Multiple-use spatial planning for sustainable development and conservation.

Wood resources for energy sector in Latvia. Is it a sustainable solution?

Bioeconomy and ethnopharmacology – Translational perspective and sustainability of the bioresources of northeast region of India

Sustainable development is an important topic of urban research. The rational use of land resources is of great significance for urban development and is conducive to promoting regional governance and coordinated development. The purpose of this study was to construct an effective evaluation framework for urban land resources to maintain sustainable urban development. Taking the cities along the Jiangsu Section of the Beijing–Hangzhou Grand Canal as the research object, this study constructed an evaluation system for the sustainable use of land resources including the dimensions of economic level, social development, and environmental resources. The statistical data for 2010, 2015, and 2020 were selected to comprehensively calculate and evaluate the level of sustainable use of land resources in the study area via the analytic hierarchy process (AHP)-entropy combined weight method, which combines the analytic hierarchy process and the entropy weight method. According to the research results, the sustainable use of land resources in the study area presented an overall upward trend from 2010 to 2015, and an overall downward trend from 2015 to 2020. Overall, the study area was in a critically sustainable stage, although the annual change rate of the level of sustainable use of land resources showed significant fluctuations and exhibited a spatial pattern of progressive increase from north to south. The cities in southern Jiangsu were in the initially sustainable and basically sustainable stages; those in central Jiangsu were in the critically sustainable and initially sustainable stages; and those in northern Jiangsu were in the unsustainable and critically sustainable stages. This study proposed a scientific and effective evaluation method for cities along the Grand Canal to explore the efficient, sustainable use of land resources in the future. The evaluation framework constructed on this basis can serve as an important reference for urban governance and is expected to guide the sustainable use and development of land resources for other cities of the same type.

Traditional knowledge encompasses the cumulative body of practices, innovations, and beliefs developed by indigenous peoples and local communities through long-term interactions with their natural environments. Rooted in cultural traditions and sustained through intergenerational transmission, this knowledge plays a critical role in biodiversity conservation by guiding sustainable resource use, ecosystem stewardship, and the preservation of genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity. In the context of accelerating global biodiversity loss driven by climate change, habitat degradation, overexploitation, and unsustainable development, traditional knowledge offers locally adapted, cost-effective, and resilient approaches to conservation. Indigenous land-use systems, seed-saving practices, and customary governance institutions have demonstrated their effectiveness in maintaining ecological balance and enhancing ecosystem resilience. This article explores the conceptual foundations of traditional knowledge, examines its contributions to biodiversity conservation and climate change adaptation, analyzes the socio-economic and institutional challenges threatening its continuity, and emphasizes the importance of integrating traditional and scientific knowledge systems. Strengthening inclusive governance frameworks, protecting indigenous rights, and fostering knowledge co-production are essential for achieving sustainable ecosystem management and long-term biodiversity conservation

Protected areas for conservation and poverty alleviation: experiences from Madagascar Charlie J. Gardner*, Martin E. Nicoll, Tsibara Mbohoahy, Kirsten L. L. Oleson, Anitry N. Ratsifandrihamanana, Joelisoa Ratsirarson, Lily-Arison Ren e de Roland, Malika Virah-Sawmy, Bienvenue Zafindrasilivonona and Zoe G. Davies WWF Madagascar and Western Indian Ocean Programme Office, BP738, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar; Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology (DICE), School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NR, UK; D epartement de Biologie, Facult e des Sciences, Universit e de Toliara, Toliara 601, BP 185, Toliara, Madagascar; Blue Ventures Conservation, Level 2 Annex, Omnibus Business Centre, 39-41 North Road, N7 9DP London, UK; ESSA-D epartement Eaux et Forets, Universit e d’Antananarivo, BP 175 Antananarivo, Madagascar; and The Peregrine Fund, BP 4113 Antananarivo, Madagascar

MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES Introduction. Management Goals and Purposes: Sustainable Use of Resources. Biological Diversity. Protection Against Natural Hazards. Pollution Control. Economic Development Management and Planning. Enhancement of Social Welfare of Coastal Communities. Optimum Mix of Uses. Development Impacts: General Issues. Agriculture. Aquaculture. Forest Industries. Heavy Industry. Infrastructure. Mining. National Security. Petroleum Industry. Ports and Marinas. Tourism. Settlements. Shore Protection Works. Waste Disposal. Water Supply Projects. Marine Excavation. Solutions Through Management: The Integrated Approach. The Search for Sustainable Yield. Biodiversity Conservation. Natural Hazards. Hinterlands. Management Functions. Designing an ICZM Program. Joint Management of Land and Sea. Non-Integrated Option. Strategy Planning: The Process. Objectives. Policy Formulation. Issues Analysis. Dimensions of Coastal Zone. Seastorms and Other Hazards. Hinterlands. Pollution. Biological Diversity. Multiple Use. Integration. Institutional Mechanisms. Legislation. Project Review, Permits, and Environmental Assessment. Setbacks. Incremental Approach. Participation. Motivation. Addressing Socio-Economic Concerns. Alternative Livelihoods. Information. Comparable Planning. Program Development: Orientation of a Program. Master Plan. Jurisdiction. Land Use. Regulatory Program - Permits and Reviews. Environmental Assessment. Protected Areas. Situation Management. Information Services. Technical Services. Restoration and Rehabilitation. Operational Format. Program Evaluation. MANAGEMENT METHODS Aquaculture Management. Awareness. Baseline and Monitoring. Beach Management. Boundaries. Construction Management. Coral Reef Management. Coral Reef Survey Methods. Ecologically Critical Areas Identification. Database Development. Dredging Management. Dune Management. Economic Impact Assessment. Environmental Assessment. Environmental Management Plan. Floodlands. Historical-Archeological Sites Impact Assessment. Institutional Analysis. Issues Analysis. Management Plan. Mangrove Forest Management. Mapping. Master Plan. Mitigation. Monitoring and Baseline. Nutrients Management. Ocean Outfall Placement. Oxygen: BOD/COD Measurement. Project Review and Permits. Protected Natural Areas. Public Participation in Planning. Rehabilitation. Retreat. Septic Tanks Placement. Setbacks. Sewage Management. Shoreline Construction Management. Situation Management. Social Impact Assessment. Strategy Plan. Tiers for Management. Traditional Use Arrangements. Turbidity Measurement. Urban Runoff Management. Water Quality Management: Coastal Waters. Water Quality Management: Coral Reefs. Zoning. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION Agricultural. Airfields. Alternative Livelihoods. Aquaculture. Artificial Reefs. Barrier Islands. Beach Erosion. Beach Fill. Beach Resources. Biological Diversity. Biosphere Reserves. Biotoxins. Carrying Capacity. Ciguatera. CITES. The Commons. Conflict Resolution. Coral Reef Resources. Cyclones, Hurricanes, and Typhoons. Decentralized Management. Diversity Index. Dredging Techniques. Dynamite Fishing. Ecodevelopment. Economic Benefits of Protected Areas. Economic Valuation. Ecosystems. Ecotourism. Education. Electric Power Generation. Endangered Species. Environmental Audit. Eutrophication. Exclusive Economic Zone. Exotics. Explosives. Fisheries. Genetic Diversity. Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Global Warming. Greenbelt. Impact Types. Indicator Species. Industrial Pollution. Information Needs. Inlets. International Assistance Agencies. Kelp Beds. Lagoons, Estuaries, and Embayments. Littoral Drift. Mangrove Forest Resources. Marinas. Marshlands. Mining. Multiple Use of Resources. Multiple-Use Management Authorities. Natural Hazards. Nature Synchronous Design. Noise and Disturbance. Nurture Areas. Oxygen. Participation. Pathogens. Performance Standards. Petroleum Industries. Political Motivation. Pollution. Ports and Harbors. Principles and Premises. Ramsar Convention. Rapid Rural Appraisal. Red Tide. Regional Development Planning. Remote Sensing. Research Needs. Restoration and Rehabilitation. Risk Assessment. Roadways, Causeways, and Bridges. Salinity. Salt Water Intrusion. Sand Mining. Seagrass Meadows. Sea Level Rise. Sediments and Soils. Settlements. Sewage Treatment. Shellfish Pollution. Site Management and Housekeeping. Social Equity. Socio-Economic Factors. Solid Wastes. Storm Surge. Subsidence. Suspended Particulate Matter. Sustainable Use. Terms of Reference. Tideflats. Tides. Tourism. Toxic Substances. Traditional Uses. Training. Transparency of Water. Tsunamis. Turtles. Underwater Fishing. Watersheds and Upland Effects. Waves. Wetlands. Zona Publica. CASE HISTORIES Australia. Barbados. Bermuda. Bonaire. Canada. China. Costa Rica. Ecuador. Egypt. Grenada. India. Indonesia. Italy. Malaysia. Maldives. Mexico. Netherlands. Oman. Philippines. St. Lucia. Solomon Islands. South Pacific. Sri Lanka. Tanzania. Thailand. Trinidad and Tobago. Turks and Caicos. United States. Vietnam. West Indies. REFERENCES GLOSSARY APPENDICES Countries with Coastal Zone Management Programs. Conversion Data INDEX

