シーリング剤検出のための光源色の検討

A Performance Test for a Fringe Projection Scanner in Various Ambient Light Conditions

We explore the automatic adjustment of an artificial light source intensity for the purposes of image-based feature extraction and recognition. Two histogram-based criteria are proposed to achieve this adjustment: a two-class separation measure for 2D features and a Gaussian distribution measure for 2.5D features. To this end, the light source intensity is varied within a fixed interval as a camera captures one image for each intensity variation. The image that best satisfies the criteria for feature extraction is tested on a neural-network based recognition system. The network considers information related to both 2D (contour) and 2.5D shape (local surface curvature) of different objects. Experimental tests performed during different times of the day confirm that the proposed adjustment delivers improved feature extraction, extending the recognition capabilities of the system and adding robustness against changes in ambient light.

Flowers of some Phlox (Phlox x paniculata L.) varieties undergo daily colour shifts, being blue in the early morning, turning red during the day, and returning to blue in the evening. The colour shift, which occurs only in the upper (adaxial) petal surfaces, is due to the daily changes in ambient light. In the laboratory, colour shifts could be induced by 2.5 h of ultraviolet, visible or far‐red light and recorded by reflectance spectrophotometry.There are indications that irradiations with different kinds of light cause qualitatively different colour shifts, and that thus more than one photoreceptor pigment and more than one primary light reaction may be involved. The presence of phytochrome was demonstrated in petals of white Phlox flowers by in vivo transmission spectrophotometry. It is therefore possible that colour shifts in coloured Phlox flowers are mediated by phytochrome. Possibly the movement of ions (e.g. hydrogen ions) into or out of the vacuole (where the visible pigments are located) is affected by light absorption in a pigment in the tonoplast.

In order to make quantitative statements regarding behavior patterns in animals, it is important to establish whether new observations are statistically consistent with the animal's equilibrium behavior. For example, traumatic stress from the presence of a telemetry transmitter may modify the baseline behavior of an animal, which in turn can lead to a bias in results. From the perspective of information theory such a bias can be interpreted as the amount of information gained from a new measurement, relative to an existing equilibrium distribution. One important concept in information theory is the relative entropy, from which we develop a framework for quantifying time-dependent differences between new observations and equilibrium. We demonstrate the utility of the relative entropy by analyzing observed speed distributions of Pacific bluefin tuna, recorded within a 48-hour time span after capture and release. When the observed and equilibrium distributions are Gaussian, we show that the tuna's behavior is modified by traumatic stress, and that the resulting modification is dominated by the difference in central tendencies of the two distributions. Within a 95% confidence level, we find that the tuna's behavior is significantly altered for approximately 5 hours after release. Our analysis reveals a periodic fluctuation in speed corresponding to the moment just before sunrise on each day, a phenomenon related to the tuna's daily diving pattern that occurs in response to changes in ambient light.

Background Pupillometry has been studied as a physiological marker for quantifying cognitive load since the early 1960s. It has been established that small changes in pupillary size can provide an index of the cognitive load of a participant as he/she performs a mental task. The utility of pupillometry as a measure of expertise is less well established, although recent research in the fields of education, medicine and psychology indicates that differences in pupillary size during domain-specific tasks allows differentiation between experts and novices in appropriately designed experiments. Purpose The goal of this review is to explore the existing body of evidence for the use of pupillometry as a measure of expertise and to identify its strengths and constraints within the context of expertise research in the medical sciences. Results Pupillometry is a robust metric that allows researchers to better understand cognitive load in medical practitioners with varying levels of expertise. In medical expertise research, it has been used to study surgeons, anesthetists and emergency physicians. Its strengths include its ability to provide quantitative and objective outputs, to be measured unobtrusively with new technology and to be precisely computed as cognitive load changes over the course of completion of a task. Constraints associated with this methodology include its potential inaccuracy with changes in ambient light and pupillary accommodation as well as the need for relatively expensive equipment. Conclusion With recent technological advances, pupillometry has become a simple and robust method for quantifying physiological changes attributable to cognitive load and is increasingly being utilized in medical education. It can be used as a reliable marker of mental effort and has been shown to differentiate levels of expertise in medical practitioners.

