Mungbean in Rajasthan: Growth performance and decomposition analysis

The study was conducted for the period of 20 years (2004–05 to 2023–24) and over 15 years (2008–09 to 2022–23) for its exportto know the growth rate and instability in area, production and productivity of rice.The study was based on secondary data. The data was collected from different e-resources. Compound annual growth rate and instability index analysis were used for the analysis and interpretation of the results.The major findings of the study showed that the growth rate in productivity was higher than the growth rate in area under rice cultivation. A low instability index indicated that the area, production and productivity of rice were relatively stable with minimal fluctuations. The study also revealed that the export of both basmati and non-basmati rice showed significant positive growth rate. The growth rate and instability in export of non-basmati rice were found to be more than the growth rate in basmati rice. India is the major producer of basmati rice, Indian farmers and traders need to make use of this opportunity to earn more profit through the production of quality product, its standardisation and market diversification. Export earnings of rice is the major source of foreign exchange as far as agriculture commodities are concerned that stabilises the balance of payment of the country and hence Indian export policies need to encourage the farmers in producing and supplying export quality basmati and non basmati rice by reducing export restriction, streamlining export procedures and addressing quality concerns.

Measuring the trends of growth and variability in agricultural production is important to understand how outputs change over time. The present study analyzed the growth and instability index of groundnuts. The study depends on secondary data, which was collected from the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare [1] for the period 1950-2022. The entire study period is divided into three sub-periods: 1950-51 to 1969-1970, 1971-1972 to 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 to 2021-2022. The compound annual growth rate, instability Index and decomposition analysis were used for the analysis. The compound annual growth rates for production, area, and yield are -0.14 percent, 1.05 percent, and 1.2 percent, respectively, groundnut production and yield are increasing and the area in India has changed throughout time. The decomposition of groundnut production in area, yield, and interaction effect showed that the yield effect was responsible for increasing the production of groundnut in India followed by the interaction effect and area effect. The results revealed that the level of instability was high in yield while it was lowest in area. The findings showed that the annual growth rate of productivity of groundnuts also shows an increasing trend during the recent period due to the availability of high-yielding cultivars and the deployment of innovative cultivation technologies. From the result, it is concluded that including the non-traditional areas increases the area under cultivation to sustain and improve groundnut production.

The time series data at all India level on area, production and productivity of foodgrains, production and per capita availability of milk and eggs and production of meat were compiled and a decade wise analysis of growth rate, instability index and decomposition analysis was done to study the performance of agriculture sector. During the overall period, the area under food grains showed negative growth whereas production and productivity growth was positive. For milk and egg, both production and per capita availability showed positive growth. Meat production showed a positively significant growth rate. Growth rate in area, production and productivity of both vegetables and fruits was positive. In general, for foodgrains, the yield effect was higher than the area effect which could be attributed to increased use of high yielding varieties. For vegetables and fruits, the contribution of area effect was more than that of yield and the interaction effect suggesting that measures should be taken to improve their productivity.

The present study investigates to growth and relative contribution of area and yield in production of green gram, black gram chickpea, pigeon pea and lentil pulse crops in India. The study period (1998-99 to 2017-18) is divided into three periods viz., period-I (1998-99 to 2007-08), period-II (2008-09 to 2017-18) and period-III (1998-99 to 2017-18). Time series data on area, production and yield were collected from Directorate of Pulses Development, Bhopal, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Government of India. The semi-log model, Cuddy-Della Valle instability index and decomposition analysis models were used to analyze the CAGR, instability and relative contribution of area, yield and interaction components. The study clearly finds that area and production of green gram (Vigna radiata) is notified highest compound annual growth rate 1.84 and 1.76 percent respectively, during period-I. In case of yield highest growth rate is reported in black gram (0.26 percent) during the same period. During second period, highest CAGR in area, production and yield is found in black gram at 6.00, 10.30 and 4.10 percent respectively. During all three periods, instability in area, production and yield was very low, except total pulse in second period. The decomposition analysis of production is revealed that yield effect and area effect are major sources of output growth in kharif and rabi pulses, respectively. The Identified growth rate in individual pulse crop is a great informative work because it provides chronological background of how the cultivation of pulses persuades the life of farmers either in negative or positive way. The study also tries to know the peak or trough in past cultivation of pulses crops.

