MOSAICISM IN CHORIONIC VILLUS SAMPLING

Finding of fetal chromosomal mosaicism complicates genetic counseling, as well as pregnancy management. The aim of this study was to determine the risk of confined placental mosaicism in short term culture of chorionic villous samples. We conducted a retrospective review of karyotype analysis results obtained after chorionic villous sampling (CVS) in two years period. A 420 samples of chorionic villi were taken transabdominally and obtained by a semidirect method (overnight incubating culture). All fetuses with CVS mosaicism were under the intensive perinatal care. In all cases of chromosome mosaicism the additional karyotyping was performed from fetal blood samples after 22nd gestational week in order to exclude true fetal mosaicism. After delivery newborns were examined by experienced pediatrician. From 420 analyzed samples in 11 (2,6%) cases we found placental mosaicism. No anomalies were seen in genetic sonogram of this fetuses and mosaicism was confirmed only in one case. Confined placental mosaicism (CPM) was found in 2,1% (9/420) of all analyzed cases, and it made 90% of all placental mosaicism. In 60% (6/10) of placental mosaicism cases we found mosaicism with single aberrant cell. Trisomy 21 mosaicism was the most frequent aberration found in 30% of cases. Finding of mosaicism in chorionic villi sample is at special importance for genetic counseling, because every case has to be reveled individually regarding the type and level of mosaicism. Anyway, in every case of placental mosaicism intensive antenatal monitoring is necessary, with additional chromosome analysis from different tissue in consideration of previous findings.

Fetal and placental chromosomal mosaicism revealed by QF-PCR in severe IUGR pregnancies

Timely diagnosis of chromosomal aneuploidies plays an important role in determining the proper approach to the management of pregnancy. This article outlines the current ideas on the likelihood of occurrence of obstetric pathology, depending on the number of cells with genetic aberration, especially in the placenta. Such obstetric complications include fetal growth retardation, premature birth, and some forms of preeclampsia. The article describes the prenatal examination techniques, which help obtain timely information about the development of the fetus and predict pregnancy complications, more specifically, non-invasive prenatal DNA screening as a new technique with its advantages and limitations, based on the analysis of DNA of placental origin. It also highlights other latest diagnostic tools that allow to get more accurate information about placental mosaicism and the development of pathology. We have reviewed publications over the past 10 years, which are devoted to the factors responsible for the formation of placental mosaicism, the prenatal diagnostic procedures required for an accurate diagnosis, and the likelihood of obstetric pathology in case of prolonged pregnancy complicated by genetic aberrations. Foreign studies confirm the direct dependence of the likelihood of obstetric pathology on the number of cells with genetic aber ration. In accordance with the above study results, it would be only right to note that placental insufficiency can be observed in any case of genetic aberration, especially if a large volume of cells is involved in the pathological process at an early stage of differentiation. In addition, the article discusses the issue of need of thorough prenatal diagnosis to prevent the development of pregnancy pathology, including the use of the latest technologies and minimizing invasive methods.

With the extensive application of highly sensitive genetic techniques in the field of prenatal diagnosis, prenatal chromosomal mosaicisms including true fetal mosaicisms and confined placental mosaicisms are frequently identified in clinical settings, and the diagnostic criteria and principle of genetic counseling and clinical management for such cases may vary significantly among healthcare centers across the country. This not only has brought challenges to laboratory technician, genetic counselor and fetal medicine doctor, but can also cause confusion and anxiety of the pregnant woman and their family members. In this regard, we have formulated a consensus over the prenatal diagnosis and genetic counseling for chromosomal mosaicisms with the aim to promote more accurate and rational evaluation for fetal chromosomal mosaicisms in prenatal clinics.

Fifteen percent of women treated for breast cancer with total mastectomy receive immediate or early breast reconstruction [1, 2]. The percentage is higher in young women and those treated in tertiary care medical centers. Immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) has several advantages [3, 4]. It can prevent some of the negative psychological and emotional sequelae seen with mastectomy. The aesthetic results of immediate reconstruction are superior to those seen after delayed reconstruction. IBR also reduces hospital costs by reducing the number of procedures and length of hospitalization. Immediate breast reconstruction has the potential to impact the treatment of breast cancer. It could affect the delivery of adjuvant therapy and the detection and treatment of recurrent disease. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy could also impact the complication rates of reconstruction. The oncological considerations of breast reconstruction are outlined in this chapter.

