三维数据场在扫描式体显示器中的可视化

Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) relies upon the introduction of particle tracers that scatter sufficient light and follow the flow accurately. The use of submillimetre helium-filled soap bubbles (HFSB) as flow tracers for PIV is investigated for the purpose of enabling velocity measurements in large-scale industrial wind tunnels. That soap bubbles reflect more light than scattered by small liquid droplets or solid particles, allowing larger volumes to be illuminated, is a long known fact and has caught the attention of aerodynamicists since the 1930s. The difficulty encountered during initial efforts on using soap bubbles for accurate measurements revolves around the lack of control during the generation of these tracers, and the failure in presenting evidence that they could accurately follow the flow. Proof of concept that HFSB could be used for accurate flow measurements in wind tunnels was presented in the year that preceded the beginning of this work. In this thesis, the generation and control of HFSB and their tracing fidelity are studied through a series of experiments and simulations, bringing large-scale PIV using HFSB to the technology maturity level required for industrial measurements. High-speed shadowgraphy at the bubble generator exit revealed the main regimes of bubble generation. A regular, periodic and controlled generation bubbles of monodisperse size distribution, namely, the bubbling regime, was obtained by properly tuning of the input flow rates. The relation of the later with the bubble size and production rate was also obtained from these visualizations. Measurements of the HFSB velocity in the stagnation region ahead of a cylinder, obtained with Particle Tracking Velocimetry (PTV), relative to the flow velocity (slip velocity) were used to retrieve the HFSB time response and the ratio of helium to soap flow rates that satisfy the neutral buoyancy condition, in which the soap bubble density equals that of the surrounding air flow. Simulations of the particle motion in a rectilinear oscillatory flow was used to quantify the importance of the unsteady forces acting on a particle and to derive empirical relations for estimating the HFSB slip velocity in flows where the unsteady forces are relevant. In this case, the particle slip velocity is shown to depend on three parameters: the particle Reynolds number, the ratio of particle-to-fluid density and the flow time-scale. These cannot be combined into a single non-dimensional Stokes number. The validity of the empirical relations were extended for the analysis of the slip velocity of a particle travelling around an object. Based on the later, a method for deriving the density of a nearly-neutrally-buoyant particle that comprises the effects of unsteady forces and allows mismatch of acceleration between the particle and the flow was described. The tools developed for slip velocity analysis using the simulations were applied to assess experimental data from large-scale PIV measurements performed at the Low-Speed Tunnel (LST) of the German-Dutch Wind Tunnels (DNW). The experiments were realized in the flow around an airfoil of 70 cm chord at free stream velocity up to 70 m/s, reaching a chord-based Reynolds number of 3.2 million. PIV measurements using HFSB at this speed and Reynolds number were unprecedented. The results have indicated variations of the bubble density (20-30%) occurring post-generation. The tracing fidelity of HFSB in wall-bounded turbulence is investigated by comparing measurements in a turbulent-boundary layer of the mean velocity and Reynolds stress profiles, with those obtained with micrometre oil droplets (reference) and submillimetre air-filled soap bubbles (AFSB). The results have shown that the statistics of the first and second moments of velocity are well captured by all three investigated tracers, even by the heavier-than-air AFSB, which were shown to be poor tracers in the stagnation of a cylinder. Mechanisms of preferential concentration in turbulence were attributed as the cause of the better traceability observed. The thesis is concluded with a successful industrial application in the Large Low-Speed Facility (LLF) of DNW (9.5×9.5 m2 test section) around a tiltrotor aircraft in three flight modes, hover, transition and cruise, and tunnel speeds up to 60 m/s. The bubbles were introduced into the flow using a 3×3 m2 seeding rake, containing 400 bubble generators. The PIV measurements were performed in stereoscopic configuration in a field-of-view of 1.1×1.1 m2.