This study was conducted to comparatively analysis for area, production and productivity of groundnut in India, Uttar Pradesh and Jhansi district. In this study, a comparative analysis has been done for area, production and productivity of groundnut crop at national state and Jhansi district level during 2004-05 to 2016-17. This study calculates comparative analysis of groundnut production in Jhansi district of U.P. during 2004-05 to 2016-17. Area, production and productivity of groundnut crop at national, state and Jhansi district level from 2004-05 to2016-2017 was recorded and presented graphically. In India, during 2004-05 to 2016-17, the compound annual growth rate in groundnut area can be seen to be negative at - 2.65 while the positive CAGR in production and productivity 0.53 and 3.25 respectively due to greater use of high yield varieties. Positive compound annual growth rate has been recorded in area production and productivity in groundnut sector in Uttar Pradesh and Jhansi due to shifting cropping pattern and adopting oilseeds cultivation. The coefficient of variation indicates high area volatility in India with 12.61 per cent, while Uttar Pradesh is 8.13 per cent. Similarly, when the Cuddi-Della Valle instability Index is applied, Uttar Pradesh is found to have high volatility, followed by 8.49 per cent across India. with 7.27 per cent. According to recorded data, some interpretations have been drawn regarding the improvement in the production of groundnut crop

It has been a concern in Odisha to see stable agricultural growth rates. Since rice is the main crop grown in the state, the current study's goals are to determine the district wise growth rate of area, production, and yield of kharif rice as well as to determine the degree of instability in those districts of Odisha. The study is based on secondary source of data on area, yield and production of kharif rice in the districts of Odisha from the period 1994-95 to 2017-18. The data are obtained from various volumes of Odisha Agriculture Statistics published by Directorate of Agriculture and Food Production, Government of Odisha. The growth rates for area, production and yield of kharif rice were computed for the districts of Odisha using exponential model. Cuddy Della Valle’s instability index was used to analyze the instability in area, production and yield of kharif rice in districts of Odisha. The compound growth rate in case of area was highest in Malkangiri and Subarnapur Districts. Lowest growth rate found in Kandhamal district. Compound growth rate for production are significant and highest in Subarnapur, Sundargarh, Jagatsinghpur and Boudh districts. Maximum districts showing positive growth rate in production and yield. Instability index for area of kharif rice in all districts of Odisha is insignificant except Bargarh and Jharsuguda which have significant Instability Index, which reveals that for the State, area is more stable as compared to that of yield and production. Despite stability of area, the instability of yield leads to instability of production.

Meat is a primary source of protein consumed in the world and secondary source of protein in India. India produced 10.25 million tonnes of meat in 2023-24. Telangana is the fourth largest meat producing state accounting for 10.85% of India’s meat production. The present study attempts to analyse the growth pattern, regional variations, sources of growth and instability in production of meat from different types of meat animals (buffaloes, sheep and goats) at the district level by using Compound growth rates, Coefficient of variation, Coppock’s Instability Index (CII) and Hazell’s decomposition analysis for the time series data from 2014-15 to 2023-24 on no of animals slaughtered, yield and meat production. Between 2014-15 and 2023-24 average meat production in Telangana has increased by 120.32% from 505.05 to 1112.73 thousand tons with an average of 800.4 thousand tons. Telangna’s share is increasing in all types of meats except sheep meat where it is showing slight decreasing trend in its share. Category wise analysis shows that poultry meat occupies major share of 46.12% and 43.27% of average meat production in Telangana and India respectively. Telangana accounts for an average share of 9.8% of meat animals and 9.4% of meat production. Its share is increasing for both production and animals for all types of meats. Meat production in telangana shows increasing trend for all types of meat, milch animals and yield. Overall Telangana meat production is stable with low instability index of 2.71% which is less than 15%. This indicates high production is associated with high instability. Rangareddy emerged as leading producer of meat in Telangana accounting for 14.13% of Telangana’s average meat production. Region wise, South Telangana accounts for 50.26 % of Meat production followed by Central Telangna (35.15%) and North Telangana (16.6%). Decomposition analysis showed that animals have contributed to change in average meat production in Telangana during 2014-15 to 2023-24. In North Telangana, where production potential is more, emphasis should be on marketing infrastructure like increasing no of slaughterhouses, livestock markets, road connectivity and encouraging commercial livestock production where as other regions needs to focus on production constraints like green fodder availability. Since the buffalo meat production whose share is less in total meat is predominant in North Telangana encouraging commercial poultry in North Telangana will increase meat production.

