Moore's curse on textual passwords

Graphical passwords are considered to be one of the promising alternatives to conventional textual passwords. However, while offering potential theoretical improvements over their textual counterparts, it is important to evaluate how these authentication methods would fare in practice. In this study, we were interested in the user-generated passwords from the security and usability perspective. We conducted an experiment in which the participants were tasked to create and memorize three types of passwords: a textual password, a chess-based graphical password, and an association-based hybrid textual-graphical password. Two weeks after the initial registration, the users were prompted to login using their previously created passwords. By comparing the authentication methods, we showed that despite the graphical passwords’ advantages, the user-created chess passwords were the weakest, and the users had the most difficulty remembering them after the two-week period. On the contrary, the association-based passwords were just as strong and memorable as the textual passwords. The conclusions drawn from this paper are therefore two-fold: firstly, alternative authentication methods should be evaluated and compared against textual passwords in reallife scenarios to determine their practical value; and secondly, association-based approaches have the potential to augment both the security and memorability of the existing and novel authentication mechanisms.

: Moore's Law: The number of transistors that can be placed on a micro-circuit doubles every 18-24 months, resulting in a rapid turnover in generations of microcircuits. There are almost as many opinions about how long Moore's Law will be applicable as there have been technological advances since the Law was first annunciated in 1965. The majority of industry experts however believe that the physical limits of silicon based advancements will be reached by the end of the decade. Microelectronics obsolescence will remain a challenge as industry and academia alike are hard at work on marketing post-silicon applications. New atomic compounds such as gallenium arsenide and ferritin may replace silicon substrates within integrated circuits while entirely new technologies like quantum computing may transform the entire industry. The point is that while Moore's Law will end relatively soon innovation will not--and DoD program managers (PM) will still have to manage obsolescence.

This essay provides a detailed analysis of the evolution of microchip technology from its inception to its prospects. It starts by discussing the foundational work of pioneers like Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce and the transformative effect of Moore's Law on chip design and manufacturing. It then evaluates the current state of chip technology, including the leading industry players and challenges such as chip shortages and trade disputes. The essay then explores the anticipated trends in chip technology, such as quantum computing and innovative materials like graphene. It concludes by assessing the expected influence of these advancements on various sectors, including Artificial Intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and autonomous vehicles, and their broader social, economic, and environmental implications. This essay presents a comprehensive and thoughtful analysis of microchip technology's past, present, and future and its far-reaching impact on modern society.

Internet of Things (IoT) have opened the door to a world of unlimited possibilities for implementations in varied sectors in society, but it also has many challenges. One of those challenges is security and privacy. IoT devices are more susceptible to security threats and attacks. Due to constraints of the IoT devices such as area, power, memory, etc., there is a lack of security solutions that are compatible with IoT devices and applications, which is leading this world of securely connected things to the “internet of insecure things.” A promising solution to this problem is going beyond the standard or classical techniques to implementing the security solutions in the hardware of the IoT device. The integration of emerging technologies in IoT networks, such as machine learning, blockchain, fog/edge/cloud computing, and quantum computing have added more vulnerable points in the network. This paper introduces a comprehensive study on IoT security threats and solutions. Additionally, this survey outlines how emerging technologies such as machine learning and blockchain are integrated in IoT, challenges resulted from this integration, and potential solutions to these challenges. The paper utilizes the 4-layer IoT architecture as a reference to identify security issues with corresponding solutions.

