Multi-deep learning models based analysis for classification of thunderstorms on meteorological dataset over Ranchi region

While the growing accessibility of technology improves usability, it also creates more opportunities for cybercriminals to exploit vulnerabilities, significantly accelerating the proliferation of cybersecurity attacks. Deep learning (DL) approaches present significant advancements over conventional machine learning (ML) techniques by automating feature selection and extraction while minimizing external dependencies. This study proposes a deep learning-based model to enhance cyberattack detection and ensure that data security goals are achieved. This study employs a quantitative research design, utilizing simulation and modeling as the primary analytical tools. The dataset used is the Canadian Institute for Cybersecurity Intrusion Detection System (CIC-IDS-2017) dataset. Three distinct DL algorithms are used to design the detection models, namely, Deep Neural Network (DNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and Recurrent Neural Network (RNN). The performance comparison metrics are F1-score, accuracy, sensitivity, false positive rate (FPR), specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), false negative rate (FNR), and negative predictive value (NPV). Optimization concepts are integrated to enhance the detection efficiency in web-based systems, including loss functions, gradient-based optimization, and efficient model generalization techniques. The results of k-fold cross-validation show LSTM’s higher scores for F1-score (94.6%), recall (94.7%), accuracy (94.8%), and precision (94.6%). LSTM outperformed RNN and DNN, achieving the highest accuracy, precision, specificity, and sensitivity at 94.7%, 94.3%, 98.9%, and 94.7% respectively, validating LSTM's superior generalizability for cyberattack detection tasks.

A comprehensive review on detection of plant disease using machine learning and deep learning approaches

The online spread of fake news on various platforms has emerged as a significant concern, posing threats to public opinion, political stability, and the dissemination of reliable information. Researchers have turned to advanced technologies, including machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) techniques, to detect and classify fake news to address this issue. This research study explores fake news classification using diverse ML and DL approaches. We utilized a well-known “Fake News” dataset sourced from Kaggle, encompassing a labelled news collection. We implemented diverse ML models, including multinomial naïve bayes (MNB), gaussian naïve bayes (GNB), Bernoulli naïve Bayes (BNB), logistic regression (LR), and passive aggressive classifier (PAC). Additionally, we explored DL models, such as long short-term memory (LSTM), convolutional neural networks (CNN), and CNN-LSTM. We compared the performance of these models based on key evaluation metrics, such as accuracy, precision, recall, and the F1 score. Additionally, we conducted cross-validation and hyperparameter tuning to ensure optimal performance. The results provide valuable insights into the strengths and weaknesses of each model in classifying fake news. We observed that DL models, particularly LSTM and CNN-LSTM, showed better performance compared to traditional ML models. These models achieved higher accuracy and demonstrated robustness in classification tasks. These findings emphasize the potential of DL models to tackle the spread of fake news effectively and highlight the importance of utilizing advanced techniques to address this challenging problem.

This article explains how deep learning and machine learning techniques are being utilized to replace humans in a variety of activities, like item classification and sound addition. It emphasizes handwritten text recognition (HTR), which involves computers interpreting handwritten content from sources like paper documents and touchscreens. For recognizing handwritten digits, the study analyzes three algorithms: support vector machines (SVM), multilayer perception (MLP), and convolutional neural networks (CNN). This comparison aims to evaluate the correctness and execution times of different approaches. The evaluation is based on parameters like the dataset used, the number of epochs, algorithm complexity, accuracy, and hardware specifications. The study compares the effectiveness of CNN, Multilayer Perception (MLP), and Support Vector Machines using handwritten digits from the MNIST dataset. It evaluates these algorithms based on criteria such as runtime, complexity, rate of precision, the count of epochs, and the quantity of hidden layers specifically within deep learning techniques. SVM had the highest training data accuracy, but CNN outperformed others on the test dataset. The article’s primary goal is to identify the most precise model for recognizing handwritten digits. It achieves this by assessing the performance of different algorithms and comparing them based on various characteristics.