Rev.esc.adm.negSi bien muchas de las problemáticas ambientales actuales tienen un alcance global, sus impactos se experimentan a nivel local con repercusiones en los territorios, la población y la economía. Por tanto, las medidas para mitigar dichas problemáticas deben originarse en iniciativas locales que respondan de manera precisa a las necesidades identificadas por los actores sociales, a la vez que se haga uso de los recursos y las capacidades disponibles en el territorio.Si en algo existe consenso, es en que hacer frente a los problemas ambientales actuales, demanda un cambio en los sistemas de producción y consumo, hacia prácticas que garanticen un uso más eficiente y sostenible de los recursos, en donde un cambio en el patrón energético juega un papel fundamental, debido al impacto que ha generado el uso de los combustibles fósiles. Frente a este desafío se requiere de la capacidad emprendedora e innovadora de los agentes, de manera que sea posible incorporar al sistema nuevos métodos de producción, nuevos insumos y productos, y nuevas formas de hacer las cosas.Es en este sentido que las energías renovables cobran un papel importante dado que surgen como una alternativa para enfrentar el agotamiento de los combustibles fósiles y a su vez, como una forma de reducir las externalidades negativas asociadas al consumo de energía. Por tanto el objetivo del presente artículo, es presentar una revisión teórica respecto al papel que juega el emprendimiento en el desarrollo y fortalecimiento de las capacidades endógenas para el aprovechamiento local de las fuentes renovables de energía.

Adaptive networks are a versatile approach to model phenomena such as contagion and spreading dynamics, critical transitions and structure formation that emerge from the dynamic coevolution of complex network structure and node states. Here, we study critical transitions in contagion dynamics on multilayer adaptive networks with dynamic node states and present an application to the governance of sustainable resource use. We focus on a three layer adaptive network model, where a polycentric governance network interacts with a social network of resource users which in turn interacts with an ecological network of renewable resources. We uncover that sustainability is favored for slow interaction timescales, large homophilic network adaptation rate (as long it is below the fragmentation threshold) and high taxation rates. Interestingly, we also observe a trade-off between an eco-dictatorship (reduced model with a single governance actor that always taxes unsustainable resource use) and the polycentric governance network of multiple actors. In the latter setup, sustainability is enhanced for low but hindered for high tax rates compared to the eco-dictatorship case. These results highlight mechanisms generating emergent critical transitions in contagion dynamics on multilayer adaptive network and show how these can be understood and approximated analytically, relevant for understanding complex adaptive systems from various disciplines ranging from physics and epidemiology to sociology and global sustainability science. The paper also provides insights into potential critical intervention points for policy in the form of taxes in the governance of sustainable renewable resource use that can inform more process-detailed social-ecological modeling.

Monitoring is an essential component of measuring the performance of protected areas. This requirement led to the development of a biodiversity monitoring system for South African National Parks (SANParks). The system comprises of ten major programmes, each focusing on a core area of conservation biodiversity monitoring, with resource use being one of the focal areas. With the growing appreciation of the importance of natural resources for the socio-economic well-being of communities and other stakeholders, sustainable resource use is an important component of the management of natural areas and national parks. To gauge sustainability, a sound monitoring and research programme that fits within the context of the SANParks’ adaptive management approach towards social-ecological system management is required. The purpose of this article was to define the context and scope in which consumptive resource use takes place within SANParks and to outline the criteria necessary for developing a sound monitoring programme to assess the sustainability of such use. The monitoring programme is structured in view of the fact that sustainable resource use is achievable only where all dimensions of sustainability (social, economic and ecological) are considered simultaneously. In terms of the social and economic dimensions of sustainability, the programme provides for assessing stakeholder needs, trends in resource use and the social and economic impacts of resource use. Monitoring that relates to the ecological dimension of sustainability of biological resource use deals with the rate of turnover and population dynamics of target species, as well as harvest impact. In terms of abiotic (non-renewable) resources, monitoring deals with sound management practices to minimise impact on the environment, and to optimise benefits through responsible use.Conservation implications: The resource use monitoring programme is intended to ensure that monitoring relating to the harvesting of natural resources from national parks is scientifically sound and conducted in a structured way, towards meeting the objective of sustainable use and compliance with national legislation. The article illustrates how SANParks meets its obligation to monitor biodiversity conservation while at the same time meeting the needs for the consumptive use of resources.