Maternal obesity is associated with an increased risk of several pregnancy complications. In the second pregnancy, previous pregnancy and other medical history provide additional information about individual morbidity risk. In this study, we assess the risk of pregnancy complications in the second pregnancy by maternal body mass index (BMI) and evaluate how first-pregnancy complications and preexisting conditions modify these associations. We have used nationwide data on all women (n=48963) experiencing their first and second pregnancy between 2006 and 2013 in Finland. The associations between the full scale of maternal BMI and pregnancy complications (gestational diabetes, gestational hypertension and preeclampsia) were analyzed using logistic regression and restricted cubic spline regression models and interactions between BMI and first-pregnancy complications, pregestational diabetes or chronic hypertension were tested. The risk of pregnancy complications increased with adiposity. Unadjusted probability of second-pregnancy gestational diabetes with BMI of 25kg/m2 was 56% and 8.4% among women with and without first-pregnancy gestational diabetes, respectively. The corresponding figures with BMI of 30kg/m2 were 64% and 17%. Adjusted odds ratio (OR) (95% CI) for second-pregnancy gestational diabetes with BMI of 25kg/m2 was 45 (34-59) and 3.3 (2.6-4.0) among women with and without first-pregnancy gestational diabetes, respectively, when compared with women with BMI of 20kg/m2 and no first-pregnancy gestational diabetes. Adjusted OR (95% CI) for second-pregnancy gestational hypertension among women with BMI of 25kg/m2 was 42 (26-66) and 2.3 (1.4-3.8) among women with and without first-pregnancy hypertensive disorder, respectively, when compared with women with BMI of 20kg/m2 and no first-pregnancy hypertensive disorder. The risk of preeclampsia increased with adiposity independent of first-pregnancy complications. Pregestational diabetes or chronic hypertension did not modify the association between adiposity and any of the second-pregnancy complications. As maternal BMI increases, the risk of complications increases in the second pregnancy. The risk of gestational diabetes and hypertension is, however, highest among women with complications in the first pregnancy.

A number of researches has taken place related to cognitive robotics along with a merger of the two subjects taken individually. However, a gap is found in the researches with a respective to comparison of the technology used in earlier times and present times. This paper explains the scarcity in the literature in the relevant field. The authors have made an attempt to introduce the emergence of the subject called 'Cognitive Robotics'. An effort has been made to analyze the path Cognitive Robotics has given to the emerging technology. The paper encompasses the significant theories along with the augmenting computational techniques that compensate the drawbacks of the technology found in earlier times. Using the concept of Robotics Cognition the authors are developing an algorithm for Route finding in enemy terrain through Soft Computing Techniques.

Chromosomal mosaicism in chorionic villi (CV) is detected in ~1-2% of cases. When a mosaic in CV is detected during prenatal diagnosis, a confirmatory karyotype should be performed on amniocytes to discriminate between a mosaic confined to the placenta [confined placental mosaicism (CPM)] and one generalized to the fetus [true fetal mosaicism (TFM)]. We determined the likelihood that any mosaic abnormalities identified through CV samples are confirmed in the fetus. Over a period of 14 years, the laboratory analyzed both the cytotrophoblast and the mesenchyme of 60 347 CV samples. Cytogenetic results from CV samples showing mosaicism with follow-up amniocentesis were considered. The incidence of CPM and TFM and the risk of confirmation in the amniotic fluid (AF) were calculated. Uniparental disomy (UPD) was tested on ~300 cases at risk due to involvement of an imprinted chromosome. Overall, 1317 mosaic CV cases (2.18%) were detected, of which 1001 were subsequently investigated by amniocentesis. The overall risk of TFM was 13% and UPD incidence was 2.1%. The very large presented sample set and consistency in cytogenetic methodology, especially the analysis of both placental layers performed on all CV samples will enable genetic counselors to determine the risk of fetal involvement and the clinical relevance of an identified mosaic condition.