In last few years lot of work is carried out in process mining field by various researchers. Process mining deals with analysis and extraction of process related information from the event logs created by business processes. Predictive monitoring of business process is subfield of process mining which includes activities where event logs are analyzed to make various process specific predictions. The various machine learning and deep learning techniques have been proposed in predictive business process monitoring (BPM). The aim of these techniques is to predict next process event, remaining cycle time, deadline violations etc. of running process instance. The goal of this paper is to discuss the most representative deep learning approaches used for the runtime prediction of business process. The different types of deep learning approaches used in predictive BPM based on Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Stacked Autoencoders have are highlighted in this paper. Also we are focusing on aspects like type of dataset, predicted values, type of data encoding and quality evaluation metrics for the categorization of these approaches. In this paper we have highlighted various research gaps in mentioned deep learning approaches which can be referred by other researchers in this field to enhance effectiveness of predictive BPM.

The Internet of Things (IoT) has transformed many aspects of modern life, from healthcare and transportation to home automation and industrial control systems. However, the increasing number of connected devices has also led to an increase in security threats, particularly from botnets. To mitigate these threats, various machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) techniques have been proposed for IoT botnet attack detection. This systematic review aims to identify the most effective ML and DL techniques for detecting IoT botnets by delving into benchmark datasets, evaluation metrics, and data pre-processing techniques in detail. A comprehensive search was conducted in multiple databases for primary studies published between 2018 and 2023. Studies were included if they reported the use of ML or DL techniques for IoT botnet detection. After screening 1,567 records, 25 studies were included in the final review. The findings suggest that ML and DL techniques show promising results in detecting IoT botnet attacks, outperforming traditional signature-based methods. However, the effectiveness of the techniques varied depending on the dataset, features, and evaluation metrics used. Based on the synthesis of the findings, this review proposes a taxonomy for ML and DL techniques in IoT botnet attack detection and provides recommendations for future research in this area. This review illuminates the considerable potential of ML and DL approaches in bolstering the detection of IoT botnet attacks, thereby offering valuable insights to researchers involved in the domain of IoT security.

Intrusion detection is a major challenge for security experts in the cyber world. Traditional IDS failed to detect complex and unknown cyber-attacks. Machine learning has become a vibrant technology for cybersecurity. There exists several machine learning algorithms to detect intrusion. Most classifiers are well suited to detect the attacks. However, improving accuracy and detecting unknown attacks in existing IDSs is a great challenge. Therefore, the detailed comparative study of various machine learning approaches such as artificial neural networks, support vector machine, decision tree, and hybrid classifiers used by researchers for intrusion detection are done. Deep learning is an emerging approach which suits well for large data. Deep learning techniques find optimal feature set and classify low-frequency attacks better than other techniques. This study also summarizes literatures in deep learning approaches such as deep auto-encoder, Boltzmann machine, recurrent neural networks, convolutional neural networks, and deep neural networks. Moreover, the datasets used in various literatures and the analysis of deep learning approaches based on the performance metrics are also done. Future directions to detect intrusion are also provided. This study in fact will be helpful to develop IDS based on artificial intelligence approaches such as machine learning and deep learning.KeywordsMachine learningIntrusion detectionFeature selectionDeep learningCyber securityClassifier