The changing scenario of consumption and production of pulses will have significant influence on the demand- supply prospects of pulses in India. The country as whole, production of redgram had increased marginally (0.45%) during 1980-2012(Overall study period), though there is positive and significant growth in production(2.86%) during 1980-90 (Period-I), mainly due to lower growth during 1991-2012(period-II). The significant growth in production (1.39%) and productivity (1.04%) of bengalgram in the entire period except area (0.35%) was observed. However, growth in greengram production (1.14%) and productivity (1.21%) was found almost similar. In case of blackgram, positive growth rate in area, productivity and production in both the periods have ultimately resulted higher growth rates in the overall period. The growth in total pulses production indicated that growth in area (-0.10%) was negative while it was positive both in production (1.49%) and productivity (1.59%) during period-I. Similar pattern of growth was observed during period-II and in the overall study period. The estimated demand for pulses were 183.62 lakh tonnes over supply of 148.66 lakh tonnes indicating deficit of 34.96 lakh tonnes during 2001 –2011. Further, demand for pulses expected to reach 225.36 and 255.16 lakh tonnes in the year 2020 and 2030 respectively. Whereas, supply of pulses will reach 218.50 and 237.00 lakh tonnes in the same period indicating narrow gap between demand and supply in the future.

In India, oilseeds are cultivated on an area of 26 million ha with a production of 29.65 million tonnes primarilyunder rainfed conditions. Oilseeds production could not keep pace with the growing demands due to changing life style, increasing population and rising per capita income resulting to dependency on imports. The CAGR revealed that across different periods, despite fluctuations in the rate of growth in area, yield contributed to change in production thus suggesting the power of technologies operational at the farm. Multi-pronged strategy through institutional refurbishments for technology assemblage, favourable tariff policy and public private partnerships on seed production, output marketing and value chains needs strengthening for enhancing the domestic production and productivity.

Background: With the growing population of Assam self sufficiency is important to fulfill the demand of food grains as well as nutritional security of the people is another challenge. Cultivation of winter rice, locally known as “Sali dhan”, is an important agricultural practice in the state. Methods: The study was conducted for the state of Assam to analyse the trend in area, production and productivity of kharif/winter rice for a period of 50 years. The discussion was based on the secondary data collected from 1970-71 to 2019-20. The study period was divided into three sub-periods, viz., period I (1970-71 to 1994-95), period II (1994-95 to 2019-20) and overall period (1970-71 to 2019-20). Compound annual growth rates were computed for estimating the growth trends of area, production and productivity of rice in Assam whereas Cuddy-della Valle index of instability was used to estimate the instability. Result: Instability indices for production have been found highest which indicates a lees peril in growing of kharif/winter rice in Assam. Positive growth rate and low instability have been recorded for area, production and productivity for all the periods. It was also observed from the analysis that the area effect and productivity effect was more than that of interaction effect. Amongst area and productivity effect, the productivity effect was found greater than area effect.

The basic objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of Net Profit Ratio (NPM), Gross Profit Ratio (GPM), and return on Assets (ROA) on the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) Growth Rate of the Iraqi Industrial Sector for the companies listed on the stock exchange (ISX). Among the companies listed on the Iraqi stock market, only 10 in the industrial sector were accepted for their accurate annual reports. Application of sampling techniques for the period 2011-2020. The study used Sample panel data of regression data and quantitative descriptive methodology, using SPSS-26 to process the data. The results of the study have clarified that the growth rate of the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) is positively influenced by Net Profit Margin (NPM), but significantly. The growth rate of compound annual growth rate (CAGR) has no significant impact due to the Gross Profit Margin (GPM). The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) is significantly affected by the return on assets (ROA). In the industrial sector listed on the Iraqi Stock Exchange (ISX) for the period (2011 to 2020). 30.6% of the independent variables influence the Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) growth rate of the dependent variable.

In the present paper, the analysis of growth and instability in production, area and yield of wheat for some wheat growing states of India is carried out by computing compound growth rate (CGR) and Cuddy-Della Valle (CDV) instability index on utilizing secondary time series data of wheat pertaining to the period 2011-2020 in the concerned states. The percentage change in production, area and yield of wheat is examined by considering the base year as 2011. Moreover, the percentage share of production, area and yield of wheat are demonstrated graphically for the year 2020.

