The region is considered one of the urban areas most exposed to the accelerating rate of rising sea levels. Six of the highest storm surges on record have occurred since 2003 and even more moderate events have inundated the existing pump station. The flooding impacts the service and reduces the life cycle performance of the pump system. The study compares the vulnerability of the existing pump station to an alternative to replace the station in a new location. It uses systems engineering to define the challenge caused by coastal flooding and future sea levels, and risk-informed decision methodologies to define the exposure. The findings show that the investment in a new

This paper is a reflection upon the issue of urban flooding, attempts to adapt to it and strategic risk reduction measures of those with responsibility for planning at the level of the city region. Following the introduction, flooding hazards are considered within the context of global environmental processes and rapid urbanisation, and the paper has a discussion of both theoretical and policy perspectives to urban flood risk and vulnerability. Consideration is then given to a broad range of potential interventions that could be available to stakeholders, before, during or after a flooding event, whether the measure would be undertaken by a government, member(s) of the community or the private sector. Finally, in the context of international policy guidance, consideration is given to the role that city planners could make in addressing the risk of flooding emergencies through more strategic, medium and long-term approaches. The paper concludes that collaborative forms of governance with the full engagement of the community are essential for disaster risk resilience

Erosion and accretion of beach profile mostly occur on surf and swash zone. Beach profile evolution is affected by tide, wave, beach material and slope. However, rainfall and groundwater level may also affect the profile changes. Low groundwater level during dry season enhances infiltration of seawater into the beach hence increase the potential for accretion while high groundwater level during wet season saturate the beach and will potentially contribute to beach erosion. In Malaysia, the Northeast monsoon (wet season) carries more rainfall than the Southwest monsoon (dry season) hence this affect the groundwater level. Fieldworks were conducted at Desaru beach where three monitoring wells were installed perpendicular to the beach, together with a rain gauge and a tide gauge station in order to monitor the variations of groundwater levels, rainfall and tides. Fieldworks were conducted during low tides (ebb) on spring and neap tides about 4 to 6 times yearly starting on the year of 2013 to 2015. The results showed that beach profiles accreted on the dry season while eroded on the wet season. It is believed that the rainy season on Northeast monsoon cause the groundwater level to increase and enhancing erosion on the beach apart from the storm and high waves during the monsoon. Recent fieldwork also showed that the beach suffered massive erosion causing the shoreline to move landward and beach become steeper during the 2015 wet season. Due to that storm event, the beach profile was not getting back to its dry season profile as found in previous few years. It can be concluded that various process will affecting beach profiles on sandy beaches.

With the broader dissemination of digital technologies, visionary concepts like the Internet of Things also affect an increasing number of use cases with interfaces to humans, e.g. manufacturing environments with technical operators monitoring the processes. This leads to additional challenges, as besides the technical issues also human aspects have to be considered for a successful implementation of strategic initiatives like Industrie 4.0. From a technical perspective, complex event processing has proven itself in practice to be capable of integrating and analyzing huge amounts of heterogeneous data and establishing a basic level of situation awareness by detecting situations of interests. Whereas this reactive nature of complex event processing systems may be sufficient for machine-to-machine use cases, the new characteristic of application fields with humans remaining in the control loop leads to an increasing action distance and delayed reactions. Taking human aspects into consideration leads to new requirements, with transparency and comprehensibility of the processing of events being the most important ones. Improving the comprehensibility of complex event processing and extending its capabilities towards an effective support of human operators allows tackling technical and non-technical challenges at the same time. The main contribution of this thesis answers the question of how to evolve state-of-the-art complex event processing from its reactive nature towards a transparent and holistic situation management system. The goal is to improve the interaction among systems and humans in use cases with interfaces between both worlds. Realizing a holistic situation management requires three missing capabilities to be introduced by the contributions of this thesis: First, based on the achieved transparency, the retrospective analysis of situations is enabled by collecting information related to a situation's occurrence and development. Therefore, CEP engine-specific situation descriptions are transformed into a common model, allowing the automatic decomposition of the underlying patterns to derive partial patterns describing the intermediate states of processing. Second, by introducing the psychological model of situation awareness into complex event processing, human aspects of information processing are taken into consideration and introduced into the complex event processing paradigm. Based on this model, an extended situation life-cycle and transition method are derived. The introduced concepts and methods allow the implementation of the controlling function of situation management and enable the effective acquisition and maintenance of situation awareness for human operators to purposefully direct their attention towards upcoming situations. Finally, completing the set of capabilities for situation management, an approach is presented to support the generation and integration of prediction models for predictive situation management. Therefore, methods are introduced to automatically label and extract relevant data for the generation of prediction models and to enable the embedding of the resulting models for an automatic evaluation and execution. The contributions are introduced, applied and evaluated along a scenario from the manufacturing domain.

