Moral Space Through Professional Solidarity

Restorative Justice: Some Facts and History

Once every ten years, the National Research Council carries out a “decadal survey” in planetary science. The objective is to recommend a decade-long national strategy for solar system exploration for NASA and the NSF. The most recent planetary decadal survey has placed particular emphasis on formulating a strategy that can realistically be implemented with the funds expected to be available for NASA and the NSF in the decade from 2013 to 2022. Inputs to the decadal survey were provided at a number of “town hall” meetings at professional conferences, and via 199 white papers written and submitted by more than 1600 members of the scientific community. These inputs led to definition of a set of high priority science questions, which in turn prompted study of 28 different mission candidates. Some of these mission candidates were studied in detail by the Applied Physics Laboratory, Goddard Space Flight Center, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and Marshall Space Flight Center. Missions studied in detail were also subjected to a cost and technical evaluation conducted by Aerospace Corporation. A recommended set of missions for the decade was then assembled, taking into account science priorities, cost and technical risk, and available resources. The plan also includes recommendations regarding funding for research and analysis, technology development, ground-based and orbital telescope facilities, and other topics. The report will be released in the first part of 2011, and the recommendations from the report will be described in this presentation.

The COVID-19 pandemic has put diabetes at the forefront of conversation. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the United Kingdom is high1 and has links to adverse COVID-19 outcomes.2 Research investigating the links between these two public health issues are moving at pace. However, the pandemic has seen early career researchers (ECRs) in diabetes face professional and personal challenges that have the potential to slow down or derail bourgeoning careers. These challenges are not unique to ECRs working in the diabetes field—and they compound a challenging decade that included the fallout from an economic crisis and uncertainties arising from a protracted Brexit. In May 2021, 15 ECRs gathered online as part of the Diabetes UK annual Innovators in Diabetes (IDia) training programme. A discussion on the career challenges faced and possible solutions to facilitate a healthy future for diabetes ECRs was initiated and facilitated by senior leaders in diabetes research. This letter summarises the themes from that discussion. Academic progression is precarious and often without a well-defined career pathway.3 Timing is crucial when applying for fellowships or institutional posts with strict criteria related to number of years worked post-PhD. Probationary periods have demanding goals combining research, teaching, clinical and citizenship achievements. ECRs whose career routes are seen as 'non-conventional' (e.g., changing fields, spending time in industry, time off for caring duties) are particularly vulnerable to inflexible criteria. The pandemic's impact; through the redirection of research council and NIHR funding, in combination with reductions to medical research charities income now exceeding £292 million,4 third-level recruitment-freezes and juggling personal and clinical duties will only exacerbate this. The pandemic-associated lockdowns have meant laboratory closures, disruption to support services and an increase in teaching workload due to pivoting from in-person to online teaching. For many ECRs, their laboratory-based research slowed down or halted. Human studies paused due to restrictions and social distancing, studies were redesigned to minimise face-to-face contact and staff were retrained in the use of virtual methods. Research support services such as ethics committees have, rightly, prioritised COVID-19 studies. Navigating teaching duties alongside skills to develop research independence is challenging, resulting in long working hours5 which is of concern due to increased risk of burnout and physical health risks.6 The impact of the additional COVID-19-related pressures is as yet unclear but may be significant.7 Institutions are facing unprecedented demands on their resources; however, support must remain in place to equip ECRs to manage teaching workloads with research time ring-fenced and investment in training in areas such as grant writing, public engagement, and financial and staff management. While the format of the next Research Excellence Framework8 is under review, it is imperative that it be cognisant of the diversity of career pathways and the demonstrable benefit of supporting ECRs and the impact COVID-19 will have had. The demonstrable benefit of taking a long-term view of research funding over decades has ultimately resulted in the UK's successful vaccination programme. Since government allocation of funds is a core part of many universities' funding models, real change must emanate from the government assessment and funding models of UK research and include a long-term view of scientific research funding—which we hope will include financial support to the medical research charities recently affected. The opportunity to network with other researchers is a vital source of support, information and career-direction for ECRs. Networking may happen informally or be formally institutionally facilitated. External organisations, professional conferences and professional and personal development courses also enhance ECRs support networks. While meetings remain online, we advocate for the inclusion of virtual networking sessions that create new sharing opportunities. We encourage senior members of the research community to consider formal or informal mentoring of ECRs and a repository of names and links be made available. ECRs are employees of research institutions. The introduction of formalised 'Tenure Track' schemes across the sector, designed to support ECRs on a path to independence, has been welcome. However, to support ECRs through the COVID-19 pandemic and work to limit its long-term impact on research careers, institutions should consider that original expectations regarding grant capture or publication set within pre-pandemic timeframes will need to be modified to help mitigate against irrevocable damage to careers. In summary, with the majority of the adult UK population now vaccinated and restrictions on distancing being eased, there is light at the end of the tunnel. The years ahead will undoubtedly be tough and there will be as yet unrecognised outcomes from the pandemic that will be far reaching. However, with recognition and support from organisations such as the Diabetes UK IDia programme and intra- and interinstitutional mentorship and training programmes, we hope our return to full strength will be facilitated.