: Cotton is one of the major commercial crops where 70% of the crop is under rain fed conditions. Eighty- five of the cotton is grown in ten major countries of the world among which India stands second in production. The present study analyses the state wise production scenario of cotton over the years as well as the export composition and competitiveness. The study revealed that the % change of cotton area in the period II over the period II was highest for the state Andhra Pradesh (71.96%). Moreover, the country as a whole had an increase of 17.73% with a production increase of about 84.78 % and productivity increase of about 55.64%. The growth rate of the cotton area was negative while the growth of cotton production in the country was 4.47% and 3.91% increase in productivity during the period II. The study also showed that India has been exporting all types of cotton from 1980 onwards and the long and extra long staple cotton has registered highest share of exports with more than 40%. The export competitiveness revealed that India’s comparative advantage in cotton exports has been increasing over the years. Keywords: Cotton; Export; Production; Competitiveness Abbreviations: CMIE: Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy Pvt. Ltd.; ACGR: Annual Compound Growth Rate; RCA: Revealed Comparative Advantage; EPR: Export Performance Ratio; TE: Triennium Ending; RSCA: Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage.

The almond is native to Iran and surrounding countries as well as Asia. In 2017, world production of almonds was 2.2 million tones, with the United States providing 46% of the total. According to FAO Afghanistan is one of the 10 top producers of almonds. The study examined the growth and instability of area, production, export and consumption of almond in Afghanistan from 2000 to 2017. Exponential function fitted to estimate compound annual growth rates (CAGR) in area, production, export and consumption of almond, and Cuddy – Della Valle indices are used in the study. The compound growth rates for area, production and productivity of almonds in Afghanistan were 5.77 %, 7.37 % and 1.52 % respectively. Area under almond crop exhibited medium (19,52) instability, where production and productivity shown high (50.05 and 49.01) instability respectively, during this period. Almond consumption grew by 6.75 per cent and export grew with compound annual growth rate of 6.12 per cent from the year 2000 to 2017.Both export and consumption of almond registered high instability in this period.

Objective: To describe the secular trends of institutional delivery (ID) rate in China from 1996 to 2015, and to assess the impacts of national health policies on the ID rate. Methods: Data on the number of live births and IDs for districts/counties in 31 provinces of China was annually collected by the Office for National Maternal & Child Health Statistics of China. Information concerning the relevant policies was from official governmental websites, including the programme to reduce maternal mortality and eliminate neonatal tetanus (2000 to 2008), and ID subsidy programme in rural China (2009 to present). According to the programme to reduce maternal mortality and eliminate neonatal tetanus, the calendar years were categorized into three periods: pre-programme period (1996 to 1999), programme implementation period (2000 to 2008) and post-programme period (2009 to 2015). Results: A total of 244 398 010 live births were included in the analysis, in which 211 605 727 were delivered in institutions. During the 20 years, the ID rate steadily increased from 58.7% (6 309 255/10 739 816) in 1996 to 99.7% (13 583 658/13 626 948) in 2015, with a compound annual growth rate of 2.8%. Analyses stratified by economic regions or urban-rural areas showed notably consistent increases in ID rates, and the regional and urban-rural differences became nearly disappeared by 2015. The largest regional difference between East (71.6%, 2 540 896/3 547 423) and West (44.6%, 1 675 305/3 752 873) was 27% in 1996 and <1% in 2015 (East 99.9%[5 177 865/5 180 636]and West 99.0%[3 925 766/3 964 622]). The urban-rural difference was 22.7% in 1996 (urban 73.5%[2 756 531/3 748 703], rural 50.8%[3 552 724/6 991 113]) and 0.4% in 2015(urban 99.9%[6 257 853/6 262 763], rural 99.5%[7 325 805/7 364 185]). During the programme implementation period and the post-programme period, the ID rates in rural area increased faster than those in urban area, and the corresponding compound annual growth rates in rural area were 2.4 and 2.8 times of those in urban area; the ID rates in Middle and West regions increased faster than those in East region, and the corresponding compound annual growth rates in West region were 3.6 and 6.3 times of those in East region. By 2015, the ID rates in all provinces other than Tibet (90.5%[48 445/53 505]) and Qinghai (97.2%[60 836/62 600]) reached or were close to 100%. However, there were still 112 districts/counties with ID rates <96%, of which 39 with ID rates <80%; the 39 districts/counties were all located in four western provinces (Tibet 19, Sichuan 15, Qinghai 3, and Xinjiang 2). Conclusions: During the past 20 years, the ID rate in China has steadily increased and achieved the goal of the year 2020 ahead of schedule; the regional and urban-rural inequality in ID has nearly disappeared. Given universal two-child policy, it is of significance to strengthen existing achievements, focus on complicated pregnancies and comprehensively improve the capability and quality of ID services; meanwhile, it is also of significance to develop particular policies and explore the medical-aid model for the minority-inhabited western regions with lower ID rates.