Operational flood risk management refers to activities that aim to reduce the probability and/or negative consequences of flooding just prior to the expected flood event. An inherent feature of operational flood risk management is that outcomes of decisions taken are uncertain. The main goal of this study was to investigate and develop approaches to modelling dike failure probability and decision making in operational flood risk management in the Netherlands. In the study, the concept of operational dike failure probability was introduced. Such probability is derived using information referring to the flood danger at hand such as (i) probability forecasts for hydraulic loads and/or (ii) measurements of geo-hydrological processes inside and under dikes achieved with electronic dike sensors. Both concepts are relatively new in the Netherlands. Approaches to derivation of probability forecasts for dike loads were studied together with an economic appraisal of dike sensor systems. Two methods for derivation of operational dike failure probabilities were also considered. Furthermore, several (rational) models for decision making under uncertainty were developed. The operational dike failure probability is an input to these models. A basic decision problem was defined as the problem whether to apply an emergency flood measure facing an uncertainty flood event. The problem was adjusted in a number of ways e.g. postponing of the decision in time was studied. This decreases the effectiveness of the emergency flood measure however allows obtaining more reliable information about the upcoming flood event. Some of the developed models were applied to the preventive evacuation decision problem.

Ad hoc wireless networks have emerged as a solution to providing ubiquitous, on-demand connectivity without the need for significant infrastructure deployment. In this thesis we address the privacy problems in two types of emerging wireless ad hoc networks, namely sensor and vehicular networks. Although the content of sensor messages describing “events of interest” may be encrypted to provide confidentiality, the context surrounding these events may also be sensitive and therefore should be protected from eavesdroppers. The source-location privacy problem occurs in sensor networks when adversaries use RF localization techniques to perform hop-by-hop traceback of messages to the source sensor’s location. Our work provides a formal model for this problem and examines the privacy characteristics of different sensor routing protocols. In order to provide efficient and private sensor communications, we devise new techniques to enhance source-location privacy that augment these routing protocols. Similarly, an adversary armed with knowledge of the network deployment, routing algorithms, and the data sink location can infer the temporal patterns and track the spatio-temporal evolution of a sensed event, by monitoring the packet arrivals at the sink. We introduce the temporal privacy problem for delay-tolerant sensor networks, provide an information theoretic formulation and propose adaptive buffering to obfuscate temporal information from the adversary. Sensor networks are also characterized by distinctive traffic patterns, wherein traffic mostly exists when events of interests occur. Due to the direct correlation between the type of event and size of data generated by it, an adversary observing a traffic burst can infer information about the type of event simply from the observed message size. We formulate this traffic privacy problem in terms of information entropy, present a quantifiable means to measure traffic privacy and propose solutions to enhance it. Vehicular ad hoc networks represent a promising new communication paradigm that can facilitate many new forms of automotive applications. We present a robust and efficient security and privacy framework, for such networks, that uses identity-based cryptography. We show that our framework provides authentication, confidentiality, non-repudiation and message-integrity. Further, it supports scalable, user-customizable privacy through short-lived, unforgeable, pseudonyms.

