東北地域における水稲品種の晩植適性

Background: Commonly, skin and clothing surface contamination screening (radiation survey) is performed for residents of an area to confirm the levels of residual contamination after nuclear power disasters. Examiners for such a screening often wear white radiation hazmat suits. However, it has been reported that examinees tend to feel tension or anxiety. In this study, we focus on the color of the radiation hazmat suit as one measure to reduce residents’ tension or anxiety. This study aims to determine the common conceptions of radiation hazmat suits based on color. Methods: An anonymous self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted with a total of 262 participants consisting of nursing students, administrative staff of a university, general citizens, and mothers raising their children in the Tohoku region in Japan. The common impressions of radiation hazmat suits, which are typically white, were measured using the Multiple Affective States Scale. This scale can measure the affective state brought about by clothing. The color of white (W) was defined as a standard color commonly used for hazmat suits; in order to determine the common impressions of radiation hazmat suits based on color, the following additional colors were shown to the participants: salmon pink (P), ivory (I), and light green (G). Results: There were no sex differences regarding common impressions of radiation hazmat suits. For white radiation hazmat suits, a high score reflecting the characteristic of “capable” was obtained, while the scores for “cheerful” and “calm” were low, and those for “depressed” and “tense” were high. The colors that showed the highest score for “calm” as a positive affirmative state were I and P. W and P reflected a high “ashamed” score, and the “tense” score for G was higher for the participants in their 20s than for those in their 30s and older. Conclusions: Results show that the color of hazmat suits provokes far greater feelings of anxiety and tension on participants than previously thought. Radiation hazmat suits may be further improved based on the results of this study.

In a farm village of paddy field single crop area in Tohoku region of Japan, blood pressure of villagers was measured 3 times, in 1957, 1963 and 1967. Three hundred and twenty of 2452 subjects who were 30 years or over in 1957 were died through those 10 years. Mean blood pressure in 1957 was compared by cause of deaths. By deaths from cerebrovascular disease, which is the dominant cause of deaths, the blood pressure level was higher than the control survival group in both systolic and diastolic, though the difference was not recognized in the age group of under 40 and over 69 years. By deaths from heart diseases only systolic was higher, and by deaths from cancer and other causes the difference of blood pressure was scarcely recognized. Blond pressure changes not only through 10 years but also through 6 or 4 years interval showed a significant tendency that the higher the blood pressure measured in the former time the more dropped the blood pressure in the later time. The tendency is contrary to that found in South Wales by Miall and Lovell. The reason why such blocd pressure change has happened, is elucidated by the fact that most persons who were declared high blood pressure at the first time examination voluntarily received practitioners' medical treatment. Relation between the first time blood pressure and cardiovascular disorders found in the later examination was significant in retinograph rather than in electrocardiogram.

The Great Earthquake of March 11, 2011, significantly damaged the Tohoku region in Japan. Particularly, Fukushima Prefecture is still suffering from the impacts of the Great Earthquake and the nuclear power plant accident and the consequent evacuation of numerous people. It is considered that the population decline due to deaths, those declared missing, and evacuation has a negative impact on the regional economy through a decline in consumer demand. Therefore, using a 47-region inter-regional input–output table at prefecture level, we analyzed the economic impacts of the population decline for the past 5 years after the Great Earthquake. Consequently, it was observed that the impact was spread across the country. In particular, while the amount of production in the Tohoku region, including Fukushima, decreased, that of the Kanto region, including Tokyo, increased because many evacuees moved from the three affected prefectures and then became consumers in their new region. In addition, it is considered that the population decline will continue in the affected area in the long term. Therefore, based on population projections that consider the impact of the earthquake, we analyzed its long-term economic impacts. Consequently, it is shown that in the worst case, production in Fukushima in 2030 will decline by 15.4% compared with 2010. Thus, there is concern that the population decline in affected regions, such as Fukushima, will continue in the long term, and the regional economy will decline.