Multithreaded transmissions, which using differential mechanisms for separating and summing up power flows, have been widely used in the transmissions of transport vehicles and special drives. The quality of such transmissions and the magnitude of frictional losses in the toothing significantly depend on the adopted kinematic scheme and the ratio of powers passing through the corresponding links of the differential mechanisms. With the existing automated analysis and synthesis of such transmissions, a matrix approach has recently been widely used. The proposed work provides a refined technique for the automated determination of friction losses in the toothing of multithreaded transmissions which containing differential mechanisms and planetary gears. It makes it possible to more accurately determine friction losses in the toothing and at the same time preserves the linear structure of the system of equations, which permit to continue using the matrix approach to analyze and synthesize such transmissions. Examples are given for the formation of equations systems describing the force interaction between the elements of the scheme for all variants of the links commutation of planetary rows operating as three-link differential mechanisms and planetary gears with one stopped link. The work is based on the analysis of existing methods for determining friction losses in the toothing and personal practical experience in the design and study of multithreaded stepped and stepless transmissions. The received results allow to apply the offered technique in the modern program complexes focused on the automated analysis and synthesis of multithread transmissions with use of the matrix approach. This makes it possible to significantly reduce the time to develop new multithreaded transmissions and increase their technical characteristics.

We present an efficient algorithm for approximating huge general\n volumetric data sets, i.e.~the data is given over arbitrarily shaped\n volumes and consists of up to millions of samples. The method is based\n on cubic trivariate splines, i.e.~piecewise polynomials of total\n degree three defined w.r.t. uniform type-6 tetrahedral partitions of\n the volumetric domain. Similar as in the recent bivariate\n approximation approaches, the splines in three variables\n are automatically determined from the discrete data as a result of a\n two-step method, where local discrete least\n squares polynomial approximations of varying degrees are extended by\n using natural conditions, i.e.the continuity and smoothness properties\n which determine the underlying spline space. The main advantages of\n this approach with linear algorithmic complexity are as follows: no\n tetrahedral partition of the volume data is needed, only small\n linear systems have to be solved, the local variation and\n distribution of the data is automatically adapted,\n Bernstein-B{\\'e}zier techniques well-known in Computer Aided\n Geometric Design (CAGD) can be fully exploited, noisy data are\n automatically smoothed. Our numerical examples with huge data sets\n for synthetic data as well as some real-world data confirm the\n efficiency of the methods, show the high quality of the spline\n approximation, and illustrate that the rendered iso-surfaces inherit\n a visual smooth appearance from the volume approximating splines.

Objective: To analyze refractive status and visual acuity and its relationship to binocular visual function in children with anisometropic amblyopia. Methods: A total of 106 children (106 eyes) with anisometropic amblyopia were recruited from November 2015 to September 2016 in nine hospitals in Beijing. All children were divided into the following groups based on risk factors for anisometropia: hyperopia anisometropia (67 cases), myopia anisometropia (5 cases), astigmatism anisometropia (12 cases), hyperopia combined astigmatism anisometropia (20 cases) and myopia combined astigmatism anisometropia (2 cases). Visual acuity, uncorrected and best corrected visual acuity, refractive status, and distant/near stereoscopic vision were tested. Pearson's correlation was used to analyze the correlation between dioptric differences and UCVA/BCVA in high refractive errors eye and distant/near stereoscopic vision. The correlation between BCVA difference of the two eyes and distant/near stereoscopic vision were also calculated. One-way ANOVA compared BCVA in high myopic eye and distant/near stereoscopic vision between groups. Results: There was a correlation for the dioptric difference between UCVA and BCVA, distant stereoscopic vision, and random dot stereograms (RDS) stereoscopic vision in high refractive errors (all P<0.05). There was a significant correlation between the difference in BCVA and distant stereoscopic vision and RDS stereoscopic vision (all P<0.05). There was a statistically significant difference between the five groups for BCVA, distant stereoscopic vision and RDS stereoscopic vision (F=6.221, 5.271, 3.622, 3.647, 3.464, P<0.05). Visual acuity for high refractive error eye in the myopia anisometropia group was best compared to the other four groups. The differences were statistically significant between each group (all P<0.05). Distant stereoscopic vision in the hyperopia anisometropia group was best compared to the other four groups. The differences were statistically significant between each group, except hyperopia combined astigmatism anisometropia and myopia combined astigmatism anisometropia groups (all P<0.05). RDS stereopsis in the myopia anisometropia group was best compared to the other four groups. The differences were statistically significant between each group (all P<0.05). Conclusions: Visual acuity and stereoscopic vision are correlated to the dioptric difference. Stereoscopic vision is significantly correlated with the difference in BCVA. Stereoscopic damage is different in patients based on the type of anisometropia. Key words: amblyopia; anisometropia; visual acuity; visual function; children