Quantum computing has quickly become at the vanguard of many computer science fields today. This is motivated by quantum computers ability to perform computational tasks with efficiencies that are not possible with classical computers. Quantum computing technology has a lasting potential impact on society and a broad implications on many aspects of our lives. Communications Industry Researchers (CIR) estimates that the global quantum-computing market is expected to reach $1.9 billion in 2023, increasing to $8 billion by 2027, in spending on associated software and services. Although quantum computing has several advantages, it threatens the current cryptographic techniques, which are necessary for today’s Internet standards like the Transport Layer Security (TLS). This is due to its ability to perform infinite complex computations in parallel. Therefore, it is expected that quantum computers will be able to solve the key distribution problem and break every single cryptography and authentication algorithm based on Asymmetric cryptography, such as: RSA, ECC, and Diffie-Hellman. New emerging technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), blockchain, autonomous vehicles, 5G, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and robotics all rely on cryptography for their secure operation. Although quantum computing supports technological evolution and growth, it will pose a threat to the current progress and future development of these technologies. Therefore, cryptography and authentication techniques need improvements as introducing quantum computing would put today’s cybersecurity in serious risk. NSA and NIST proposed solutions to tackle these challenges. However, these solutions are still immature as they need major upgrade of hardware implementation. Instead, the recommendations focus on what is called post-quantum, quantum-proof, quantum-safe or quantum-resistant cryptosystems. This talk outlines how the impact of quantum technologies on authentication, data exchange, and data storage, as well as areas where cryptography plays an essential role, such as: blockchain, 5G, IoT, and AI technologies. It investigate the possible impact of quantum technologies on these emerging technologies. Finally, it discusses some of the current quantum security solution that are devoted to protect the devices and systems in the quantum era, and mitigate quantum attacks.

Quantum Cryptography for Internet of Things Security

The classical computer is restricted by Moore's law and other factors into the development bottleneck, quantum computer by virtue of its natural acceleration advantage into the field of vision. Quantum computing can achieve the acceleration effect compared with classical computing in many fields. In the field of integer decomposition, Shor algorithm can be solved in polynomial time, which breaks the security of RSA public key cryptosystem. However, the quantum bits (logn + 2, where n is the integer to be decomposed) required by Shor algorithm are difficult to be realized on today's quantum computers. Therefore, the hybrid quantum algorithm model of "classical + quantum (Grover algorithm)" is tried to realize the decomposition of large integers. In this paper, based on the previous hybrid quantum algorithm model, considering that the continuous accumulation of errors in the circuit of the quantum algorithm will lead to the failure of the algorithm as the depth increases, part of the circuit of the quantum algorithm oracle is optimized to reduce the consumption of the depth, quantum gate and quantum bit in the circuit of the quantum algorithm, so as to make it easier to run on the actual quantum computer. By running the optimized quantum circuit on the back end of the simulator of IBM Q quantum cloud platform, and trying to add thermal relaxation and depolarization noises to the circuit, the influence of different noises on the circuit under different iterations was explored.

Recent advances in high-performance computing have been rapid. On the contrary, experts also know that the Moore's Law prediction of the number of transistors on microchips that would double every 18 months is almost saturated. This calls for new techniques to enhance computational power. Quantum computing is a possible solution that uses quantum mechanical phenomena and employs quantum algorithms to improve performance (accuracy, speed). The emerging technology has many interesting potential applications, including quantum machine learning, quantum computational chemistry, post quantum cryptography, etc. The complexity of applications is ever-increasing. Quantum computing amalgamates various classical machine and reinforcement learning in multiple ways to address different challenges of many complex applications. The state-of-the-art reviews on existing works in the domain show that new learning methods can enhance the achieved performance by quantum computing. The chapter thus provides an overview of quantum learning, its applications, research challenges, and future trends.

Moore's Law is slowing down but the transistor density is expected to increase by ∼50 in the next 30 years while the power consumed by each transistors will decrease by ∼75. Potential further continuation of Moore's Law via: 1. Spintronics — which could revolutionize computer architecture away from von Neumann model, 2. Memristors — which potentially allows one to do what human brain does in a shoe box instead of a computer the size of a city requiring a nuclear power plant, 3. Graphene with 1 The clock speed, and 4. Quantum Computing. Advances made in meta materials. Iowa Un. demonstrated 6 dB stealthing from 8–10 GHz using thin, stretchable meta material skin that can be conformal on target. The Army Research Laboratory in Adelphi MD has developed a low profile λ/20 thick meta material 250–505 MHZ antenna. Kymeta demonstrated December 2013 transmission to satellites and back using laptop size 20 and 30 GHz antennas which use meta material resonators to effect the phase shifting. For the first time a clear explanation of how this antenna works given. PATRIOT has GaN active electronically scanned arrays (AESAs) which gives 360° coverage without mechanical rotation. AMDR handles >30 times more targets and has >30 times sensitivity of SPY-1D(V). Can now put a 32 element 60 GHz T/R array on a chip. All the RF circuitry for mm-wave radars is put on a chip. Such radars and phased arrays could cost just a few dollars. Major advances in printed flexible electronic circuits with diodes operating at 1.6 GHz and the potential for operation at 2.4GHz, the Wi-Fi band. A low profile dual polarized tightly coupled dipole antenna (TCDA) has been developed which provides a 20:1 bandwidth and has λ /40 thickness. The latest type of phased array is the MIMO radar phased array which has been shown to provide orders of magnitude better accuracy and resolution as well as better GMTI performance than conventional arrays. However, as summarized here, more recently this author has shown that conventional arrays can do just as well if properly used without suffering MIMO's signal processing load and waveform design problems.