This book appears at a time when the crisis rhetoric about schools, teaching, and learning to read is extremely high. There is a rising call within the profession for a balanced perspective on reading. Balancing Principles for Teaching Elementary Reading aspires to help set the agenda for improving the quality of literacy instruction in the United States--by recentering the debate from "What's better, 'whole language' or 'phonics'?" to "What can we do in reading instruction to prepare all children for the literacy demands of the next century?" The authors, all members of the professional community of reading educators, work on a daily basis with teachers in classrooms, prospective teachers, clinicians, and tutors. Their goal for this book is to represent what they have learned about effective teaching and learning as members of this community. It is written with four purposes in mind: * to offer a principled conception of reading and learning to read that is considerate of both the personal dimensions of literacy acquisition as well as the changes that are taking place in society, * to summarize key findings from the research that relate specifically to effective teaching practices, * to describe current practices in reading instruction with specific comparisons to the principles of effective practice that are identified, and * to suggest an action agenda that is school-based and designed to promote positive changes in the quality of instruction. This text offers a perspective for teaching that provokes members of the reading education community to think about their underlying beliefs about teaching and their shared commitment to making schools more effective for the students they serve. It is envisioned as a resource to be used in building a community of learners--to be read with professional colleagues in a course of study, in a teacher-researcher book club, or in some type of in-service setting. Readers are encouraged to debate the ideas presented, to challenge the authors' conceptions with their own reality, to make sense within a community about what action is desirable. Some specific suggestions and strategies are provided as springboards for further exploration and action.

