Multi-mode secure data communication for real-time robot arm control with Li-Fi technology

The knowledge of error nature in wireless channels is an essential constituent of efficient communication protocol design. To this end, this paper is the first comprehensive bit- and symbol-level analysis of IEEE 802.15.4 transmission errors in industrial environments. The intention with this paper is to extract the error properties relevant for future improvements of wireless communication reliability and coexistence of radio systems in these harsh conditions. An extensive set of bit-error traces was collected in a variety of scenarios and industrial environments, showing that error behavior is highly dependent on the cause of packet corruption. It is shown that errors inflicted by multipath fading and attenuation exhibit different properties than those imposed by IEEE 802.11 interference. The statistical behavior of these two patterns is concurrently investigated in terms of differences in bit-error distribution, error burst length, channel memory length, and the scale of packet corruption. With these conclusions at hand, abiding to the computational constraints of embedded sensors and the statistical properties of bit-errors, a Reed-Solomon $(15,k)$ block code is chosen to investigate the implications of bit-error nature on practical aspects of channel coding and interleaving. This paper is concluded by a number of findings of high practical relevance, concerning the optimal type, depth, and meaningfulness of interleaving.

Wireless communications in industrial environments are seriously affected by reliability and performance issues, due to the multipath nature of obstacles within such environments. In order to utilize wireless systems for M2M applications in industrial environments, it is necessary to investigate and model their channel characteristics for optimal design and reliability assessment. However, the wireless channel characterization in such environments has not been sufficiently addressed in the literature within the scope of our knowledge. In this paper, to shed light on the channel modeling for plant applications, we measure and analyze the indoor channel characteristics in a typical thermal power plant. Our results indicate that the channel characterization of the plant environment is specific when compared with the general environments such as home and office. The findings in this paper provide a useful guidance to the design of wireless system for the realization of reliable control systems in power plants.

SUMMARYWireless communications in industrial environments are seriously affected by reliability and performance issues, due to the multipath nature of obstacles within such environments. In order to utilize wireless systems for machine‐to‐machine applications in industrial environments, it is necessary to investigate and model their channel characteristics for optimal design and reliability assessment. However, the wireless channel characterization in such environments has not been sufficiently addressed in the literature within the scope of our knowledge. In this paper, to shed light on the channel modeling for plant applications, we measure and analyze the indoor channel characteristics in a typical thermal power plant. Our results indicate that the channel characterization of the plant environment is specific when compared with the general environments such as houses and offices. The findings in this paper provide a useful guidance to the design of wireless system for the realization of reliable control systems in power plants.

Trealize the Industry 4.0 vision and enable mobile connectivity and flexible deployment in harsh industrial environments, wireless communication is essential. But before wireless communications technology can be widely deployed for critical control applications, first it must be assessed, and that requires a comprehensive characterization of the wireless channel. This can be done by analyzing large amounts of wireless data collected from different industrial environments. In this article, we discuss the possibilities offered by a recently published industrial wireless data set. This data set is more exhaustive than measurements previously reported. We show two cases of how those data have been applied to improve latency performance and to investigate the feasibility of physical-layer security techniques for wireless communication in industrial environments.

Lifi technology was introduced to face the increased demand of wireless applications caused by the drastic increase of users. Light from LEDs are used to transmit the signals. Unlike radio waves, the data transmission using visible light is more efficient with high security defense. Visible light can be used for free of cost is another major reason for its wide application. There is an increase in the usage of Lifi technology in hospital zones and security communications for its un harmful and data security reasons. Communication domain estimates a high increase in demand for Lifi technology in the near future which includes its usage in space and under water communications. Due to few limitations in Lifi technology; it cannot fully replace radio wave transmission technology. Anyway the hybrid model of bringing both wifi and Lifi technology is having a great future demand in the communication world. This review helps the Researchers in Lifi technology to expand their search in this communication technology.

Presently, multi-day data security is the greatest issue of challenging over the world. There are various systems accessible for image and data security; watermarking is one of them. This paper proposes a new technique for watermarking encryption image by using LSB and based on the frequency and geometric transform. In this work, the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) technique is used to deal with the cover image at the frequency domain without spatial domain where late studies have shown the strength of this type of transform. The rotation geometric transforms applying on the logo image to preserve it and to protect it from eavesdropping and unauthorized entities. The rotate transform considers the type of disguise. Therefore, to increase the security of the watermarking system, it should be considered to also apply Rivest Cipher 4 (RC4) encryption algorithms on logo image before perform watermarking embedding. In finally Least Significant Bit (LSB) is used to embed a logo image in the cover image. The demonstrated experiment is based on Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Mean Squared Error (MSE), the DWT achieves better results as compared to other methods when the rate of PSNR reached from 50 dB to 60 dB.

In the Factory of the Future, wireless communication will play an important role. DECT, the European standard for digital cordless telecommunication is considered to be the prime means for realizing a wireless infrastructure for data communication in industrial environments. In this paper, the authors consider the following situation: when different owners of mobile communication equipment will be forced to communicate with each other on the factory floor, the task of interweaving their communication streams becomes difficult. In terms of telecommunications, the problem must be solved. Alas, DECT's support for roaming is only on a local basis, meaning a single domain or island. The authors propose the OSI X.500 Directory Service as a standard solution for DECT's mobility management. Its suitability for mobile management application needs not be verified, as this was already done by Hoff (1997). Instead, the prototype of an interworking unit is verified by use of simulations. Without roaming, the integration of DECT into the Factory of the Future will be limited to local Private Branch Exchange (PABX) functionality.