Visual information, in the form of images and video, comes from the interaction of light with objects. Illumination is a fundamental element of visual information. Detecting and interpreting illumination effects is part of our everyday life visual experience. Shading for instance allows us to perceive the three-dimensional nature of objects. Shadows are particularly salient cues for inferring depth information. However, we do not make any conscious or unconscious effort to avoid them as if they were an obstacle when we walk around. Moreover, when humans are asked to describe a picture, they generally omit the presence of illumination effects, such as shadows, shading, and highlights, to give a list of objects and their relative position in the scene. Processing visual information in a way that is close to what the human visual system does, thus being aware of illumination effects, represents a challenging task for computer vision systems. Illumination phenomena interfere in fact with fundamental tasks in image analysis and interpretation applications, such as object extraction and description. On the other hand, illumination conditions are an important element to be considered when creating new and richer visual content that combines objects from different sources, both natural and synthetic. When taken into account, illumination effects can play an important role in achieving realism. Among illumination effects, shadows are often integral part of natural scenes and one of the elements contributing to naturalness of synthetic scenes. In this thesis, the problem of extracting shadows from digital images is discussed. A new analysis method for the segmentation of cast shadows in still and moving images without the need of human supervision is proposed. The problem of separating moving cast shadows from moving objects in image sequences is particularly relevant for an always wider range of applications, ranging from video analysis to video coding, and from video manipulation to interactive environments. Therefore, particular attention has been dedicated to the segmentation of shadows in video. The validity of the proposed approach is however also demonstrated through its application to the detection of cast shadows in still color images. Shadows are a difficult phenomenon to model. Their appearance changes with changes in the appearance of the surface they are cast upon. It is therefore important to exploit multiple constraints derived from the analysis of the spectral, geometric and temporal properties of shadows to develop effective techniques for their extraction. The proposed method combines an analysis of color information and of photometric invariant features to a spatio-temporal verification process. With regards to the use of color information for shadow analysis, a complete picture of the existing solutions is provided, which points out the fundamental assumptions, the adopted color models and the link with research problems such as computational color constancy and color invariance. The proposed spatial verification does not make any assumption about scene geometry nor about object shape. The temporal analysis is based on a novel shadow tracking technique. On the basis of the tracking results, a temporal reliability estimation of shadows is proposed which allows to discard shadows which do not present time coherence. The proposed approach is general and can be applied to a wide class of applications and input data. The proposed cast shadow segmentation method has been evaluated on a number of different video data representing indoor and outdoor real-world environments. The obtained results have confirmed the validity of the approach, in particular its ability to deal with different types of content and its robustness to different physically important independent variables, and have demonstrated the improvement with respect to the state of the art. Examples of application of the proposed shadow segmentation tool to the enhancement of video object segmentation, tracking and description operations, and to video composition, have demonstrated the advantages of a shadow-aware video processing.

Stereoscopic Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) in a tiled setup, so-called display walls, are rising as a replacement for the classic projection-based systems for Virtual Reality (VR) applications. They have numerous benefits over projectors, the only drawback being their maximum size, which is why VR applications usually resort to using tiled display walls. Problems of display walls are the obvious bezels between single displays making up the wall and, most importantly, the complicated pipeline to display synchronized content across all participating screens. This becomes especially crucial when we are dealing with active-stereo content, where precisely timed display of the left and right stereo channels across the entire display area is essential. Usually, these scenarios require a variety of expensive, specialized hardware, which makes it difficult for such wall setups to spread more widely. In this paper, we present our service-oriented architecture Display as a Service (DaaS), which uses a virtualization approach to shift the problem of pixel distribution from specialized hardware to a generic software. DaaS provides network-transparent virtual framebuffers (VFBs) for pixel-producing applications to write into and virtual displays (VDs), which potentially span multiple physical displays making up a display wall, to present generated pixels on. Our architecture assumes network-enabled displays with integrated processing capabilities, such that all communication for pixel transport and synchronization between VFBs and VDs can happen entirely over IP networking using standard video streaming and Internet protocols. We show the feasibility of our approach in a heterogeneous use case scenario, evaluate latency and synchronization accuracy, and give an outlook for more potential applications in the field of VR.