Transatlantic Environment and Energy Politics: Comparative and International Perspectives . Farnum, UK : Ashgate Publishing Ltd . xvi + 326 pages. ISBN 978-0-7546-7597-6 , £60.00 cloth. Edited by Miranda A. Schreurs, Henrik Selin, and Stacy D. VanDeveer . 2009 . With the end of the Cold War and the emergence of the European Union (EU) as a single market and ever more powerful governance system in the 1990s, new strains began to develop in the Atlantic Alliance between the United States and Europe. Many of the new conflicts concerned competitive trade and regulatory policies in the scramble for globalization, but others revolved around previously cooperative sectors such as environmental and energy policies. Transatlantic differences in these areas peaked during the George W. Bush administration but in many cases were rooted in more fundamental cultural, political, economic, and institutional factors that divide the world's two largest markets. This volume contributes significantly to the growing literature on both transatlantic relations and comparative environmental policy. Schreurs, Selin, and VanDeveer, themselves leading scholars of international environmental politics, have brought together an impressive group of North American and European academics and practitioners to examine several major questions in their field of expertise: To what extent do policies of the United States and the EU diverge or conflict? What are the sources of these differences? Are they increasing over time, or are there countertendencies toward mutual learning and convergence? How have these divergences impacted the transatlantic alliance? What are the broader implications of U.S.–EU conflicts for global environmental governance and problem solving? These are critically important issues for academics, public officials, nongovernmental organizations, and all members of the broader environmental policy community. As the editors and authors of this book point out, the conventional wisdom of role reversal in which the United States led Europe in environmental policy development through the 1980s but has become a “laggard” since 1990 as Europe has adopted far more stringent policies is somewhat too simple. While it is true that the EU has moved ahead in many areas in which precaution and sustainability are guiding principles, it is not universally true. In several areas (such as forestry certification, disease prevention, and export credit guarantees), the United States has adopted more protective policies than Europe. Furthermore, there is considerable variation in the positions of individual European countries and between the federal government and the states in the United States. Indeed, the policies of many American states are now similar to those of the EU. Nevertheless, in most of the fields covered in this volume, the EU has established substantially more precautionary policies at the federal level than has the United States and is proving successful in “uploading” many of them to become new global standards. Following an introduction by the editors, the book is divided into four sections. Part I on “Governing Within and Beyond the State” contains more general essays by Elizabeth Bomberg and Sonja Wälti on policies for sustainable development and on intergovernmental management of environmental policies, respectively. These chapters set out useful theoretical approaches for understanding how different actors establish access and influence policy on the two sides of the Atlantic through the lenses of network analysis and institutionalized opportunity structures. Part II contains five case studies of policy differences in the areas of chemicals management (Henrik Selin); banning asbestos (Marcus Carson); electronic product waste and recycling (Alastair Iles); genetically modified foods (Patricia Keilbach); and international biotech controls under the Cartagena Protocol and other international bodies (Thomas Bernauer and Philipp Aerni). In each of these areas, the EU has moved considerably beyond the United States (e.g., the EU bans all uses of asbestos and the United States and Canada do not), and in many cases European standards are increasingly taking on the role of global standards as producers in other countries (including developing countries) cannot afford to risk exclusion of their products from European markets. Part III on “Governing Carbon” contains superb chapters on renewable electricity requirements (Ian Rowlands) and on climate change policies (Schreurs, Selin, and VanDeveer). These chapters bring out the increasing richness and complexity of transatlantic relations by stressing the growing role of subnational actors in compensating for the absence of energy and climate policies at the federal level in the United States. Finally, Part IV changes the focus to international market and trade policies. Marcus Schaper compares the progressive stance of U.S. export credit agencies compared with those in Europe, especially Germany; Benjamin Cashore, Graeme Auld, Deanna Newsom, and Elizabeth Eagan extend the comparison to nonstate governance by private actors in establishing international standards for sustainable forest product certification; and Kate O'Neill adds a useful perspective on transatlantic learning and convergence in her analysis of public health management of mad cow disease and avian flu. The level of scholarship is high throughout the book. However, as is common in edited collections, the contributors do not adhere to a single methodology or set of concepts in carrying out their analyses. Some authors make much more of an effort to explain causation than others (Iles does perhaps the best job in his chapter on product regulation). Nevertheless, they find a great deal of common ground. For example, all seem to agree that the rapid development of environmental competence in the institutions of the EU during the past two decades has been a major factor in thrusting European policies ahead. At the same time, since the 1980s, U.S. policies have been driven by conservative, antiregulatory forces that have blocked advances in Congress and in some cases weakened earlier policies. Overall, institutional differences turn out to matter a great deal. This book was completed before election of the Obama administration, which has repudiated many of the policies of the Bush administration and has vowed to make energy and environmental cooperation a centerpiece in rebuilding the transatlantic alliance. It will be interesting to see whether this major shift in American politics will reverse many of the trends discussed in this book, or whether more intractable underlying factors will continue to generate conflict. A follow-up volume should be in the works to supplement this useful study.

BackgroundAmong all psychoactive substances, alcohol consumption presents the most significant public health problem and is a leading risk factor for overall disease burden in Latin America. However, most people who meet criteria for a substance use disorder do not receive treatment in primary or secondary care sources. Community members can play a role in helping people to seek help as they are likely to encounter people experiencing problem drinking and recognize the signs. However, many do not have adequate mental health first aid knowledge or skills to provide help. We aimed to culturally adapt the existing English-language mental health first aid guidelines for helping someone with problem drinking for Argentina and Chile.MethodsThe Delphi consensus method was used to determine the importance of helping actions translated from the English-language guidelines and to add new actions suggested by expert panellists. The importance of each statement was rated by two expert panels. Panel one included people with lived experience (either their own or as a support person, n = 23) recruited in Argentina and panel two included health professionals (n = 31) recruited in Argentina and Chile.ResultsOverall, 165 helping actions were endorsed by panellists across two consecutive survey rounds. Endorsed items included 132 of the 182 items translated into Spanish from the English-language guidelines and 33 of the 61 new items generated from panellists’ comments in the first survey round.ConclusionsWhile there were some similarities in recommended helping actions between English-speaking countries, and Argentina and Chile, key differences were seen in attitudes to low-risk drinking. While there was a relatively high level of agreement between health professionals and people with lived experience, some divergence of opinion was seen, particularly in the area of commitment to recovery as a condition for help. Future research should explore the implementation of the guidelines.

