Multinationals, Capital Export, and the Inclusive Development Debate in Developing Countries: The Nigerian Insight

Agriculture, food and global value chains: issues, methods and challenges

The authors reflect on the growth opportunities for small-sized companies from models and practices that are based on spatial and business interaction, cooperation and competitiveness between firms as well as on integration with local systems and international supply chains. The article argues that enterprises realize significant economies of scale when they are co-localized and linked together-through networks, cooperatives, consortia or clusters. This has a positive impact on their ability to access markets and resources, to integrate into local and global value chains as well as to generate innovation. Clusters and networks of enterprises become an effective model to foster inclusive and sustainable industrial development.

Purpose– This paper aims to explore inter-organizational linkages and the extent of technology transfer and develop propositions related to the linkages, technology transfer and upgrading of local suppliers in developing economies.Design/methodology/approach– The authors conduct a literature review and 50 exploratory interviews with senior managers and policymakers in the automotive parts industry of Pakistan.Findings– The data revealed that three major international joint ventures (IJVs) established in the automotive industry of Pakistan have created significant vertical linkages. However, advanced high-level technology transfer has not actually taken place due to the following reasons: IJV parents are reluctant to engage in technology transfer, there is limited support from local government and local suppliers exhibit limited improvement in their innovation capability. The vertical linkage creation and low-medium technology transfer contributes to incremental product upgrading of the local suppliers, rather than their process upgrading and insertion into the global value chain (GVC).Research limitations/implications– This research looked at technology interactions between IJVs and local tier-1 suppliers (not tier 2 and tier 3) in Pakistan’s automotive industry. This paper’ illustrative case indicates what is required for local suppliers in developing economies to make breakthrough upgrades of their products and processes through their vertical linkages with foreign-owned indigenous firms.Originality/value– Unlike prior research, the authors investigate the role of inter-organizational linkages and the extent of technology transfer, and how these affect local suppliers’ product/process upgrading in the local value chain. Highlighting the illusion of upgrading in the GVC, this paper reveals the difficulties involved in upgrading suppliers’ positions (e.g. insertion and functional upgrading in the GVC) through their vertical linkages with foreign multinational enterprises in developing economies. The illusion of upgrading sheds a rather disappointing light on the position of developing country suppliervis-à-vistheir powerful international partners.

The case for demand-driven research and development has received important considerations among governments, donors and programme implementing partners in development planning and implementation. Addressing demand is believed to be a bottom-top approach for designing and responding to development priorities and is good for achieving development outcomes. In this paper, we discuss the concept and application of demand-driven research and development (DDRD) in Africa. We use evidence of six projects implemented under the BiomassWeb Project in Africa. We focus on parameters on level of engagement of stakeholders—whose demand is being articulated, the processes for demand articulation, capacity building and implementation processes, innovativeness of the project, reporting and sustainability of the project. We find that the nature of the institutions involved in articulation and implementation of demand-driven research and development projects and their partnerships influence the impact and reporting of demand-driven projects.

Global Value Chains - 2[-]Table of Contents - 6[-]Part I Theoretical Contributions - 8[-] 1 Global Value Chains An Overview of the Issues and Concepts - 10[-] 2 The Bottom of the Pyramid (BOP) and the Private Sector A Value Chain Research Approach - 32[-] 3 Value Chains in Developing Countries A Framework for Analysis - 44[-]Part II Local Agricultural Value Chains - 70[-] 4 Beer multinationals Supporting Africa's Development? How Partnerships Include Smallholders into Sorghum-beer Supply Chains - 72[-] 5 Bush-to-energy Value Chains in Namibia Institutional Challenges for Pro-poor Rural Development - 90[-]Part III International Agricultural Value Chains - 118[-] 6 Localizing Global Standards Illustrative Examples from Kenya's Horticulture Sector - 120[-] 7 Using a Partnership to Achieve Sustainable Development of the Palm Oil Value Chain in Malaysia - 138[-]Part IV Value Chains in the Industrial and Services Sector - 164[-] 8 Global Competition in the Semiconductor Industry A Comparative Study of Malaysian and Chinese Semiconductor Value Chains - 166[-] 9 Business-community Partnerships The Link for Sustainable Local Development? - 202[-]Part V Conclusions: Upgrading Value Chains in Developing Countries - 236[-] 10 Upgrading of Value Chains in Developing Countries - 238[-] 11 A Learning Case of a Local Value Chain The Banana Subsector in Arusha Municipality and Arumeru District: Producing Banana Beverages - 252[-]About the Authors - 274[-]Index - 278