In recent years, the field of electronics has witnessed a revolutionary transformation with the emergence of nanoelectronics and related technologies. This abstract delves into the realm of Nanoscale electronic devices and applications, Quantum electronics and quantum computing, Organic and flexible electronics, the smart devices and Internet of Things (IoT). Nanoscale electronic devices have paved the way for groundbreaking advancements in various domains. As electronic components continue to shrink to nanoscale dimensions, novel materials and structures are being explored to enhance device performance. Nanoscale transistors, such as carbon nanotubes and nanowires, have shown the potential to overcome the limitations of conventional silicon transistors in terms of power consumption and switching speed, unlocking new possibilities in electronics and computing. These nanoscale components have the potential to lead to faster, more energy-efficient devices with applications ranging from portable gadgets to high-performance computing systems. Quantum electronics represents the next frontier in electronics research, where quantum effects are harnessed to develop transformative technologies. Quantum computing, in particular, has garnered immense interest due to its potential to revolutionize computation. Quantum computers leverage quantum bits or qubits, which can exist in multiple states simultaneously. It also allow them to perform certain computations exponentially faster than classical computers. Quantum algorithms have the potential to tackle complex problems in cryptography, optimization, and materials science, pushing the boundaries of what is currently achievable in traditional computing paradigms. Organic and flexible electronics have opened up new avenues for seamless integration of electronics into various products and applications. Organic materials, such as organic semiconductors and conductive polymers, offer the advantage of low-cost processing and the ability to be printed on flexible substrates. This allows for the creation of flexible displays, wearable electronics, and even electronic skins that can sense and interact with their surroundings. Organic and flexible electronics are enabling the development of lightweight and conformable devices with applications in healthcare, consumer electronics, and the Internet of Things (IoT). Speaking of the IoT, the interconnectivity of smart devices has become a transformative force in modern life. The IoTdeals with a vast network of devices, sensors, and actuators that communicate with each other and also with the cloud, collecting and exchanging data to enable intelligent decision-making and automation. Nanoscale electronic devices play a crucial role in the IoT ecosystem, as miniaturized sensors and low-power processors are essential for creating smart, energy-efficient devices. The IoT has applications in various sectors, including smart homes, healthcare, agriculture, transportation, and industrial automation. This abstract highlights the exciting prospects brought forth by Nanoelectronics and Emerging Technologies, including nanoscale electronic devices and applications, quantum electronics and quantum computing, organic and flexible electronics, and the IoT and smart devices. As these technologies continue to evolve, they are expected to reshape industries, enhance our quality of life, and drive further innovation in the electronics domain. However, it is crucial to address the challenges posed by these emerging technologies, such as security and privacy concerns, ethical considerations, and environmental impacts, to ensure that they are deployed responsibly and sustainably in our increasingly interconnected world.