This action research study evaluated the potential of an innovative curriculum to move 73 graduate students toward professional development. The curriculum was grounded in the professional conference and utilized the motivation and expertise of conference presenters. This innovation required students to be more independent, act as a critical friend, and be a part of a professional learning community. Faculty assumed the role of faculty guide, which altered both the faculty and student course experience. Student professional development findings are discussed. Results indicate that this type of curriculum can be highly effective for a graduate course. Recommendations for future research are discussed.

Previous articleNext article No AccessResearch NotesResponse to Matsusaka: Estimating the Effect of Ballot Initiatives on Policy ResponsivenessMichael G. Hagen, Edward L. Lascher, Jr., and John F. CamobrecoMichael G. Hagen Search for more articles by this author , Edward L. Lascher, Jr. Search for more articles by this author , and John F. Camobreco Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Politics Volume 63, Number 4Nov., 2001 Sponsored by the Southern Political Science Association Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1111/0022-3816.00110 Views: 43Total views on this site Citations: 18Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 2001 Southern Political Science AssociationPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Gook Jin Kim, Suk Joon Hwang, Frances S. Berry Explaining the strictness of medical marijuanaregulations in states, The Social Science Journal 58, no.22 (Feb 2020): 186–205.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2019.04.003Arjun Vishwanath Electoral Institutions and Substantive Representation in Local Politics: The Effects of Ranked Choice Voting, SSRN Electronic Journal 105 (Jan 2021).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3802566Arndt Leininger Direct Democracy in Europe: Potentials and Pitfalls, Global Policy 6 (Jun 2015): 17–27.https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12224Patrick Flavin Income Inequality and Policy Representation in the American States, American Politics Research 40, no.11 (Aug 2011): 29–59.https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X11416920R. Y. Shapiro Public Opinion and American Democracy, Public Opinion Quarterly 75, no.55 (Dec 2011): 982–1017.https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfr053John D. Griffin, Patrick Flavin How Citizens and Their Legislators Prioritize Spheres of Representation, Political Research Quarterly 64, no.33 (Aug 2010): 520–533.https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912910373552Simon Hug Policy consequences of direct legislation theory, empirical models and evidence, Quality & Quantity 45, no.33 (Mar 2010): 559–578.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-010-9313-0Gregory B Lewis, Charles W Gossett Why Did Californians Pass Proposition 8? Stability and Change in Public Support for Same-Sex Marriage, California Journal of Politics and Policy 3, no.11 (Jan 2011).https://doi.org/10.2202/1944-4370.1130Joshua J. Dyck, Edward L. Lascher Direct Democracy and Political Efficacy Reconsidered, Political Behavior 31, no.33 (Dec 2008): 401–427.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-008-9081-xJames Monogan, Virginia Gray, David Lowery Public Opinion, Organized Interests, and Policy Congruence in Initiative and Noninitiative U.S. States, State Politics & Policy Quarterly 9, no.33 (Jan 2021): 304–324.https://doi.org/10.1177/153244000900900303D. M. Daley, D. P. Haider-Markel, A. B. Whitford Checks, Balances, and the Cost of Regulation: Evidence from the American States, Political Research Quarterly 60, no.44 (Sep 2007): 696–706.https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912907307517Kevin Arceneaux, Gregory A. Huber What to Do (and Not Do) with Multicollinearity in State Politics Research, State Politics & Policy Quarterly 7, no.11 (Jan 2021): 81–101.https://doi.org/10.1177/153244000700700105Melissa J. Marschall, Anirudh V.S. Ruhil Fiscal Effects of the Voter Initiative Reconsidered: Addressing Endogeneity, State Politics & Policy Quarterly 5, no.44 (Aug 2016): 327–355.https://doi.org/10.1177/153244000500500401Melissa J. Marschall, Anirudh V.S. Ruhil Of Models and Methods: A Response to Matsusaka, State Politics & Policy Quarterly 5, no.44 (Aug 2016): 364–372.https://doi.org/10.1177/153244000500500403Michael S. Kang , Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy 4, no.33 ( 2005): 217.https://doi.org/10.1089/elj.2005.4.217Shaun Bowler, Todd Donovan Measuring the Effect of Direct Democracy on State Policy: Not All Initiatives Are Created Equal, State Politics & Policy Quarterly 4, no.33 (Aug 2016): 345–363.https://doi.org/10.1177/153244000400400305Daniel A. Smith, Joseph Lubinski Direct Democracy During the Progressive Era: A Crack in the Populist Veneer?, Journal of Policy History 14, no.44 (Apr 2009): 349–383.https://doi.org/10.1353/jph.2002.0026Kevin Arceneaux Direct Democracy and the Link between Public Opinion and State Abortion Policy, State Politics & Policy Quarterly 2, no.44 (Jan 2021): 372–387.https://doi.org/10.1177/153244000200200403