宮城県では,全国各地から気高系黒毛和種繁殖素牛の導入が推奨された.これは肥育素牛の産肉能力の向上をもたらした反面,乳頭糞線虫(SPL)のような消化管内線虫(GIN)の侵入に伴う病害も増加させた.また野外放牧場のホルスタイン種育成乳牛でもピロプラズマ対策とは対照的にGINへの対策はほとんど実施されておらず,増体や繁殖成績不振の要因と推察された.そこで,アベルメクチン系薬剤投与による駆虫効果および生産性の改善効果について検討することを目的に研究を実施した.試験1および試験2では飼養環境の異なる黒毛和種繁殖農場を選定し,駆虫効果および生産性を駆虫前後で比較検討した.供試薬はイベルメクチン製剤(アイボメックトピカル:IVMTメリアルジャパン,東京)を用いた.試験1,2ともに(1)1回あたり0.1mℓ/kgの割合で全頭に一斉投与後,(2)母牛には分娩1カ月前に同量を1回投与し,(3)子牛には1および6カ月齢で各1回ずつ2回投薬した.駆虫後には,①病傷事故件数,および支払共済金の減少,②母牛の空胎日数の短縮傾向と2産目までの人工授精回数の低下傾向,③市場出荷体重とDaily Gain(一日あたりの増体量;以下DG値)の改善傾向,④若齢子牛の体高の正常化及び⑤血清アルブミン(Alb)値の増加等も認められた.試験3では野外放牧場のホルスタイン種育成乳牛への駆虫プログラムについて示した.供試牛は入牧時期によって適宜群分けし,2008及び2009年にはIVMTを投薬した.2010年はエプリノメクチン製剤(エプリネックストピカル:EPNTメリアルジャパン,東京)を用いて同様に群分けし,シミュレーションソフトのPARABAN算出値と過去の糞便検査成績から設定した時期に駆虫を実施し,これまでの投薬法と比較検討した.2010年の11月でGIN虫卵検出の陽性率およびEPG(Eggs per gram)値の低下を認めた.また,DG値や初回人工授精月齢などで改善が認められた.また,ヘマトクリット(Ht)値,血清Alb値及び血糖(Glu)値等で上昇を認めた.以上の結果より舎飼黒毛和種ではIVMTの投薬で,SPLや牛鞭虫の寄生虫感染の抑制と生産性の改善を認め,アベルメクチン系駆虫薬剤は使用環境と線虫種による適切な薬剤の使い分けが有効であることが示唆された.また,育成子牛の増体量や体高の正常化,および150日齢以上の駆虫群での血清Alb値の有意な高値や繁殖成績の向上を認めた.これは,食欲や蛋白質吸収の阻害要因であるGINを効果的に駆除することで,それらの生理的機能が正常に作用した結果であると推察された.

東北地域における水稲19品種を，1950年以前に育成された品種 （Ⅰ群品種），1980年以前に育成された品種 （Ⅱ群品種），1980年以降に育成され，現在，普及している品種 （Ⅲ群品種），東北農研が育成した最近の主食用品種 （Ⅳ群品種），東北農研が育成した最近の飼料用品種 （Ⅴ群品種） に分類し，その特性を少肥移植栽培において比較した．稈長は，Ⅰ群品種で長く，Ⅱ群品種，Ⅲ群品種で中程度，Ⅳ群品種，Ⅴ群品種で短かった．一方，少肥移植栽培における収量には，品種群による明確な差異は認められなかった．これらのことから，東北地域の水稲品種における収量の歴史的増加の要因としては，施肥量が増加し，それに伴い稈長がやや短く耐倒伏性がやや優れたⅡ群品種，Ⅲ群品種が普及したことが挙げられた．形質間の関係をみると，穂数が少ない品種は，葉身幅が広く，節間直径が太く，1穂籾数が多く，千粒重が重いという関係が認められた．しかし，稈長は，他の形質と密接な関係は認められなかった．これらのことから，品種育成の歴史の中で，稈長が短くなることによって，必然的に変化した形質は少ないと推察された．玄米の外観品質 （品質）・食味に関しては，Ⅰ群品種，Ⅱ群品種は，様々な品質・食味の品種が混在しているのに対して，Ⅲ群品種，Ⅳ群品種は，いずれも品質・食味が優れていると推察された．以上の結果をもとにして，東北地域における水稲品種育成の今後の方向性について論じた．