OMICS: A Journal of Integrative BiologyVol. 24, No. 5 EditorialsCOVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019): Opportunities and Challenges for Digital Health and the Internet of Medical Things in ChinaBiaoyang Lin and ShengJun WuBiaoyang LinAddress correspondence to: Biaoyang Lin, PhD, Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA E-mail Address: biaoylin@gmail.comZhejiang-California International Nanosystems Institute (ZCNI) Proprium Research Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.Search for more papers by this author and ShengJun WuDepartment of Clinical Laboratories, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.Search for more papers by this authorPublished Online:7 May 2020https://doi.org/10.1089/omi.2020.0047AboutSectionsView articleView Full TextPDF/EPUB Permissions & CitationsPermissionsDownload CitationsTrack CitationsAdd to favorites Back To Publication ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail View article"COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019): Opportunities and Challenges for Digital Health and the Internet of Medical Things in China." 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Moore's law, which has helped to explain the exponential growth achieved in traditional computational power over the past half-century, has been eschewed for Neven's law. Neven's law posits that quantum computing is advancing at a doubly exponential rate. Quantum computers possess the processing power required to analyze the incalculable amount of “big data” in existence today. Together, big data and quantum computing are driving advancements in machine learning, which in turn, helps to power artificial intelligence (AI). AI, computational power, and big data will accelerate the development of technologies that will alter how humans behave and communicate. Using these three technologies as a foundation, this chapter explores (i) the explosion and analysis of “big data,” (ii) the evolution of advanced AI, and (iii) the emergence of extended reality (XR). The impact of these technologies and trends on organizations, crisis communication theory and practice, and society at-large are discussed and supported with real-world examples.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a new manifestation of data science. To ensure the credibility of data about IoT devices, authentication has gradually become an important research topic in the IoT ecosystem. However, traditional graphical passwords and text passwords can cause user’s serious memory burdens. Therefore, a convenient method for determining user identity is needed. In this article, we propose a handwriting recognition authentication scheme named HandiText based on behavior and biometrics features. When people write a word by hand, HandiText captures their static biological features and dynamic behavior features during the writing process (writing speed, pressure, etc.). The features are related to habits, which make it difficult for attackers to imitate. We also carry out algorithms comparisons and experiments evaluation to prove the reliability of our scheme. The experiment results show that the Long Short-Term Memory has the best classification accuracy, reaching 99% while keeping relatively low false-positive rate and false-negative rate. We also test other datasets, the average accuracy of HandiText reach 98%, with strong generalization ability. Besides, the 324 users we investigated indicated that they are willing to use this scheme on IoT devices.

The miniaturization of systems toward System-On-Chip is a long term trend that will continue after the end of Moore's Law. In the context of Internet-of Things (IoT), this means looking for components, integration schemes and data treatment paradigms enabling the reduction of both power consumption and cost. In this paper we will present some emerging devices for sensing and local data treatment that could enable future energy efficient IOT systems.

There has been a dramatic increase in the number of Internet of Things (IoT) devices and their applications. Furthermore, there is a growing impetus to integrate IoT networks on a global scale, using satellites to expand the range of IoT connectivity into geographically remote areas. Ensuring the security of satellite backhaul for IoT networks is thus of paramount importance. The steady advance of quantum computing in recent years threatens to nullify classical cryptographic approaches based on assumptions of computational hardness, motivating the need for post-quantum cryptography. Quantum computing algorithms have been developed that, once a quantum computer of sufficient scale is realised, will be able to break classical cryptosystems efficiently (at polynomial-time complexity). A promising method of securing information against this threat at the physical layer has emerged in the form of quantum key distribution (QKD). QKD exploits the fundamental physical properties of light to guarantee information-theoretic security. Research into the application and standardisation of QKD to secure satellite backhaul, however, is still in its infancy. This paper presents a brief overview of the theoretical basis for QKD, whilst also providing a survey of contemporary QKD protocols. It evaluates the ability of these protocols to secure satellite backhaul in the context of a typical satellite-IoT network architecture. Furthermore, it highlights the vulnerabilities, as well as the technical challenges associated with this endeavour. Finally, it proposes directions for future research and development into protocols and standardisation for the satellite-integrated IoT domain. Several challenges must be overcome before QKD can evolve into a global-scale solution for securing satellite-IoT. Secret key generation rate remains very low in practical demonstrations of trusted-relay QKD satellite architectures. Further research is needed to overcome or mitigate the fundamental rate-distance trade-off before satellite QKD can be considered practicable in an IoT application. Alternatives that do not rely on trusted nodes are contingent on nascent technologies such as quantum repeaters and quantum memory. Whilst in theory QKD provides perfect information-theoretic security, it remains vulnerable to attacks that exploit imperfections in real-world equipment. Further effort is needed to develop QKD protocols that can safeguard against the aforementioned challenges.