In recent years, domain generation algorithms (DGAs) are the foundational mechanisms for many malware families. Mainly, due to the fact that DGA can generate immense number of pseudo random domain names to associate to a command and control (C2) infrastructures. This paper focuses on to detect and classify the pseudo random domain names without relying on the feature engineering or any other linguistic, contextual or semantics and statistical information by adopting deep learning approaches. A deep learning approach is a complex model of traditional machine learning mechanism that has received renewed interest by solving the long-standing tasks in artificial intelligence (AI) related to the field of natural language processing, image recognition, speech processing and many others. They have immense capability to extract optimal feature representations by taking input as in the form of raw input texts. To leverage this and to transfer the performance enhancement in aforementioned areas towards characterize, detect and classify the DGA generated domain names to a specific malware family, this paper adopts deep learning mechanisms with a known one million benign domain names from Alexa, OpenDNS and a corpus of malicious domain names generated from 17 DGA malware families in real time for training in character and bigram level and a trained model has been evaluated on the OSNIT data set in real-time. Specifically, to understand the effectiveness of various deep learning mechanisms, we used recurrent neural network (RNN), identity-recurrent neural network (I-RNN), long short-term memory (LSTM), convolution neural network (CNN), and convolutional neural network-long short-term memory (CNN-LSTM) architectures. Additionally, to find out an optimal architecture, experiments are done with various configurations of network parameters and network structures. All experiments run up to 1000 epochs with a learning rate set in the range [0.01-0.5]. Overall, deep learning approaches, particularly family of recurrent neural network and a hybrid network (where the first layer is CNN and a subsequent layer is LSTM) have showed significant performance with a highest detection rate 0.9945 and 0.9879 respectively. The main reason is deep learning approaches have inherent mechanisms to capture hierarchical feature extraction and long range-dependencies in sequence inputs.

Rainfall forecasting is very challenging due to its uncertain nature and dynamic climate change. It's always been a challenging task for meteorologists. In various papers for rainfall prediction, different Data Mining and Machine Learning (ML) techniques have been used. These techniques show better predictive accuracy. A deep learning approach has been used in this study to analyze the rainfall data of the Karnataka Subdivision. Three deep learning methods have been used for prediction such as Artificial Neural Network (ANN) - Feed Forward Neural Network, Simple Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), and the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) optimized RNN Technique. In this paper, a comparative study of these three techniques for monthly rainfall prediction has been given and the prediction performance of these three techniques has been evaluated using the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE%) and a Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE%). The results show that the LSTM Model shows better performance as compared to ANN and RNN for Prediction. The LSTM model shows better performance with mini-mum Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE%) and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE%).

As cyberattacks become more advanced, conventional centralized threat intelligence models often fail to keep up with these threats’ growing complexity and frequency, highlighting the requirement for innovative approaches to strengthen cybersecurity resilience. Federated learning (FL), a decentralized machine learning (ML) model, provides a promising solution by permitting spread objects to train techniques on local data collaboratively without distributing sensitive data. The efficiency of FL in enhancing attack intelligence skills emphasizes its probability of driving a novel period of robust and privacy-protecting cybersecurity practices. Furthermore, combining FL into cybersecurity structures can strengthen attack intelligence models by permitting real upgrades and adaptive learning mechanisms. Recently, ML and Deep Learning (DL) approaches have drawn the study community to advance security solutions for cyberattack defence mechanism models. Conventional ML and DL techniques that function with data kept on a federal server increase the main privacy issues for user information. This manuscript presents a Cyberattack Defence Mechanism System for Federated Learning Framework using Attention Induced Deep Convolution Neural Networks (CDMFL-AIDCNN) technique. The CDMFL-AIDCNN model presents an improved structure incorporating self-guided FL with attack intelligence to improve defence mechanisms across varied cybersecurity applications in distributed systems. Initially, the data preprocessing stage utilizes Z-score normalization to transform input data into a beneficial format. The Dung Beetle Optimization (DBO) technique is used in the feature selection process to identify the most relevant and non-redundant features. Furthermore, the fusion of convolutional neural networks, bidirectional long short-term memory, gated recurrent units, and attention (CBLG-A) models are employed to classify cyberattack defence mechanisms. Finally, the parameter tuning of the CBLG-A approach is performed by the growth optimizer (GO) approach. The CDMFL-AIDCNN technique is extensively analyzed using the CIC-IDS-2017 and UNSW-NB15 datasets. The comparison analysis of the CDMFL-AIDCNN technique portrayed a superior accuracy value of 99.07% and 98.64% under the CIC-IDS-2017 and UNSW-NB15 datasets.