Relevance of the research topic. The problem of the national economy sustainability maintaining by building an institutional environment for inclusive development is relevant. Problem statement. There is an increasing emphasis on the need to choose a policy of so-called inclusive development, the feature of which is the all population segments involvement in solving social and economic problems [1; 2]. In Ukraine, the implementation of these tasks will allow to achieve a balance of goals stated in economic development programs. Analysis of recent research and publications. The essence and tasks of economic systems inclusive development in line with the concept of sustainable development were studied by J. Gupta [3], Z. Darvas [4], A. Bazyliuk [5], V. Geets [2], O. Prodius [6], I. Taranenko [7], L. Fedulova [8] and others. Many researchers have considered the problem of sustainable development through the prism of institutional aspects [9-13]. Selection of unexplored parts of the general problem. Inclusion was considered mainly in the context of equal access to education, but the problem should be considered more broadly and ways to solve it in the context of improving the Ukraine institutional environment structure should be found. Setting the task, the purpose of the study. Analyze the reasons for the dominance of extractive institutional factors in Ukraine, characterize their impact on the economic entities choice of the competitive strategies and evaluate their choice results in terms of the national economy structural dynamics and its competitiveness. Method or methodology of the study. In the research process the methods of statistical analysis, logical generalization, scientific abstraction and synthesis have been used. Presentation of the main material (results of work). The reasons of extractive institutional factors dominance in Ukraine have been analyzed, their influence on the business entities’ behavior strategies choice has been characterized. The connection of their choice with the results of the national economy structural dynamics has been shown. The structural and logical scheme of inclusive institutions mechanism influence on economic processes in Ukraine has been developed. The field of application of results. The research can be used by public administration and local self-government bodies, business entities, educational and scientific institutions in educational and scientific activities. Conclusions according to the article. Inclusive development should be based on the national economy modernization, the economic growth imperatives transformation through the development of the country's social capital, social activity increasing and involving population broad sections to the qualitative change process. This will be facilitated by the institutional environment development towards the displacement of extractive institutions and the expansion of the influence sphere of institutions that meet the inclusive development objectives.

The paper unpacks the concept of 'content' and its derivative 'local content'. It further elucidates on the confusing nexus between 'local content' and indigenous knowledge and asserts that IK is in fact a special form of local content. The benefits of local content to the economy are discussed as are the challenges. The paper submits that contrary to widely held perception, Africa has made good progress towards developing and managing its local content. Several local content initiatives by international agencies as well as regional and national efforts are testimony to this claim. The paper suggests the way forward to enhance local content development in Africa.

In development and migration studies, understanding the impact of policies and development interventions is one of the major research priorities. However, when carrying out research with beneficiaries of development projects in Africa, there are numerous challenges that - if not carefully considered - will jeopardize data quality. Even though there are some methodological articles and reflections on monitoring & evaluation and on quantitative research with beneficiaries of development projects, not much has been written on the specific challenges that qualitative data collection faces in these situations. Drawing on 28 FGDs and 144 IDIs conducted in the timespan of 18 months of qualitative fieldwork research with project beneficiaries in Southern Ethiopia, we give fieldwork advice, and provide actionable recommendations for future research, revolving around 1) the importance of pre-testing, 2) verifying age and other personal characteristics of informants, 3) the outsider-insider debate, 4) sampling and communication with NGO staff, 5) expectations, vulnerabilities and behavior of individuals.

The successful implementation of initiatives for water resource management and sustainable development requires access to reliable data and information on water-related issues. There is a growing awareness that Earth Observation (EO) data has the potential to serve these data needs especially in the context of International Financing Institutions (IFIs) and Official Developing Assistance (ODA) normally operating in regions where policies and management decisions are often based on sparse and unreliable information. This paper will provide examples on how EO is supporting development projects in Africa in order to help countries better measure and manage their water resources and as support for the monitoring requirements of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Through practical examples, it will be demonstrated how the new generation of Sentinel satellites offering free data access can provide large area monitoring information on surface water resources (including wetlands), and agricultural land use and practices with an unprecedented spatial detail and revisit time.