Classification of soil aggregates: A novel approach based on deep learning

Internet of Things (IoT) is a concept that aims to expand the benefits of continuously connected internet connectivity. This study aims to utilize IoT in home automation and remote light control systems that can be operated with a smartphone application via an internet connection (WiFi). This system uses the NodeMCU ESP8266 module as a microcontroller, a light emitting diode (LDR) sensor as a controller for automating lights according to environmental conditions, and the Blynk smartphone application as a remote control for lights. The light control process can be carried out specifically on certain lamps and can be controlled by changes in ambient light in the morning and evening. The results show that when the LDR sensor gets minimal light, the light will be ON and vice versa the light will be OFF when more light intensity is received by the LDR. In addition, the Blynk application is able to control the lights remotely when connected to the internet network and, in this study, has been tested up to a distance of 2.7 km. It can be concluded that as long as the system is connected to WiFi stably and continuously, this control system can perform the task of turning on and off the lights independently when the owner is not at home.

In low-light environments, the scarcity of visual information makes feature extraction and matching challenging for traditional visual simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) systems. Changes in ambient lighting can also reduce the accuracy and recall of loop closure detection. Most existing image enhancement methods tend to introduce noise, artifacts, and color distortions when enhancing images. To address these issues, we propose an innovative low-light visual-inertial (LL-VI) SLAM system, named LL-VI SLAM, which integrates an image enhancement network into the front end of the SLAM system. This system consists of a learning-based low-light enhancement network and an improved visual-inertial odometry. Our low-light enhancement network, composed of a Retinex-based enhancer and a U-Net-based denoiser, enhances image brightness while mitigating the adverse effects of noise and artifacts. Additionally, we incorporate a robust Inertial Measurement Unit initialization process at the front end of the system to accurately estimate gyroscope biases and improve rotational estimation accuracy. Experimental results demonstrate that LL-VI SLAM outperforms existing methods on three datasets, namely LOLv1, ETH3D, and TUM VI, as well as in real-world scenarios. Our approach achieves a peak signal-to-noise ratio of 22.08 dB. Moreover, on the TUM VI dataset, our system reduces localization error by 22.05% compared to ORB-SLAM3, proving the accuracy and robustness of the proposed method in low-light environments.

A common CNS architecture is observed in all chordates, from vertebrates to basal chordates like the ascidian Ciona. Ciona stands apart among chordates in having a complete larval connectome. Starting with visuomotor circuits predicted by the Ciona connectome, we used expression maps of neurotransmitter use with behavioral assays to identify two parallel visuomotor circuits that are responsive to different components of visual stimuli. The first circuit is characterized by glutamatergic photoreceptors and responds to the direction of light. These photoreceptors project to cholinergic motor neurons, via two tiers of cholinergic interneurons. The second circuit responds to changes in ambient light and mediates an escape response. This circuit uses GABAergic photoreceptors which project to GABAergic interneurons, and then to cholinergic interneurons. Our observations on the behavior of larvae either treated with a GABA receptor antagonist or carrying a mutation that eliminates photoreceptors indicate the second circuit is disinhibitory.

Optical health analysis of visual comfort for bright screen display based on back propagation neural network

BackgroundThe symptoms and associated characteristics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are typically assessed in person at a clinic or in a research lab. Mobile health offers a new approach to obtaining additional passively and continuously measured real-world behavioral data. Using our new ADHD remote technology (ART) system, based on the Remote Assessment of Disease and Relapses (RADAR)–base platform, we explore novel digital markers for their potential to identify behavioral patterns associated with ADHD. The RADAR-base Passive App and wearable device collect sensor data in the background, while the Active App involves participants completing clinical symptom questionnaires.ObjectiveThe main aim of this study was to investigate whether adults and adolescents with ADHD differ from individuals without ADHD on 10 digital signals that we hypothesize capture lapses in attention, restlessness, or impulsive behaviors.MethodsWe collected data over 10 weeks from 20 individuals with ADHD and 20 comparison participants without ADHD between the ages of 16 and 39 years. We focus on features derived from (1) Active App (mean and SD of questionnaire notification response latency and of the time interval between questionnaires), (2) Passive App (daily mean and SD of response time to social and communication app notifications, the SD in ambient light during phone use, total phone use time, and total number of new apps added), and (3) a wearable device (Fitbit) (daily steps taken while active on the phone). Linear mixed models and t tests were employed to assess the group differences for repeatedly measured and time-aggregated variables, respectively. Effect sizes (d) convey the magnitude of differences.ResultsGroup differences were significant for 5 of the 10 variables. The participants with ADHD were (1) slower (P=.047, d=1.05) and more variable (P=.01, d=0.84) in their speed of responding to the notifications to complete the questionnaires, (2) had a higher SD in the time interval between questionnaires (P=.04, d=1.13), (3) had higher daily mean response time to social and communication app notifications (P=.03, d=0.7), and (4) had a greater change in ambient (background) light when they were actively using the smartphone (P=.008, d=0.86). Moderate to high effect sizes with nonsignificant P values were additionally observed for the mean of time intervals between questionnaires (P=.06, d=0.82), daily SD in responding to social and communication app notifications (P=.05, d=0.64), and steps taken while active on the phone (P=.09, d=0.61). The groups did not differ in the total phone use time (P=.11, d=0.54) and the number of new apps downloaded (P=.24, d=0.18).ConclusionsIn a novel exploration of digital markers of ADHD, we identified candidate digital signals of restlessness, inconsistent attention, and difficulties completing tasks. Larger future studies are needed to replicate these findings and to assess the potential of such objective digital signals for tracking ADHD severity or predicting outcomes.

Bursts of enzyme synthesis in the bacterial duplication cycle

Recent research advances on non-linear phenomena in various biosystems

Wildfires are mainly considered to be CO2-releasing events, while their long-term impact on biogeochemical carbon sequestration remains a major source of uncertainty. We analysed five years of ecosystem-scale eddy covariance data in a South African Fynbos shrubland that experienced a wildfire in the middle of the measurement period and combined it with leaf-scale ecophysiological measurements to quantify the ecosystem-scale carbon feedbacks and energy flux shifts following wildfire.Unexpectedly, wildfire doubled the annual net carbon sink from 5.36 to 10.55 tC ha-1 yr-1. This increase was driven by a ca. 50% suppression of ecosystem respiration while ecosystem energy exchange remained stable. These findings reveal a significant missing carbon pool of ca. 110 tC ha-1 over the course of the fire return interval of 15-20 years. Likely explanations for this discrepancy are either a below-ground carbon pool protected from volatilization through fire or a potential sink into dissolved carbon, potentially leading to eventual long-term ocean storage.To identify the biological drivers of this carbon sequestration, we measured gas exchange in the two main regeneration plant types of this fire-dominated ecosystem, i.e. obligate reseeders, whose seedlings must achieve reproduction before the next fire to persist, and resprouting species that invest into fire tolerance traits at the cost of slower growth. Stomatal conductance (gsw) was the primary trait distinguishing the two strategies. Reseeders initiated photosynthesis earlier in spring and exhibited gsw that was highly responsive to changes in ambient CO2 and light, while resprouters exhibited stronger resilience to drought but no response to ambient CO2 fluctuations. This difference in response to CO2 suggests that current climate trends may preferentially boost reseeders, potentially partially offsetting the impacts of shortened fire return intervals. Conversely, resprouter resilience may prove crucial under a higher drought intensity and duration scenario.Our unexpected findings for this Mediterranean-climate shrubland (typically considered to be a low carbon sink ecosystem) underscore the necessity for ground-based ecophysiological data to constrain Earth system models, and challenge biomass-centric climate policies, particularly in fire-prone, naturally tree-free ecosystems.

Digital image projection on screen is the main way of information visualization entrenched in science, teaching and business areas. And though technique and equipment for visualization has probably reached the peak today, visibility on screen is influenced by ambient light. It is impossible avoid ambient light, but its influence can be reduced by using least ambient light sensitive colour combinations. Analysis of influence of chromatic ambient light over colour luminance contrast for different task and beckground colours, showed that there are Black and Blue usable tasks in White background and White, Green, Cyan and Yellow tasks for Black background. Tasks of any colour is most sensitive to White and Yellow ambient light and least sensitive to Blue, Red and Magenta ambient light. Ill. 6, bibl. 7 (in English; summaries in English, Russian and Lithuanian).