The term “Liver disease” refers to a broad category of disorders affecting the liver. There are a variety of common liver ailments, such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. Accurate and early diagnosis is an emergent demand for the prediction and diagnosis of liver disease. Conventional diagnostic techniques, such as radiological, CT scan, and liver function tests, are often time-consuming and prone to inaccuracies in several cases. An application of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) techniques is an efficient approach to diagnosing diseases in a wide range of medical fields. This type of machine-related learning can handle various tasks, such as image recognition, analysis, and classification, because it helps train large datasets and learns to identify patterns that might not be perceived by humans. This paper is presented here with an evaluation of the performance of various DL models on the estimation and subtyping of liver ailment and prognosis. In this manuscript, we propose a novel approach, termed CNN+LSTM, which is an integration of convolutional neural network (CNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM) networks. The results of the study prove that ML and DL can be used to improve the diagnosis and prognosis of liver disease. The CNN+LSTM model achieves a better accuracy of 98.73% compared to other models such as CNN, Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), and LSTM. The incorporation of the proposed CNN+LSTM model has better results in terms of accuracy (98.73%), precision (99%), recall (98%), F1 score (98%), and AUC (Area Under the Curve)-ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) (99%), respectively. The use of the CNN+LSTM model shows robustness in predicting the liver ailment with an accurate diagnosis and prognosis.

This paper explores the effectiveness of machine learning and deep learning approaches in detecting deepfake images. With the increasing sophistication and prevalence of deepfake technology, it is becoming increasingly important to develop reliable methods for detecting manipulated images. The paper outlines the steps involved in creating a deepfake image detection model, including data preprocessing, dataset splitting, hyperparameter tuning, and the use of deep learning and machine learning techniques. Comprehensive review of the literature on deepfake detection, highlighting the challenges and limitations of existing approaches. They then propose a novel deep learning-based approach that leverages the power of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to detect deepfake images. The proposed approach involves training a CNN on a large dataset of real and manipulated images, and using transfer learning to fine-tune the model on a smaller dataset of deepfake images. Here we try to evaluate the performance of their approach on a benchmark dataset of deepfake images, and compare it to several state-of-the-art deepfake detection methods. The results show that the proposed approach outperforms existing methods in terms of accuracy, precision, and recall. This paper provides valuable insights into the use of machine learning and deep learning approaches for deepfake image detection, and presents a promising new approach that could help to mitigate the risks of digital disinformation.

Gesture recognition (GR) is an emerging and wide-ranging area of research. GR is extensively applied in sign language, Immersive game technology, and other computer interfaces, among others. People with visual impairments face challenges in completing tasks, including navigating environments, using technologies, and engaging in social interactions. Additionally, people face challenges in balancing their individuality with the need for protection in their day-to-day work. It is likely to recognize the communication of visually challenged and deaf people by recording their speech, and in comparison, with recent datasets, hence establishing their objectives. The conventional machine learning (ML) model attempts to utilize handcrafted features, but often underperforms in real-time environments. Deep learning (DL) models have become a sensation amongst investigators recently, making conventional ML techniques comparatively old. Therefore, this study presents a new approach, Enhancing Gesture Recognition for the Visually Impaired using Deep Learning and an Improved Snake Optimization Algorithm (EGRVI-DLISOA), in an IoT environment. The EGRVI-DLISOA approach is an advanced GR system powered by DL in an IoT environment, designed to provide real-time interpretation of gestures to assist the visually impaired. Initially, the EGRVI-DLISOA technique utilizes the Sobel filter (SF) technique for the noise elimination process. For feature extraction, the SqueezeNet model is utilized due to its efficiency in capturing meaningful features from complex visual data. For an accurate GR process, the long short-term memory (LSTM) approach is implemented. To fine-tune the hyperparameter values of the LSTM classifier, the improved snake optimization algorithm (ISOA) is utilized. The experimentation of the EGRVI-DLISOA technique is investigated under the hand gestures dataset. The comparison study of the EGRVI-DLISOA technique revealed a superior accuracy value of 98.62% compared to existing models.