This paper briefly discusses the ALICE machine background concerns and the background monitoring system. ALICE RUNNING STRATEGY ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) [1] is a general purpose detector designed to address the physics of strongly interacting matter and the quark-gluon plasma in nucleus-nucleus collisions at the LHC. It will allow a comprehensive study of particles produced in Pb–Pb collisions, up to the highest multiplicities anticipated at the LHC. The physics program also includes collisions with lighter ions as well as dedicated proton-nucleus runs. Regular data taking during pp runs will provide reference data for the heavy ion program and address a number of specific pp topics. The pp runs will be in parallel with the other experiments but at a reduced luminosity in IP2. In order to keep the pile-up in the Time Projection Chamber (TPC) and Silicon Drift Detectors (SDD) at an acceptable level, the luminosity during pp runs has to be limited to 3 × 10 cm−2s−1, corresponding to an interaction rate of 200 kHz. At this rate we record on average 20 overlapping events. The optimal detector operation and physics performance with the TPC, i.e. no pile-up, is at 10 cm−2s−1. IMPACT OF MACHINE BACKGROUND General considerations Due to the running at reduced luminosity ALICE has the most unfavorable interaction rate over background rate ratio (at least a factor of 10 less than the high luminosity experiments). Machine background effects are alleviated by the fact that ALICE has been designed to perform tracking for up to 1000 times the pp multiplicity and the trigger reduction factors are relatively small (typically 10). So far the expected effects of the background are mainly of cumulative nature, such as radiation damage (integral dose and neutron fluences). Also the increase of the data volume has obvious negative consequences in terms of data storage and offline computing requirements. To simulate these effects ALICE has so far considered beam gas events in the experimental region IP ±20 m and beam-halo from beam-gas scattering outside the experimental regions. Input for the quartiary background caused by tertiary collimators (TCT) close to the experimental region is not yet available for IP2. In case the collimators are at the nominal settings this contribution could well be the dominant source of machine background. However, since at full beam intensity ALICE will run at high β∗ (10 m), the inner triplet will not limit the aperture of the machine. ALICE requires that for stable beams the TCTs will be put at a position at which they protect the inner triplets against accidental losses but do not produce extra losses for stable beams. Dose in central detectors The radiation environment in the experimental cavern has been simulated for the planned running scenario of the ALICE experiment (Table 1) [2]. Running with p-p, low and high mass ion–ion collisions over a ten year period has been assumed. Beam-beam and beam-gas interactions have been considered as potential radiation sources. The highest doses, up to 2.8 kGy, are expected at the location of the inner tracking system (ITS) (Table 2). The contribution from beam halo [3] amounts to ≈ 20% of the total dose. The contribution from beam-gas collisions within the experimental region has been calculated assuming a very conservative residual gas pressure of 2× 10 molecules/m. Only under these conditions a sizeable contribution of about 10% of the total dose is expected. Charged particle rates on RPCs Among the ALICE detectors, the muon trigger system is one of the most sensitive to the machine induced background. As a matter of fact, the Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC) rate capability (50 − 100 Hz/cm) might be saturated by a too high background level, which might also have an impact on the detector lifetime. The fluxes of secondary charged particles through muon trigger system originating from machine induced background has been simulated [4]. The trigger background consists mainly of electrons from hadronic showers resulting in a hot spot of ≈ 60 Hz/cm located at x = 1.5 m and |y| < 1.5 m. BACKGROUND MONITORING For machine background monitoring during injection ALICE will use the beam condition monitor (BCM) and the V0 forward scintillator detectors at safe photomultiplier settings. Due to the different acceptance of the two detectors an OR of the two signals will be used. With circulating stable beams a combination of signals from BCM, V0, SPD, TPC and forward muon spectrometer will be used to obtain a normalized machine background signal. Beam condition monitors The purpose of the Beam Condition Monitor (BCM) is to detect adverse beam conditions within the ALICE experLHC Workshop on Experimental Conditions and Beam-Induced Detector Backgrounds

La infraestructura del proyecto original de la presa del rio Guapo en el sitio El Guamito (estado Miranda, Venezuela), construida y puesta en servicio durante el periodo 1975-1977, colapso en Diciembre de 1999 como consecuencia de las lluvias extraordinarias observadas en ese mes, que produjeron caudales maximos con magnitudes superiores al caudal de diseno de la obra. En tal sentido, es necesario analizar la relacion entre la respuesta hidrogeomorfologica de la cuenca del rio Guapo generada por este evento extraordinario de lluvias, las caracteristicas de los medios fisico y biologico y las condiciones que estos determinaron para el colapso de la presa. Se caracterizaron las variables de los medios fisico y biologico, en particular los aspectos climaticos e hidrologicos. Se midieron y calcularon los parametros morfometricos de la cuenca y de su red de drenaje. Las caracteristicas topograficas y geomorfologicas se describieron con la construccion de perfiles. Los elementos fisicos y biologicos (geologia, relieve, geomorfologia, topografia, suelo, vegetacion, clima, drenaje e hidrologia) que coexisten en el area de la cuenca tienen una influencia importante en el condicionamiento de las respuestas hidrogeomorfologicas (inundaciones, produccion y acarreo de sedimentos y procesos de remocion en masa) del sistema. Las caracteristicas morfometricas de la cuenca indican una alta correspondencia entre estos aspectos y el colapso del aliviadero, ya que favorecieron los altos caudales que se estimaron en el sitio de la presa durante la ocurrencia del evento adverso.