On March 11, 2011, a magnitude Mw 9.0 earthquake occurred off the coast of Japan's Tohoku region causing catastrophic damage and loss of life. The tsunami flow velocity analysis focused on two survivor videos recorded from building rooftops at Kesennuma Bay along Japan's Sanriku coast. A terrestrial laser scanner was deployed at the locations of the tsunami eyewitness video recordings. The tsunami current velocities through the Kesennuma Bay are determined in a four step process. The LiDAR point clouds are used to calibrate the camera fields of view in real world coordinates. The motion of the camera during recordings was determined. The video images were rectified with direct linear transformation. Finally a cross‐correlation based particle image velocimetry analysis was applied to the rectified video images to determine instantaneous tsunami flow velocity fields. The measured maximum tsunami height of 9 m in the Kesennuma Bay narrows were followed by maximum tsunami outflow currents of 11 m/s less than 10 minutes later.

Substitute or complement? How social capital, age and socioeconomic status interacted to impact mortality in Japan's 3/11 tsunami

The accident at Fukushima Dai-Ichi Nuclear Power Station (NPS) extensively contaminated the agricultural land in the Tohoku region of Japan with radioactive cesium [sum of cesium-134 (134Cs) and cesium-137 (137Cs)]. We evaluated the status of radioactive cesium (Cs) contamination in soil and plants at the Field Science Center of Tohoku University, northern Miyagi prefecture, 150 km north of the NPS. In seven pastures with different management, we examined: (1) the distribution of radioactive Cs in soil, (2) the concentration of radioactive Cs in various herbaceous plant species and (3) the change in radioactive Cs content of plants as they matured. We collected samples of litter, root mat layer (root mat soil and plant roots), and subsurface soil (0–5 cm beneath the root mat) at two to three locations in each pasture in December 2011 and May 2012. The aboveground parts of herbaceous plants (four grasses, two legumes, and one forb species) were collected from May 9 to June 20, 2012, at 14-d intervals, from one to five fixed sampling locations in each pasture. The distribution of radioactive Cs in soil differed among pastures to some degree: a large proportion of radioactive Cs was distributed in the root mat layer. Pasture management greatly influenced the radioactive Cs content of herbaceous plants (p < 0.001); plant species had less influence. Radioactive Cs content was highest (> 3 kBq kg−1 dry weight) on May 9 and significantly decreased with maturity (p < 0.001) for most of the pastures, whereas it remained low (0.04–0.18 kBq kg−1 dry weight) throughout the measurement period in the pasture where composted cattle manure was applied. The soil-to-plant transfer factor was negatively correlated to pH(H2O) (R2 = 0.783, p < 0.001) and exchangeable K content (R2 = 0.971, p < 0.001) of root mat soils, which suggests that surface application of composted cattle manure reduces plant uptake of radioactive Cs by increasing the exchangeable K content of the soil. The radioactive Cs content of plants decreased with plant maturity; its degree of decrease (May 9 to June 6) was smaller in legumes (80.6%) than grasses (55.5%) and the forb (58.6%). Radioactive Cs content decreased with plant maturity; also, the proportion remaining in the aboveground plant was higher in legumes (80.6%) than grasses (55.5%) and the forb (58.6%).

Challenges and futuredirections in breast cancer care in Fukushima prefecture in Japan: correspondence to "A survey on the current status of clinical resources for diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer in rural hospitals of the Tohoku region in Japan".

In the education context, the majority of studies on student intentions (school selection, retention and dropout) focused on the internal affecting factors (e.g., sex, family background, school performance and satisfaction). Those on the external determinants (e.g., school image) seem to be too thin, although these factors can be more easily and effectively regulated by education institutions. School image, however, does not stay unchanged but revolves over time. Nevertheless, the instability of school image has not been examined by previous research. Based on these understandings, this study aims to examine the change of a school department’s images with the input of rap music as an image change agent. In addition, it investigates the correlation between department images and student intentions. Using the quantitative data collected from 96 students in three low-grade classes (1-3) in a junior technology college in the Tohoku region of Japan, this study found that the impacts that a piece of rap music can produce is marginally limited, and the images of the department are decaying. In addition, the study figured out that department images are significant to the formation of students’ intentions to go to the advanced course and to recommend the department, but don’t have any significant effect on students’ intention to finish their five-year study. Some implications for the management of education activities to retain and recruit students are proposed based on these outcomes.