Wearable electroencephalography (EEG) devices for seizure detection accuracy and reliability are deep learning (DL) applications in the field of epilepsy diagnosis. In this study, we sought to increase the accuracy of seizure detection using advanced DL algorithms on the Children’s Hospital Boston - Massachusetts Institute of Technology (CHB-MIT) EEG database. First, a fully convolutional network (FCN) was trained and assessed using accuracy and recall/precision metrics, and the early stopping technique was used to avoid overfitting. To assess the performance, the FCN was evaluated in terms of various metrics, including accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC)-area under the curve (AUC). In addition, two-dimensional (2D) convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and long short-term memory (LSTM) models were used to model the database, and their performance was thoroughly measured using different metrics, graphs, and confusion matrices. Using LSTM variants, such as standard LSTM, bidirectional LSTM, stacked LSTM, and LSTM attention mechanisms, hybrid convolutional LSTM (ConvLSTM) models were trained and compared. The comparison was conducted based on the training and validation accuracy and loss, as well as the graphs resulting from the precision–recall curves. Apart from DL approaches, EEG signal analysis using time–frequency techniques, such as wavelet transform and short-time Fourier transform, has also been investigated. These methods assisted in the analysis of the time–frequency features of EEG signals in combination with DL models. This study demonstrates that the performance of wearable EEG devices can be augmented using a combination of DL and seizure signal processing techniques. The FCN achieved an accuracy of 92%, with a recall for seizures of 33%, an F1-score of 0.03, and strong ROC-AUC results. The 2D CNN achieved 96% accuracy, a seizure recall of 70%, an F1-score of 0.12, and an ROC-AUC score of 78%. The baseline LSTM struggled with effectiveness at 53% accuracy with a seizure recall of 18%. In contrast, the LSTM model, which incorporated synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) balancing, was able to reach improvements of up to 89% accuracy, with a precision of 91%, a recall of 86%, an F1-score of 0.89, and a strong ROC curve performance. Among the models, the LSTM with SMOTE was the best performer, with 89% accuracy, 91% precision, 86% recall, and an F1-score of 0.89. These results provide evidence that applying techniques for data balancing in combination with certain DL network architectures significantly improves the detection of seizures using wearable EEG devices worn on the body. We believe that real-time monitoring and high-performance systems are feasible using optimized DL frameworks. The analysis of the performance of different models allows for the understanding of the possibilities of optimizing the architectures of DL algorithms for the modern diagnosis of epilepsy in real time. The source code used to carry out the experiments is publicly available at CHB-MIT EEG Dataset Python Scripts (https://www.kaggle.com/code/adnankust/adnaneeg1).

For environmental protection, urban planning, monitoring, and management of the urban ecosystem, mapping urban green spaces is a crucial undertaking. A vital source of information for United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 11.7 could come from urban green space mapping. The standard method of mapping urban green spaces requires field measurements and takes a lot of time. It is also important to update urban green space maps periodically because urban green spaces can change quickly over time due to development. With the advent of high-resolution satellite sensors like Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2, a large number of remote sensing images may be gathered, providing quick and precise information over urban areas. This work intends to offer a new perspective on how crowd sourced geospatial big data and remote sensing may be combined to enhance the mapping of urban green spaces, including time optimization and accurate information through machine learning and deep learning. For the revitalization of cities, this data will be valuable. Remote sensing imagery data can be classified using machine learning techniques like Support vector machines (SVM), Random forests (RF), and Naive Bayes (NB). In deep learning techniques such as Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), K Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN), and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) can be used to classify remote sensing images.