Motivation: Modern sequencing technology now permits the sequencing of entire genomes, leading to thousands of new gene sequences in need of detailed annotation. It is too time consuming to predict the properties of each protein sequence manually and to organize the results of many prediction tools by hand. The prediction process must be automated so the predictions can be automatically organized, but the predictions must also be transparent. That is, the rationale for each prediction should be easily examinable by anyone that wishes to use the prediction. Results: Proteome Analyst (PA) is a web-based system for predicting the properties of each protein in a proteome. PA has three interesting features. First, it provides a single web-based tool that allows the user to select a wide range of analytic tools and automatically apply them to each protein in a proteome. In essence, PA provides one-stop automatic high-throughput analysis. Second, PA has the ability to explain its predictions to users. PA is based on established machine learning techniques, but makes every prediction transparent to its users. Third, PA allows users to easily create their own transparent custom predictors without programming. Availability: http://www.cs.ualberta.ca/~bioinfo/PA Supplementary Information: http://www.cs.ualberta.ca/~bioinfo/PA/Walkthrough http://www.cs.ualberta.ca/~bioinfo/PA/Experiments Contact: bioinfo@cs.ualberta.ca INTRODUCTION High-throughput sequencing technology has made it possible for even the smallest laboratory to sequence the genome of organelles, viruses and bacteria. Indeed there are now more than 1200 genome sequences deposited in public databases (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/genomes/) and this number is growing rapidly. Given the size and complexity of these data sets, most researchers are compelled to use automated annotation systems to identify or classify individual genes and proteins in their genomic data. A number of excellent systems have been developed over the past few years that permit automated genome-wide or proteome-wide annotation. These include GeneQuiz (Andrade et al., 1999), GeneAtlas (Kitson et al., 2002), EnsEMBL (Hubbard et al., 2002), PEDANT (Frishman et al., 2001), Genotator (Harris, 1997), Magpie (Gaasterland and Sensen, 1996) and GAIA (Overton et al., 1998). These use web-based tools to identify genes, parse data, translate sequences, search against public databases, identify domains or motifs and perform predictive analyses of protein sequences. Many of these packages provide user-customizable search schemas and graphical, hyperlinked output. The level of interpretation or inference offered by these annotation systems varies widely, with some offering only raw data (lists of homologues, calculated properties, etc.) in a consolidated format and others inferring function or ontology through detailed lexical analysis. Our PA system focuses on the task of prediction or classification. Our results show that classification/prediction can be used for many annotations. The most obvious is general-function, but we are also working on sub-cellular localization, specific function and protein-protein interaction are others we are working on. To use classification, we require an ontology or “dictionary” of class terms. Consequently, a number of controlled vocabularies or ontologies of protein function have started appearing. Among the first was the enzyme classification scheme (E.C. number) developed by the IUBMB and first employed in the ENZYME database (Bairoch, 1993). Later, Riley (1993) developed functional classification schemas for E. coli and other microbes. Variations on these functional vocabularies were added as other genomes and genome annotation systems were

This paper proposed an organization method of laser point cloud data for the efficient management and rapid visualization of the massive point cloud data of vehicle-mounted laser scanner. In this paper, both the original point cloud data and its trajectory are sectioned for the fast indexing firstly, then the LOD(levels of details) index of each section is build based on octree structure. With a tile type and multiresolution storage mode based on folder system, the depth of octree structure is represented by the level of folder directory, and in every node folder, the corresponding point cloud data file and its node properties file are both include. The storage method of this paper decreases the preprocessing time greatly and can support concurrent access owing to mutually independence of each node. Moreover, with the application of view frustum culling technology and multi-thread dynamic dispatch technology, the rendering and roaming of massive point cloud can realize real time updating according to viewpoint change, which significantly improves the dispatch efficiency of vehicle-mounted laser point cloud data. In the experiment, our method was compared with several popular software of point cloud data processing (e.g. XGRT, Quick Terrain Reader) on the data dispatch. The results show our method has obvious advantage on storage capacity, data access time, memory footprint, rendering frame rate and so on, it indicates our method is effective for the management of vehicle-mounted laser point cloud data and can improve the production efficiency for indoor-work of vehicle-mounted laser point cloud data processing.

Metagenomics has provided an unprecedented access to the microbial research since it was proposed at the end of last century. Meanwhile, the rapid advances of high-throughput sequencing technologies dramatically prompted metagenomic studies. Sequence analysis plays an important role in the metagenomics research. One point worth emphasizing and sketching in the process of sequence analysis is the procedure named binning, for its accuracy affects the precision and efficiency of the metagenomics research directly. The key of improving binning accuracy is to extract sequence feature which reflect the nature specialty of sequencing fragments. While all of the current binning methods take composition feature of sequences as characteristics, this paper studies the correlation feature of sequence in depth, and then proposes a new binning method based on this feature, using machine learning algorithms. Even for different classification levels and complexity-simulated datasets, our method maintains not only a high accuracy but also a good stability, which is superior to the performances of current unsupervised binning algorithms and the binning methods which only use the frequency feature of the triple or quadruple nucleotides.

Abstract. Nowadays the science and technology progresses not only create the change to have a big impact on various industries, but also stimulate Industry 4.0 being applied in the manufacturing industry to achieve manufacturing efficiency and to reduce its cost to increase additional values. This study uses the Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) evaluation method, which considers four criteria layers: Internet of things factors, Automationfactors, Intelligent factors, Big data factors, and twelve influence factors in sub-layer are: perceived layer, network layer, application layer, field layer, management layer, control layer, process control visualization, system supervisory and control omni bearing, green energy manufacturing production, variety, volume, and velocity. Then, the relative risk indicator (RRI) is obtained by the Analytical Hierarchical Process method, and the overall risk indicator (ORI) can be obtained after introducing the evaluation value of each impact factor through the case. The research results confirm that the risk assessment values obtained the hierarchical analysis method are consistent. This research through the Analytic Hierarchy Process, then discusses Industry 4.0 pair of Taiwan's precision machinery industry management pattern institute emphatically face with target, expected will provide the existing machine manufacture industry as well as the future wants to invest the precision machine industry the management policy-maker reference value, also might take the government policy consideration factors and the machine manufacture industry scholars study the academic for reference. Keywords. Industry 4.0, Precision machine industry, Analytic Hierarchy Process. JEL. L22, M11, O14.

O aumento nas demandas por gerenciamento, controle e monitoramento das informacoes na area da automacao hospitalar tem promovido um maior volume de pesquisas que sao indutoras do processo de inovacao tecnologica na area da saude. Neste contexto, um aspecto considerado importante na automatizacao do monitoramento de pacientes consiste na eficiencia em detectar e informar em tempo habil as anomalias encontradas nos sinais vitais dos pacientes. O procedimento de notificar as ocorrencias dessas anomalias a equipe medica pode ser implementado por meio da geracao e envio de alertas (sonoros ou visuais). Verificando a relevância desse tipo de demanda no ambiente hospitalar, o presente artigo descreve uma arquitetura que tem como fundamento a geracao e o envio de alertas, cujos dados sao advindos de pacientes internados em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (UTI). A premissa foi, portanto, otimizar o processo de comunicacao das anomalias detectadas de modo que a equipe medica responsavel seja notificada de tais eventos de maneira mais eficiente. A arquitetura de comunicacao, definida para o ambiente hospitalar, baseou-se em estudos realizados na UTI do Hospital Universitario Onofre Lopes (HUOL). Tais estudos possibilitaram uma analise de requisitos que permitiu definir um gerador de alertas personalizados, e o envio desses para dispositivos moveis das equipes medicas. O processo de envio dos alertas foi baseado em um algoritmo de escalonamento de tempo real, fazendo uso de um middleware e de computacao movel e distribuida, sendo esses os aspectos inovadores dessa arquitetura.

The present thesis deals with aspects of biogeography, phylogenetics, systematics, and evolution. Its goal was to investigate patterns of biotic assembly in the Mediterranean region, with special emphasis on the effect of earth processes on species origins and distribution, the origin of species endemic to islands, and the biogeographic links between the Mediterranean and Irano-Turanian regions. To address these issues, two genera of Rutaceae (citrus family) that met several requirements were selected as model systems: Ruta and Haplophyllum. The former, the type genus of the family, is restricted to the Mediterranean region and comprises species endemic to both continental fragment (Corsica and Sardinia) and oceanic (Canary Islands) islands. The latter, one of the most species-rich genera of the family, has been used to characterize the flora of the Irano-Turanian region, where it reaches maximum species diversity, but also includes species endemic to the Mediterranean region. In Chapter I we generated molecular phylogenies for Ruta and closely related taxa, essential to provide a robust framework for subsequent biogeographic analyses. Moreover, we tested conflicting taxonomic treatments of Ruta and affiliated taxa based on different classes of characters. The analyses supported the current circumscription of Ruta and showed that the genus can only be diagnosed by using a suite of homoplasious, plesiomorphic, and autapomorphic morphological character states. Conflict between molecular and phytochemical datasets was ascribed to convergence in secondary chemical compounds. In Chapter II we carried out biogeographic analyses of Ruta aimed at elucidating the time frame and sequence of range expansion events associated with its origin and diversification, focusing mainly on the island endemics. Biogeographic scenarios were proposed by integrating information from phylogeny, molecular dating, and ancestral range reconstruction methods that incorporate palaeo-geographic models. The analyses showed that Ruta invaded the Mediterranean region from the north before the onset of the current Mediterranean climate. Land migration through a temporary connection between the Corso- Sardinian and Apulian microplates, followed by vicariance, was inferred as the process underlying the origin of the Corso-Sardinian endemic lineage. The origin and diversification of the clade restricted to the Canary Islands was explained by means of a single colonization event of the archipelago, driven by long-distance dispersal from North Africa, followed by inter-island speciation and parallel invasion of similar ecological zones. In Chapter III we carried out molecular phylogenetic analyses of Haplophyllum in order to explore the biogeographic links between the Mediterranean and Irano-Turanian regions. The analyses identified many instances of species non-monophyly, but also cases of strongly-supported species monophyly. Optimization of morphological characters on the molecular phylogeny indicated that several species of the genus, especially those with a widespread distribution, can only be diagnosed by combinations of homoplasious character states. Preliminary biogeographic patterns suggested that the Mediterranean representatives of the genus arrived from the east multiple times, corroborating the hypothesis that the Irano- Turanian region served as a key source for the colonization of the Mediterranean region.

In summary, the aim of this research thesis is to fill a gap left by existing 3D GIS: the generation of a meaningful, interactive, three-dimensional presentation of a selected database, especially in terms of the graphical abstraction and progressive transfer in a heterogeneous network environment. The intention here is to expand the concept of an openly distributed GIS infrastructure of the OpenGIS Consortium (OGC) [BuMc96] to three-dimensional geodata. In contrast to previous work such as [Lang99], the main goal is not to depict a virtual landscape and/or an urban region as photorealistically as possible. Rather, the visual processing of the database should strive to support the user’s information needs. In contrast to computer-graphics rendering, in which a geometric model is depicted on a two-dimensional surface in proper perspective, the goal of the visualization is to transmit information to the user [Fole92]. Apart from the actual rendering, this process also requires a selection procedure that decides which elements of a scene contribute to the information content. This kind of visualization is called graphical abstraction. In a heterogeneous network environment, the problem of resource-adaptive data transfer and visualization is second to the graphical abstraction problem. The question is not only how to suitably describe the selected data, but also how to develop an adequate data transfer that presents the viewer with an initial visual result as quickly as possible. Additional data can be transferred later. This progressive data transfer is crucial for the use of 3D data on the Internet [Ross98]. Core concepts and components of the 3D geodata server developed within this thesis are the development of a query-oriented data model for efficient analysis of topological relations in three-dimensional spatial data, and a method for evaluating the relevance of single feature based on a user specific query. Based on this, a method to generate a graphical abstraction of the query result is developed. In order to compress the resulting model, a compression technique for triangle meshes for progressive transmission is invented. These concepts are proofed by a prototypical implementation within a 3D geodata server.