The tsunami caused by the Great East Japan Earthquake on March 11, 2011 disturbed coastal environments in the eastern Tohoku region in Japan. Numerous terrestrial materials, including anthropogenic organic compounds, were deposited in the coastal zone. To evaluate the impacts of the disaster, we analyzed PCBs, LABs, PAHs, and hopanes in mussels collected from 12 locations in the east of Tohoku during 2011-2015 (series A) by GC-ECD or GC-MS and compared them with results from mussels collected from 22 locations around Japan during 2001-2004 (series B). Early LAB concentrations in series A at some locations were higher than the maximum concentrations in series B but decreased during the 5years. Because LABs are molecular markers for sewage, these decreases are consistent with the recovery of sewage treatment plants in these areas. Early PAH concentrations at several locations were higher than the maximum concentrations in series B but also decreased. These high concentrations would have been derived from oil spills. The decreases of both LABs and PAHs indicate that these locations were affected by the tsunami but recovered. In contrast, later high concentrations of target compounds were detected sporadically at several locations. This pattern suggests that environmental pollution was caused by human activities, such as reconstruction. To understand the long-term trend of environmental pollution induced by the disaster, continuous monitoring along the Tohoku coast is required.

The long-range eolian deposits formed during the late Pleistocene in south-western Hokkaido to northern Tohoku region in Japan and their origin

In tsunami risk assessments, understanding the uncertainties involved in numerical simulations of tsunami wave heights and arrival times is important. However, few studies have been conducted to determine the effects of dynamic parameters (i.e., rupture velocity and rise time) in the simulation of tsunami wave heights and arrival times, although numerous studies have been conducted on the uncertainties that result from static parameters (i.e., top depth, strike, dip, rake, and fault slip). In this study, we calculated the variability in tsunami wave heights and their arrival times as a result of the uncertainties in the along-strike rupture velocity of faults. Specifically, numerical simulations of tsunamis were conducted with various rupture velocities and starting points within a large fault. The numerical analyses considered hypothetical bathymetry and dynamic effects and indicated that the uncertainties in the maximum wave height and its arrival time are greater as the water depth increases. The number of sub-faults affected the wave heights and suggested that we should consider these effects in numerical simulations of tsunamis. The results of the numerical analyses using the actual bathymetry of the Tohoku region in Japan showed that the spatial uncertainty in the maximum wave height at a 50 m depth had a 0.04 log-normal standard deviation based on a distribution of ratios between the calculated wave heights from numerical simulations with and without considering dynamic effects. The results of this study are practical for probabilistic tsunami hazard assessments for which we must evaluate the quantitative value of the spatial uncertainty in wave heights. This study is a basis for similar research in terms of offering a technique for evaluating wave height uncertainty due to the rupture velocity.

203) Development of the Local Disaster Medical Assistance Team System in a Local Government and the Tohoku Region of Japan

Two massive earthquakes have occurred in Japan since 1995: the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake and the Great East Japan Earthquake. The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake that occurred in 1995 mainly damaged Kobe City; following the earthquake, its population declined from 1.52 million to 1.42 million. The Great East Japan Earthquake that occurred in 2011 significantly damaged the Tohoku region in Japan. The coastal area of Fukushima Prefecture is still suffering from the impacts of the nuclear power plant accident that occurred as a result of the earthquake. There is the possibility of a long-term population decline due to the evacuation that followed, particularly in the coastal area of Fukushima Prefecture. In this chapter, the author analyses the recovery process of the population in the affected regions due to these two massive earthquakes. Furthermore, as a case study, the economic impacts of population decline due to the Great East Japan Earthquake are estimated for the affected region. From the results of the analysis, the author shows the difference in the population recovery process between the two earthquakes, and the negative impacts on the region affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake.