MQTT+

The Message Queueing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) publish/subscribe protocol is the de facto standard at the application layer for IoT, M2M and wireless sensor networks applications. This demonstration showcases MQTT+, an advanced version of MQTT which provides an enhanced protocol syntax and enriches the broker with data filtering, processing and aggregation functionalities. Such features are ideal in all those applications in which edge devices are interested in performing processing operations over the data published by multiple clients, where using the original MQTT protocol would result in unacceptably high network bandwidth usage and energy consumption for the edge devices. MQTT+ is implemented starting from an open source MQTT broker and evaluated in different application scenarios which are demonstrated live using the Node-RED IoT prototyping framework.M

Sensors and actuators play a vital role in realizing the Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The data transmission capability from edge devices to servers and vice-versa enables IoT applications to be more realistic and effective. However, one of the major challenges to IoT applications is power management at the edge devices. The power consumption of the edge devices depends on the amount of data transferred through the network in a defined interval. Data size and its applicability to the receiving device are controllable parameters, and consequently, energy efficiency can be improved. This work aims to establish an IoT architecture using a message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol that effectively handles the data transmission in the network. It also provides a solution for the elimination of data redundancy; hence, the network was effectively utilized, and the energy consumption was reduced in the edge devices. The proposed architecture was demonstrated with a potentiometer as a data generator and MQTT as a message broker. Further, the transmitted data was received at the edge devices and its performance was analyzed. Based on the results, it was verified that the client was able to receive the data without any loss in terms of precision. Data redundancy was avoided by disabling the data transmission whenever the nodeMCU identifies the constant sensor value. This retains the power at the edge devices and data transmission devices.

The Internet of Things (IoT) has become widely used in recent years in a wide range of applications, such as, weather condition monitoring, transportation, smart homes, smart cities, smart farm, etc. The ecosystem of the IoT is also vast, including from sensor and hardware devices up to cloud-computing. An approach that is getting more and more attention in the IoT ecosystem is the edge-computing and one of its fundamental pieces of equipment is the edge-computing gateway (GTW), which can working as a data-processing device nearer to the things and as a bridge to the Internet, as well. The most important features for these GTWs must be robustness and efficiency and a very popular solution is to use low-cost Raspberry Pi card-size computers. Considering protocol solution, Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) communication protocol has been considered one of the most applicable to IoT because of its low-power capability. In this context, this paper describes a study about the performance evaluation of a low-power member of the Raspberry Pi family, the Raspberry Pi Zero W, working as an IoT gateway and running MQTT. The experimental results show its performance using as metrics: the processor temperature, the CPU usage level, and rate of MQTT received messages under different Quality of Services (QoS).

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a framework of interconnected computing devices mechanical and digital machines, internationally identifiable physical objects (or things) or people that are have unique identity and the ability to transfer data over a network without human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction., their combination with the Internet, and their representation in the digital world. The accessibility and availability of cheap components of IoT devices enables a extensive range of applications and provide smart environments. These devices perform actuating and sensing tasks and identified through unique addresses. The IoT devices are connected to the Internet and expected to use the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) at the application layer as a main web transfer protocol. Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) does not enforce the use of a particular security approach for its applications, but instead leaves that to the application designer. Therefore, IoT solutions can be based on application context and specific security requirements. MQTT is a Client Server publish/subscribe messaging transport protocol. It is lightweight, open, uncomplicated, and designed to make implementation more easier. These characteristics of MQTT make it perfect for use in most of the situations, including communication in Machine to Machine (M2M) and Internet of Things (IoT). In IOT there is major use of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) which connects virtual world to physical world. In this paper focus is given to application layer of IOT. In application layer two important protocols are MQTT and CoAP. Security mechanism is proposed in the paper for these protocols.

One of the main application scenario that the upcoming 5G systems are expected to support is Internet of Things (IoT) traffic backhauling. With the exponential increase of devices, it follows the critical challenge of handling the huge data volume that they produce. Terrestrial networks may not be sufficient for that, or not always available. Satellites then come into play, and they can provide the ubiquitous coverage targeted by 5G. On the other side, aggregation can be an efficient strategy to reduce the amount of traffic, and use network resources in an efficient manner. Building on that, in this work, we consider a hybrid IoT-satellite network architecture for collecting message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) traffic. We design an advanced filter, namely, MQTT message filter aggregator (MQTT-MFA), that performs MQTT topics aggregation in close proximity of MQTT Publishers before data are sent over the satellite link. The developed MQTT-MFA implementation leverages on MQTT bridge, and it is compliant with Mosquitto, an open-source MQTT broker. Extensive simulation results have demonstrated that MQTT-MFA requires only 10% of the TCP/IP overhead generated in a baseline architecture (where the bridge is not set up) and 1/4 number of bytes to transmit the same amount of information, when compression of the data payload is also enabled.

So far, plantation conditions that have only been monitored manually can now be monitored automatically, making it easier to monitor the condition of the plantation. This study proposes a system for monitoring the condition of the plantation by implementing the MQTT communication protocol based on smart farming. Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) is a machine-to-machine connectivity protocol designed as messaging and provides a publish/subscribe architecture. In this study, MQTT is implemented using a mosquitto broker which functions to regulate the sending of messages between Publishers and Subscribers. With the scheme of increasing the number of publishers (1 to 4 publishers) in each test, the MQTT protocol has the largest average throughput during the condition of 4 publishers which is 13093.5070 bps and the smallest in the condition of 1 publisher 4281.7529 bps, the average packet delivery ratio is the largest in the condition of 4 publishers which is 99.8328% and the smallest when 1 publisher is 99.5615%, the average packet loss is the largest when the condition of 1 publisher is 0.4385% and the smallest when 4 publishers is 0.1672%, And the average largest delay during the condition of 1 publisher is 161.5244 ms and the smallest when 4 publishers is 59.0415 ms.

Design and implementation of an open-Source IoT and blockchain-based peer-to-peer energy trading platform using ESP32-S2, Node-Red and, MQTT protocol

This study designed a message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT)-based communication framework to acquire environmental data with stable, low-latency response (soft real-time capability) and detect anomalies in smart livestock housing. We validated the performance of the proposed framework using actual sensor data. It comprises environmental sensor nodes, a Mosquitto MQTT broker, and a GRU-based anomaly detection model, with data transmission via a WiFi-based network. Comparing quality of service (QoS) levels, the QoS 1 configuration demonstrated the most stable performance, with an average latency of ~150 ms, a data collection rate ≥ 99%, and a packet loss rate ≤ 0.5%. In the sensor node expansion experiment, responsiveness (≤200 ms) persisted for 10–15 nodes, whereas latency increased to 238.7 ms for 20 or more nodes. The GRU model proved suitable for low-latency analysis, achieving 97.5% accuracy, an F1-score of 0.972, and 18.5 ms/sample inference latency. In the integrated experiment, we recorded an average end-to-end latency of 185.4 ms, a data retention rate of 98.9%, processing throughput of 5.39 samples/s, and system uptime of 99.6%. These findings demonstrate that combining QoS 1-based lightweight MQTT communication with the GRU model ensures stable system response and low-latency operation (soft real-time capability) in monitoring livestock housing environments, achieving an average end-to-end latency of 185.4 ms.

The Internet of Things (IoT) becomes the future of a global data field in which the embedded devices communicate with each other, exchange data and making decisions through the Internet. IoT could improve the quality of life in smart cities, but a massive amount of data from different smart devices could slow down or crash database systems. In addition, IoT data transfer to Cloud for monitoring information and generating feedback that will lead to high delay in infrastructure level. Fog Computing can help by offering services closer to edge devices. In this paper, we propose an efficient system architecture to mitigate the problem of delay. We provide performance analysis like response time, throughput and packet loss for MQTT (Message Queue Telemetry Transport) and HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) protocols based on Cloud or Fog servers with large volume of data from emulated traffic generator working alongside one real sensor . We implement both protocols in the same architecture, with low cost embedded devices to local and Cloud servers with different platforms. The results show that HTTP response time is 12.1 and 4.76 times higher than MQTT Fog and Cloud based located in the same geographical area of the sensors respectively. The worst case in performance is observed when the Cloud is public and outside the country region. The results obtained for throughput shows that MQTT has the capability to carry the data with available bandwidth and lowest percentage of packet loss. We also prove that the proposed Fog architecture is an efficient way to reduce latency and enhance performance in Cloud based IoT.

Consistent and timely message transmission is pivotal in the success of Internet of Things (IoT) communications. IoT applications typically involve resourceconstrained devices with limited processing power, memory capacity, and battery life. These characteristics necessitate the use of specialized communication protocols for IoT applications. Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) is a widely adopted protocol within the IoT ecosystem. Ensuring the appropriate message size and reliability level is crucial for achieving successful MQTT communication. This article empirically assesses MQTT protocol performance across various Quality of Service (QoS) levels while considering different message and client sizes. Initially, we conducted a comparative analysis of message transfer performance between HTTP and MQTT protocols. Subsequently, we delved into the MQTT protocol’s performance across three distinct configurations: one publisher-one subscriber, multiple publishers-one subscriber, and multiple publishersmultiple subscribers. We also examined how message and client sizes impact message transfer latency. When employing a 100-byte payload, we observed that the time delay in a network comprising 150 clients is 60.71% greater than in a network with 50 clients. Similarly, with a message size of 2500 bytes, a network with 50 clients requires 96% less time to deliver than a network with 150 clients.

Internet of Things (IoT) is a prominent paradigm applied to several areas ranging from medicine to industrial networks. It aims at connecting to the Internet of million of daily used objects. Important challenges in this area consist in to propose mechanisms and protocols that meet security, device interoperability, quality of service and energy-efficiency requirements. Particularly, the Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol has been prospected in order to provide efficient communication at the application layer for the IoT. This survey aims to present the fundamentals, tools and future directions related to MQTT protocol and its variation tailored for sensor networks, called MQTT-SN. We discuss such protocols comparing to other current IoT application layer protocols, such as Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP). Additionally, we present tools so as to support practical experimentation and simulation. Particularly, we carry out pactical experiments to observe the communication delay between MQTT and CoAP. Finally, the open issues and challenges in this area are examined.

Indonesia Cable Based Tsunameter (INA-CBT) is a network of seafloor sensors interconnected by fiber optic cables that is used as a tsunami detection system. All sensor data are aggregated at landing stations and then sent to a central or read down station for further processing. Currently, Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) is utilized for the application-layer communication protocol between landing stations and a read down station. Due to limited network infrastructures in some regional areas in Indonesia, it is necessary to know the required network parameters before deploying this system with certain quality targets. This paper presents some experimental results in a virtual testbed modeling a simplified INA-CBT system, and provides some insights on the achievable latency with its required minimal bottleneck bandwidth and MQTT Quality of Service (QoS) level.

In the vision of Internet of Things (IoT), everyday objects such as domestic appliances, actuators and embedded systems of any kind soon will be connected with each other using Internet. Especially, with the emerging trends and devices evolving in this technology, choosing an optimized communication protocol for a particular application scenario is highly essential. Hence, in this work an analysis of existing communication protocols namely IETF Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), IBM Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) and W3C HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) was carried out to understand their significance and classify them based on the application scenario. To perform a real-time analysis of these protocols, a test environment for inventory management system is designed. It involves sensors and communication boards, which generates data about the availability status of the every product. Various test cases were executed on all the three protocols by varying the request types in the process of retrieving the sensor data. To justify the performance of each protocol, metrics such as response time, latency and throughput are determined and analyzed. Finally, using the obtained results the protocols were classified and justified that each protocol works optimized for particular request type.

Defending against fake VIP in scant-transparency information systems with QoS differentiation

In this paper we compare the performance of three application layer protocols, that are Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), WebSocket and Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT), in an Internet of Things (IoT) scenario. The three protocols have been implemented on the same low cost and low complexity hardware platform, suitable for IoT applications. The performance, in terms of protocol efficiency, strictly related to the overhead, and average Round Trip Time (RTT), were experimentally evaluated. In the considered scenario an IoT device was transmitting data to a server and waiting for replies. IEEE 802.11.b/g/n air interface was used for the communication between the IoT device and an Access Point (AP), connected to the final server. Two different settings have been considered: a local area network (LAN) configuration, where the AP and the server were in the same LAN; and a more realistic IoT configuration, where the AP was connected to a remote server via the Internet. Furthermore, in the IoT configuration, two types of Internet connection are considered: a connection established through a home router and another via cellular network. Results show that CoAP achieves the highest protocol efficiency and the lowest average RTT, closely followed by WebSocket. The performance of MQTT protocol strongly depend on the Quality of Service (QoS) profile. Changing the environment, from a LAN network to a realistic IoT scenario, does not significantly impact the protocol efficiency, but has a considerable influence on the average RTT, which increases by a factor of 2 or 3, depending on the protocol. Finally, we give some insights on the impact of routing through a cellular network on the system performance.