An on-chip 4to20mA reconfigurable current loop transmitter with four input channels for remote smart sensor applications is presented. The designed system includes: a like-HART protocol based on frequency-shift keying modulator (FSK) and demodulator to an efficient communication in industrial environment, a power management sub-system, a standard 4to20mA output and an embedded NVM memory (256 bytes) for calibration and identification purposes. The integrated circuit was fabricated in standard 0.6um CMOS technology occupying an área of 11.1mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .

Reliable optical fiber link for communications in industrial environments

Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) are a key component of many modern industrial systems. AGVs are supposed to communicate with each other in real time using wireless networks. In this article, the advantages and disadvantages of the ZigBee wireless network related to the control of AGVs are considered. We analyze the performance of the ZigBee network programmed with both C# and Python libraries to control ZigBee devices. The throughput and signal strength are presented and discussed depending on the transmission speed of the serial port, the payload size, and the presence and distance from the obstacles. The results of the experiments show the effective values of these parameters, the methods of using C# and Python, and the reliability of the throughput up to a certain point in network devices.

This study discusses the effectiveness of using AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) and RC4 (Rivest Chipper 4) as digital data security algorithms to prevent and protect transaction data from irresponsible parties. This needs to be done because the development of sales transactions or other services has used digital technology a lot. This situation causes the need to secure digital data from existing transactions, so that transaction data can be stored safely. Transaction data security is carried out by changing data into ciphers or codes that are difficult to read using the AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) and RC4 (Rivest Cipher 4) algorithms. This research begins by collecting existing transaction data and then transforming it into ASCII code. The results of the transformation will be used to perform calculations using the AES algorithm. After completing the calculation process using the AES algorithm, then do the calculations using RC4. These results will be stored in the database so that the transaction data that has turned into these codes cannot be known by other parties. The combination of the AES and RC4 algorithms is carried out to strengthen data encryption because there are more and more rotation systems and double security is carried out so that digital data is not easily read and misused. With the presence of this research, it can be shown that the AES and RC4 algorithms are capable of encrypting existing transaction data with multiple levels of security.

The efficiency of Li-Fi (light –Fidelity) security and data transmission compared to Wi-Fi

The project "Audio and Text Transmission Using Li-Fi Technology" explores the innovative application of Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) for transmitting both audio and text data. Li-Fi employs light signals, typically from LEDs or lasers, for data transmission, and in this project, it is leveraged to achieve two distinct functionalities: audio and text transmission. For audio transmission, a dedicated Li-Fi system is implemented where an audio signal is modulated onto the light signal emitted by an LED or laser. At the receiver end, multiple amplifiers are employed to retrieve and reproduce the audio signal. This process allows for the wireless transmission of audio data using light waves, offering a unique and potentially efficient alternative to traditional audio communication methods. For text transmission, Li-Fi modules connected to Arduino boards are employed for both the transmitter and receiver. The Arduino-based system facilitates the encoding and decoding of text data into light signals, enabling the wireless transmission of textual information using Li-Fi technology. This dual-functional approach expands the versatility of Li-Fi in communication systems, showcasing its potential for transmitting both audio and text data wirelessly through light Keywords: Arduino, Li Fi Transmitter, Li Fi receiver, LCD

With the rapid development of unmanned aerial vehicles assisted applications enabled with a communication system, they are open to various malicious attacks. As a new form of flying things, they can access the network for better communication via the aerial base station. Most of the Unmanned aerial vehicles assisted flying objects' optimal path selection schemes does not consider the path deviation. In path deviation attacks, secure data transmission are not addressed in existing works. The secure communication process between Unmanned aerial vehicles and base station are exploited through security-based attacks. Moreover, path loss issue leads to multicast packet loss and unsecured broadcast. The existing network architecture setup does not fulfill the secure data communication and privacy issues. In this paper, Blockchain is utilized to investigate the secure communication between Unmanned aerial vehicles to Wireless Unmanned aerial vehicles Base stations. Since the destination information is dynamic under an uncertain environment, it will cause a delay in data communication. Unmanned aerial vehicles are more vulnerable to security attacks. The proposed blockchain-based architecture supports secure data communication in Unmanned aerial vehicles uncertain environments. To improve network security, this paper designs a modified particle swarm optimization method for better path selection. Through these experimental results, a blockchain-based data communication scheme is outer performed concerning network security.

Authentication is a fundamental part of essential security operations and is a cornerstone for the Internet of Things (IoT) security. In this work an energy-efficient and secure mutual authentication protocol is proposed for constrained IoT devices wherein a combination of RC5 (Rivest Cipher) and ECC (Elliptic Curve Cryptography) cryptosystems are used. The protocol is implemented, and its functionality is verified on Zolertia RE-mote IoT devices. It supports secure data transmission along with authentication. Unlike existing schemes, mutual authentication in the proposed protocol is achieved with only two flights between client and server. The security against most common attacks is analysed, furthermore energy consumption of our protocol is evaluated and compared with existing protocol e.g. DTLS handshake. Our protocol saves up to 57% energy compared to the DTLS handshake protocol per authentication cycle.