Aero engine state-of-health (SOH) assessments are an important component of the prognostics and medical management (PHM) system and may significantly lower maintenance costs and operating risk..To accomplish certain tasks, the present SOH evaluation is frequently tightly integrated with other PHM components. This makes it difficult to generalize the role of SOH evaluation. In order to improve the systematic nature of SOH evaluation, this research provides a data-driven framework that primarily consists of data preprocessing, pseudo label creation, weight assignment, and feature selection. The aero-engine, sometimes known as "the heart of the aero plane," constitutes one of the archetypal examples of complicated industrial machinery. Condition-based maintenance is the primary function of complicated equipment's health management. Accurate health assessment, which has a direct impact on aircraft mission planning, is a crucial precondition for condition-based maintenance. Making a suitable choice on the flying job and executing condition-based care on the engine would benefit from an accurate and efficient SOH appraisal of the engine [3]. A important promise for lowering the price of aero-engine maintenance and enhancing flight quality is prognostics as well as wellness management (PHM), which has sparked interest Numerous people are interested in related academics & engineers [6], [7]. Model one is no longer the dominant PHM technology because data-driven PHM technology is better appropriate for complicated aero-engines [8]. One of the crucial procedures in PHM is SOH evaluation [9]. In most cases, the SOH assessment is carried out on the concerned item after obtaining the monitoring data, and the evaluated result is supplied to diagnose certain problems, predict the remaining life, or decision-making. The next section will analyze each aero-engine in turn. A generalized and methodical theoretical model is practically necessary for engineering applications with regard to the SOH evaluation. Such a theoretical framework is simpler to implement, grow, and ultimately develop into an industry standard, which will help the PHM system spread and become ubiquitous. The outcomes of the SOH evaluation are often expected to provide suggestions for the best equipment selection for a department that has many facilities of the same type. This is also the most frequent problem we run across in engineering applications, including scheduling aero planes and making combat decisions. A number of factors make aero engine health monitoring crucial in the aviation industry: Aero engines are put through harsh environmental and operating strains during the course of their lifetime. Engineers may check the performance and dependability of the engine by ongoing monitoring and assessment. Maintenance schedules may be optimized and possible problems can be handled pro-actively by monitoring vital metrics and identifying any discrepancies from the intended values. By ensuring that engines run as efficiently as possible, this improves dependability, fuel efficiency, and efficiency as a whole. Safety is of utmost importance in aviation, both for passengers and for aircraft. In order to detect and anticipate future engine system problems or malfunctions, aero engine health evaluation is essential. Engineers can spot early indications of deterioration or irregularities in the engine components by tracking and analyzing a variety of metrics and performance indicators, including vibration, the environment's pressure, temperature, and fuel consumption. This lowers the possibility of in-flight engine breakdowns and enhances overall flight safety by enabling prompt maintenance or repairs. The process of determining the health of an aero engine often combines data collecting, analysis, and modeling approaches. The methodology's broad summary is given below, Data Gathering: Gathering pertinent data about the engine itself is the first stage in assessing the health of an aero engine. Real-time sensor data like as fuel consumption, engine control parameters, temperature, pressure, vibration, and others are included in this. Additionally, previous maintenance logs, flight information, plus operational data are taken into account. To ensure precise and high-quality data collection, cutting-edge sensors and data capture devices are employed. Data preprocessing: After the data is gathered, preprocessing techniques are applied to clear it of noise, anomalies and any inconsistent data. For the purpose of ensuring the accuracy and integrity of the data, this may comprise filtering, normalization, and data cleaning processes. From the result it is seen that Aero engine health assessment got the first rank Initialized States where as is the having the lowest rank.. Due to the significant volume of material removed, the milling process requires a lot of energy and resources. If the entire manufacturing process sequence has to be evaluated, further investigation is required. In addition, because there were insufficient data, the process of converting harvested resources into basic elements was not taken into account.

1. The paper describes about ten species of the Aceraceae five of which are completely determined; the remaining include four leaf species, which do not match any modern species of the Himalayas; one species,viz.,A. Caesium is based on a few fragments of fruits, the other bits of samaras could not be specifically determined by comparison with any modern species. 2. The modern distribution of the Aceraceae brings to light the absence from the Kashmir Valley of three species(A. oblongum, A. pentapomicum andA. villosum) which occur in the fossil state in the Karewa beds. However, the other two species, namelyA. Caesium andA. pictnm are important constituents of the broad-leaved forests of the Valley as well as the northern slopes of the Pir Panjal Range. The modern distribution of the fossil species in the Himalayan regions is given together with their different associates in different types of forests. 3. A comparison of the modern maple forests of the Kashmir Valley with those of the Pleistocene period shows that the oaks and laurels, which must have occurred during the Pleistocene in association with maples, are altogether absent from the valley at the present time. This fact shows that the climate of the valley has changed since the early Pleistocene times. 4. The inclusion in the fossil flora of the Aceraceae does not alter the general conclusions already expressed by the author regarding the changes of climate and altitude of the Valley since the early Pleistocene times.