New ventures often pursue both economic and social goals, known as goal hybridity. Yet, we know less about how organizational goal hybridity influences the performance and governance of new ventures. Goal hybridity is common among academic spin‐offs (ASOs) seeking to commercialize scientific research from universities. We hypothesize that ASOs’ goal hybridity influences their subsequent performance and their governance structure. We also hypothesize that ASOs who enrol multiple stakeholders with investment goals aligned with their hybrid goals outperform the ASOs who do not. By combining several data sources, we follow Norwegian ASOs longitudinally and find that goal hybridity explains their subsequent performance differences, such that ASOs relying on both economic and social aspects of their business when formulating their goals outperform those who rely purely on economic or social goals. We also find that ASOs with hybrid goals outperform when they enrol multiple stakeholders who are aligned with their hybrid goals. Our findings have implications for theorizing in hybridity, stakeholder enrolment, and the organizational goals literatures. We also provide a fuller understanding on performance heterogeneity of ASOs, and we offer a set of practice and policy implications to academic entrepreneurship and public‐private partnership literatures.

In this study, MSP is proposed as a policy instrument required to realize sustainable fisheries management and integrated conservation of resources as maritime applications and demands grow. The lack of regulation leads to intersectoral management of ocean use, resulting in severe destruction of marine ecosystems. MSP is an intersectoral, place-based, and holistic process for allocating marine space and time to competing human uses, with ecological, economic, and social goals. Our contribution provides an international perspective on the advancement and implementation of MSP. It addresses its use to incorporate fisheries and conservation efforts, such as the selection strategies for MPAs and Fishery Refugia. Then we trace what we consider as significant formative steps of the process that include a) a strong stakeholder involvement; b) incorporation of the current diverse datasets into a GIS; and c) the preparation of dynamic zoning plans. The conceptual framework, which emphasizes advanced spatial analyses and the use of VMS data to map key fish habitats and areas of high conflict, is also proposed in this study. This is because the effective process of integrating a planning approach with the motivation of an EBA can enhance ocean governance, long-term food security, and the resilience of coastal communities to global stressors.

In search of standards to support circularity in product policies: A systematic approach

China-Africa development cooperation in the rural sector has received an increased attention by researchers and policy-makers given the advantages and disadvantages of China’s contribution to the local economy. However, there is a lack of more reliable and nuanced findings to provide greater insights into the major issues concerning rural development and resource use. This paper aims to position land tenure and foreign investments linkages as a new research angle for understanding the role of land in sustainable resource use and investments. The paper provides a brief overview of China-Africa cooperation in rural development especially concerning agriculture to illustrate the neglect of critical land and resource use issues in policy and practice. The paper briefly discusses the ongoing land tenure reforms in Africa and the policy gaps to be filled through further research. It also discusses how China’s own development model, especially concerning land tenure reform, shares similar trajectories with Africa, which has important implications for the effectiveness of Chinese investments in African land. The paper concludes that there is an urgent need for lesson learning among Chinese and African policy-makers and investors towards tailoring development cooperation to more appropriate land tenure systems for sustainable resource use to the mutual benefit of Chinese and African stakeholders.

Tropical rain forests are disappearing rapidly as a result of increasing human encroachment. During the past century, tropical rain forests have been reduced to about half of their original area. And the rate of deforestation is accelerating, fueled by population growth in developing countries and resource demands in the developed countries. The remaining forests are subject to increasingly intensive human use. Deforestation, fragmentation, and exploitation cause a plethora of problems, including soil erosion; siltation of rivers, lakes, and estuaries; increased flooding and droughts; release of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere; and loss of species. In recent years, these problems have become the subject of international concern. This book focuses on the loss of biodiversity in tropical rain forests and on the role of protected areas in stemming the loss. This chapter examines the meaning of biodiversity and the history of the park movement in the tropics. What began as protection of habitat through the exclusion of people has transformed into sustainable use of biological resources. This new emphasis provides local control of important resources and greater income, but does it conserve habitat and species? We will argue that a renewed focus on protected areas as the primary storehouse of biodiversity is needed. We will also make the case for a focus on the tropical rain forest biome and will conclude with an overview of the rest of the book. In its strict sense, biodiversity refers to the “variety and variability among living organisms and the ecological complexes in which they occur” (Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, 1987:3). This definition can be extended both downward to cover genetic variability within a species and upward to include habitat and ecosystem diversity. practical terms, however, biodiversity is most profitably expressed as species diversity (weighted for rarity, endemism, and taxonomic distinctiveness, if necessary) at the landscape level (see chapter 6). We adopt this definition of biodiversity. During the past few years, attempts to link rain forest protection with sustainable development have led to a noticeable expansion of the meaning of the phrase “biodiversity conservation.”

Pathways for agriculture and forestry to contribute to terrestrial biodiversity conservation: A global scenario-study