The politics of fertility control: family planning and abortion policies in the American states

Mental health conditions are increasingly prevalent in the Australian population, and despite the large evidence-based support for contemporary treatments, there are barriers which inhibit their efficacy. Thus, there is a perceived need for therapists to consider other therapeutic options which have potential to enhance treatment outcomes. There is increasing acceptance for complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) among general practitioners and clients/general community. Specifically, more than 70% of Australians utilize CAM. Equine-assisted psychotherapy (EAP) is an underutilized, culturally sensitive, complementary therapy, which has the potential to mitigate barriers of conventional therapy. The present study aimed to determine the level of knowledge about and general acceptance of EAP as a treatment for general psychopathology symptomology within community members and health professionals. The current sample included 144 community members and 55 health professionals, all with Australian citizenship. Data analysis comprised the independent t-test and two hierarchical multiple regressions. Results indicated that community members are significantly more accepting of EAP as a treatment compared to health professionals. Of the predictors tested, higher social support and openness within community members were significant predictors of accepting perceptions, and rural location was the only significant predictor for health professional's accepting perceptions of EAP. This is one of the first studies to investigate perceptions of EAP outside the EAP field and through comparison between community members and health professionals. The current study identifies the need for future research to further investigate perceptions of EAP among Australian health professionals.

Civic Studies:

Case study: Sucessful of treatment in a severe self-mutilation case

Knowledge/understanding, perception and attitude towards attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among community members and healthcare professionals in Indonesia.

Undergraduate students benefit when they gain awareness of the diversity of career opportunities within their field, explore their professional community, and develop professional social skills early. However, these opportunities are often limited to a few students who successfully compete for undergraduate research experiences (UREs), receive professional mentorship from graduate students, or participate in internships. National scientific conferences provide professional, academic, and social opportunities to a larger and more diverse population of undergraduate students than most UREs. However, unfamiliarity with the conference environment, including professional networking and socializing, may limit the overall proportion of undergraduate science students that attend and benefit from conference attendance. To address these concerns, we developed and assessed a formal undergraduate course that mentored students through their first professional scientific conference. Assessment results indicated that students made significant progress in their professional and social abilities, with many students expressing a new sense of belonging to their field. Based on these results, attending national scientific conferences provides undergraduate students with a supportive environment to explore their future career and develop professional social skills. An associated mentored course maximizes the potential for students to benefit from their conference experience. © 2019 The Wildlife Society.

The American states have broad discretion in developing their respective abortion policies. This paper examines the determinants of 1990 state policies toward funding abortion for low income women and analyzes differences in the outputs of these state policies. Our findings show that the strength of advocacy groups as well as the political forces within a state determine the type of abortion funding policy. Once the policy is established, the number of publicly funded abortions is determined by the type of state policy adopted as well as the demand for these services. The results of this analysis should be informative for the future of abortion politics in the American states.