METALLIC mirrors have been known from very early times, and references to them are scattered through ancient literature. They were frequently elaborately decorated, and many of them possess the greatest interest as objects of art. Looking-glasses coated with an amalgam of quicksilver and tin came into use about the middle of the fifteenth century, but it is not known by whom they were originally invented. The details of their manufacture were, for long”, carefully guarded as trade secrets, and were not made public until about a hundred years later. The process then described is in all essentials that still employed, wherever it has not been abandoned on account of the danger to workers from mercurial poisoning. Tin amalgam mirrors were most extensively used during the latter half of last century, but at the present time in England and Germany they are no longer made, as mirrors obtained by the actual deposition of metallic silver upon glass have displaced them.

We present updated chemical evolution models of two dwarf spheroidal galaxies (Sculptor and Carina) and the first detailed chemical evolution models of two ultra-faint dwarfs (Hercules and Boötes I). Our results suggest that the dwarf spheroidals evolve with a low efficiency of star formation, confirming previous results, and the ultra-faint dwarfs with an even lower one. Under these assumptions, we can reproduce the stellar metallicity distribution function, the [α/Fe] versus [Fe/H] abundance patterns and the total stellar and gas masses observed at the present time in these objects. In particular, for the ultra-faint dwarfs we assume a strong initial burst of star formation, with the mass of the system being already in place at early times. On the other hand, for the classical dwarf spheroidals the agreement with the data is found by assuming the star formation histories suggested by the colour–magnitude diagrams and a longer time-scale of formation via gas infall. We find that all these galaxies should experience galactic winds, starting in all cases before 1 Gyr from the beginning of their evolution. From comparison with Galaxy data, we conclude that it is unlikely that the ultra-faint dwarfs have been the building blocks of the whole Galactic halo, although more data are necessary before drawing firm conclusions.

In this communication we have investigated Bianchi type-II dark energy (DE) cosmological models with and without presence of magnetic field in modified f(R, T) gravity theory as proposed by Harko et al. (Phys. Rev. D, 84, 024020, 2011). The exact solution of the field equations is obtained by setting the deceleration parameter q as a time function along with suitable assumption the scale factor $a(t)= [sinh(\alpha t)]^{\frac {1}{n}}$ , α and n are positive constant. We have obtained a class of accelerating and decelerating DE cosmological models for different values of n and α. The present study believes that the mysterious dark energy is the main responsible force for accelerating expansion of the universe. For our constructed models the DE candidates cosmological constant (Λ) and the EoS parameter (ω) both are found to be time varying quantities. The cosmological constant Λ is very large at early time and approaches to a small positive value at late time whereas the EoS parameters is found small negative at present time. Physical and kinematical properties of the models are discussed with the help of pictorial representations of the parameters. We have observed that our constructed models are compatible with recent cosmological observations.

COUVADE was a custom among Balkan peoples from early times. Its basic elements, however, were lost long ago, and it survived only in fragmentary and, as it were, petrified form. In the following pages, traces of the custom among Balkan peoples are recorded, as these were collected from time to time by the author between 1935 and 1957. It is hoped that this may be of some value to students of Ethnology, Folklore, and the History of Religions, since on the one hand, it gives information concerning the extent and the geographic surroundings of this archaic and interesting rite, and on the other hand, it gives certain hitherto unrecorded details of the kinds and types of Couvade in general. It should be mentioned that the late Professor Tih. R. Djordjevik1 has already discussed Couvade with great erudition in Yugoslav scientific literature, and that at the present time, M. Gluscevid a young Serbian ethnologist from Belgrade, is working on examples of Couvade in the Balkans for his doctor's degree. The custom among Albanians has been discussed by the late Professor R. Yokl, of Vienna, and by Professor E. Cabej, of Tirana. It would take too long to attempt to list the many authors from various parts of the world who, in the nearer or more distant historical past, have written on this subject in general or regional terms. Such an analysis would be outside the scope of this paper, which is intended as a record of source information drawn directly from the people, and as an illustration of Couvade in general. In addition, some quotations from Serbian scientific literature, hitherto unnoticed in discussions of the subject, are included.

Because of the uniqueness of the universe, philosophical issues arise at all times in the study of cosmology. As one considers the earliest times and issues of origins (and what happened `before the beginning'), theory is diverging into producing a multiplicity of options to choose from, rather than converging to one overwhelming powerful position at the present time. It is going to become ever more important to pay serious attention to the philosophical argumentation underlying the different choices. This paper gives a framework for analysis of such questions, based on fifteen Theses which can be strongly defended. We will exit the `dark ages' by taking these themes seriously while we develop the observational and physical side of the analysis. Far from undermining the scientific understandings arrived at, such philosophical explorations will give them the best grounding they can attain.