Journal Article Population and Development Projects in Africa Get access Population and Development Projects in Africa, edited by John I. Clarke, Mustafa Khogali and Leszek A. Kosinski. Cambridge University Press, 1985. xvi–329 pp. £30. ISBN 0 521 30527 6. ANTHONY O'CONNOR ANTHONY O'CONNOR University CollegeLondon Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar African Affairs, Volume 85, Issue 339, April 1986, Pages 302–303, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097785 Published: 01 April 1986

Using geo-referenced data on development projects by the World Bank and China, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the effect of aid on conflict using fixed effects and instrumental variables strategies. The results show that aid projects seem to reduce rather than fuel conflict, on average. Our analysis suggests that this is driven by projects in the transport and financial sectors, and through less lethal violence by governments against civilians. There are no clear differences based on ethnic fractionalization and government affiliation of a region, but some indications of spill-overs to other regions. We also find no increased likelihood of demonstrations, strikes or riots, but a higher likelihood of non-lethal government repression in areas where China is active.

The Cold War inadvertently led to the formation of two human rights treaties – with specific civil rights being encouraged by the West and participatory rights by the East. These participatory rights have found their voice in resource governance in Sub-Saharan Africa. This is due to lack of socio-economic infrastructure, corruption, and the weak or non-existent rule of law. Harnessing the benefits of extractive resources have been problematic, as the countries concerned failed to reap the benefits of the resources, and the development of the resources triggered violent conflicts, destroyed the environment, exacerbated inequalities across gender and geography, displaced communities, and undermined democratic governance. This article examines the fundamental questions about community participation in decision-making processes that have long-term environmental, economic, and social impacts on the community. Using context case studies, the article investigates the building blocks of effective participation in development projects in Africa. The critical questions asked are: Who delineates the contested space of participation and how are multiple layers of organized participation adopted? The potential for participatory development mechanisms as an inducement to encourage local community participation in resource governance is examined. Encouraging participation is indispensable for achieving environmental justice in vulnerable, resource-rich zones.

This paper lays out the main features of the global automotive industry and identifies several important trends. A boom in developing country sales and production has not yet overshadowed the importance of existing markets in developed regions. Regional integration is very strong at an operational level, yet the industry has recently developed a set of global-scale value chain linkages, and retains national and local elements as well. The paper highlights how global, regional, national and local value chains are nested to create a pattern of global integration that is distinctive to the industry. We use global value chain analysis to help explain the limits of build-to-order in the industry, the role of regional and global suppliers, the shifting geography of production and how the characteristics of value chain linkages in the industry favour tight integration and regional production. We describe how industry concentration focuses power in the hands of a few large lead firms and discuss the implications of this for value chain governance and the geography of production.

This research was aimed at feeding into the quest for ways that would help advance Africa’s effort to industrialize its economy. Empirical evidence suggests transforming the agro-industry and inserting MSEs into value chains is the most feasible strategy. Inspired by arguments against global value chains (GVCs) orientation of Africa’s industrialization strategies, this research investigated the link between local production and technological capability in Africa using indicators from various international databases and cross-country quantitative analyses. The research also undertook an in-depth qualitative investigation on Ethiopia’s edible oil industry as an important case capable of shedding some light on problems linked to Africa’s agro-processing with a special focus on local production system and technological capability. The finding revealed strong positive linkages between local value chains and technological/innovation capabilities in Africa. Structural constraints, under-developed supply chains, and poor implementation and coordination of policies have limited Africa’s capability to harness potentials inherent in the agro-processing sector.

Financial inclusion is currently on the political agenda of many governments and international institutions as an unavoidable objective of territorial cohesion and economic development programs. It is also central to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). For their part, the role of credit unions as agents of local economic development and their commitment to the provision of financial services in regions subject to unfavorable demographic and economic stress has been verified by various studies. However, this article examines the contribution of credit unions to the processes of financial inclusion and economic development in Poland under a regional analysis approach. For this purpose, spatial analysis method is applied to a sample of 3,556 credit union bank branches representative of all Polish voivodeships to determine the distribution of these branches. Then, a model based on the research of Di Pietro (2016) and Coccorese and Shaffer (2018) is estimated to assess the impact of credit unions on the endogenous economic development of the territory. The obtained results suggest that credit unions have a significant influence on the local economic development of Polish voivodeships and contribute to the financial inclusion in these regions.