iPhone mobile devices are rapidly overtaking the new generation of mobile phones market, especially among the young generation. It is also gaining a lot of popularity among security specialists and fancy gadgets for collectors. The device is considered as a “special” mobile phone due to its ability to perform multi-operations if not multitasking. It can therefore be used as a entertainment media device, a camera, a GPS, Internet surfing via Wi-Fi technology, Internet Mobile Edge Services, personal organizer, and finally performing as a cell phone with all the usual services including sms, and so forth. However, the difference between the iPhone and the other conventional phones vendors is its ability to store and process huge volume of data which is supported by decent computing capabilities of the iPhone processor. As part of every technology, such a device can be used for legal and illegal activities. Therefore the potential risks from such “special” technology are not limited to the possibility of containing illegal materials, such as audios and visuals, including explicit materials, images, documents and the possibility of propagating malicious activities rapidly. Such modification can breach or tamper with the telecommunications network authorities and regulations. The goal of this paper is to focus on both the logical and the physical extraction of the iPhone generation one through the extraction of the iPhone flash drive NAND memory chip and also the logical extraction of data onto the second generation of iPhone using various techniques and methods at our disposal.

The subject of this thesis is a perception that the visual arts is declining in value in Australian culture. The rationale for this perception is drawn in the immediate sense from repeated debate in favour of abolition of the Australia Council (the premier source of grant funding to artistic producers). The method selected to investigate this perception is a comparison of rational and social epistemologies for curriculum, based respectively on the work of Arthur Efland and Theodor Adorno. By making this comparison, the thesis argues that the perceived shrinkage in the value and status of visual art is based on a fundamental conflict between the meanings of “art” and “culture”. The context of the debate is in fact perceptions of curriculum and their function vis-à-vis “cultural production” and is taken here to signal a change in the way Australia regards and values artistic activity. <br> <br> The thesis argues that culture needs to be defined appropriate to the Australian experience of “cultural production”. A lack of appropriate definition has resulted in terms like “creativity” becoming so broad in meaning that they are losing theoretical impact. I am inquiring as to what this loss of meaningfulness indicates about art education: some of the questions I ask in order to conduct the inquiry address whether the switch from visual art to visual culture signals a decline in the value of artistic culture; or does it owe itself to changing conditions between art education and artistic employment or commerce? <br> <br> The study examines visual art in particular as it might fall within the realm of Australian cultural production, providing one instance of artistic employment (i.e., in the visual arts). The focus of the study will be on addressing the stand-off between visual arts and visual culture in the field of curriculum studies: my method entails the application of Theodor Adorno’s aesthetic theory so as to place visual art and visual culture within a framework by which both rational and social epistemologies of art education can be used to define change in the realm of cultural production. <br> <br> Such change will include a re-evaluation of the role of visual art within higher education. At Monash University in Melbourne, the Faculty of Art, Design and Architecture has progressively eroded the value of different studio practices by shutting down programs in disciplines that cannot attract sufficient enrolments. The institution appears to displace artistic practice, and to favour visual culture as a more reliable, rational form of investment, leading to more secure forms of employment, and offering less risk in terms of the returns to public education and the economy more generally. <br> <br> Visual culture, or visual culture studies, purports to be a postmodern approach to the study of art and replaces fine art and visual art studies, which represent a more rational epistemology within the field of art education. Visual culture studies aims to work with the current corporate and technocratic reality rather than deny its existence. It permits interdisciplinarity and the removal of a metanarrative about the artist as hero, offering in its place a semblance of plurality, multiplicity, indeterminacy and fragmentation. <br> <br> Visual culture embraces forms of symbolic analysis to construct meaning or rather, to analyse artworks (Lankshear, 1997); addresses digital and social media more readily, and turns to visual literacy to justify the artfulness of artworks (de Duve, 1994; Brown, 2003). This process may suggest a value-free art is being practised: it erodes the significance of traditional aesthetic skills, making aesthetic judgment less essential to the creation of an artwork. <br> <br> One implication of this change is to free fine art in general from its supposedly elitist origins, and to enable the art world to encompass both “high” and “low” art forms with equal value. This new value, which is implicitly more value-free than the high art it seeks to overturn, destabilizes art to the point that it has so few boundaries its continued existence (in its traditional form) becomes questionable.