Nanoprobes for Deep Carbon

Living and dead deep-water ostracods from different sites and habitats of the Cold Water Coral Province off Santa Maria di Leuca have been investigated. A total of 42 ostracod taxa were determined, 34 of which at species level and 8 at genus level. The living associations comprise only two species: Bairdoppilata conformis and Bythocypris obtusata. The same species form dead associations together with Henryhowella ex H. hirta group, Macropyxis adriatica, Bythocypris bosquetiana, Pseudocythere caudata, Bathycythere vanstraateni and Cytheropteron testudo. The analysis of dead assemblages, which includes species such as Bathycythere vanstraateni, Cytheropteron testudo, and Bythocythere mylaensis taxa no longer thriving in the Recent Mediterranean Sea allowed us to determine that an old component of the ostracod assemblages of the “Santa Maria di Leuca Cold Water Coral Province” seemingly lived during the last cold period of the Late Pleistocene or its transition to the Holocene. Furthermore, the high species richness and specimen abundance, recorded in some samples, might be related to a local increase in the availability of trophic resources at the bottom surface related to the general circulation and to the presence of deep coral bioconstructions. The presence of a few carapaces of species with shallower distributions seems related to post mortem displacement events. Francesco Sciuto. University of Catania. Palaeoecological Research Group. Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Corso Italia, 57. 95129 Catania. fsciuto@unict.it Antonietta Rosso. University of Catania. Palaeoecological Research Group. Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Corso Italia, 57. 95129 Catania.rosso@unict.it

Research Article| January 01, 2021 Triple Oxygen Isotopes in Silica–Water and Carbonate–Water Systems Jordan A.G. Wostbrock*; Jordan A.G. Wostbrock* Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA * E-mail: jogibbons7@unm.edu Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Zachary D. Sharp Zachary D. Sharp Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA * E-mail: zsharp@unm.edu Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry (2021) 86 (1): 367–400. https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2021.86.11 Article history first online: 04 Jan 2021 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation Jordan A.G. Wostbrock*, Zachary D. Sharp; Triple Oxygen Isotopes in Silica–Water and Carbonate–Water Systems. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 2021;; 86 (1): 367–400. doi: https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2021.86.11 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyReviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry Search Advanced Search The field of stable isotope geochemistry began with the recognition that the oxygen isotope composition of ancient carbonates could be used as a paleothermometer (Urey 1947; Urey et al. 1951). As stated by Urey (1947), “Accurate determinations of the Ol8 content of carbonate rocks could be used to determine the temperature at which they were formed”. This concept was based on the temperature dependence for the oxygen isotope fractionation between calcite and water. Urey realized that if a mass spectrometer with sufficient precision could be built, a method of reproducibly extracting oxygen from... You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

Research Article| January 01, 2006 Chemical Bonding in Sulfide Minerals David J. Vaughan; David J. Vaughan School of Earth Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences and Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science University of Manchester Manchester, United Kingdom, e-mail: david.vaughan@manchester.ac.uk Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Kevin M. Rosso Kevin M. Rosso Chemical Sciences Division and W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P. O. Box 999, MSIN K8-96 Richland, Washington, 99352, U.S.A., e-mail: kevin.rosso@pnl.gov Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry (2006) 61 (1): 231–264. https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2006.61.5 Article history first online: 13 Jul 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation David J. Vaughan, Kevin M. Rosso; Chemical Bonding in Sulfide Minerals. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 2006;; 61 (1): 231–264. doi: https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2006.61.5 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyReviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry Search Advanced Search An understanding of chemical bonding and electronic structure in sulfide minerals is central to any attempt at understanding their crystal structures, stabilities and physical properties. It is also an essential precursor to understanding reactivity through modeling surface structure at the molecular scale. In recent decades, there have been remarkable advances in first principles (ab initio) methods for the quantitative calculation of electronic structure. These advances have been made possible by the very rapid development of high performance computers. Several review volumes that chart the applications of these developments in mineralogy and geochemistry are available (Tossell and Vaughan... You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTSurface Passivation of Magnetite by Reaction with Aqueous Cr(VI): XAFS and TEM ResultsMaria L. Peterson, Art F. White, Gordon E. Brown,, and George A. ParksView Author Information Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-2115, U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, M.S. 420, Menlo Park, California 94025, and Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford, California 94309 Cite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 1997, 31, 5, 1573–1576Publication Date (Web):April 29, 1997Publication History Received9 October 1996Accepted13 January 1997Revised7 January 1997Published online29 April 1997Published inissue 29 April 1997https://doi.org/10.1021/es960868iCopyright © 1997 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views1260Altmetric-Citations132LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit Read OnlinePDF (157 KB) Get e-AlertsSUBJECTS:Extended X-ray absorption fine structure,Magnetite,Metals,Redox reactions,Transfer reactions Get e-Alerts

ET (endothelin)-1 is a vasoconstrictive peptide. ET receptor antagonists are used to treat pulmonary hypertension. Whether ET-1 is a target of intervention in cardiovascular disease or a symptom of vascular damage is unclear. A genetic variant promoting ET-1 expression was recently found positively associated with ischemic heart disease (IHD).1 Here, we used separate sample Mendelian randomization (MR), that is, instrumental variable analysis with genetic instruments, to assess whether ET-1 is associated with IHD and for completeness with myocardial infarction (MI) and some of their major risk factors. We obtained 3 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; rs4253238 [ KLKB1 ], rs2731672 [ F12 ], and rs5370 [ EDN1 ]) strongly ( P value<5×10−8) and independently ( r 2<0.01) associated with CT-pro-ET-1 (C-terminal-pro-endothelin-1), a biomarker of ET-1, from a genome-wide association study in 6674 people of European ancestry, mean age 49 years, 47% men, adjusted for age and sex, with no evidence of population stratification.2 These 3 SNPs explained 14.3% of the variance in CT-pro-ET-1.2 rs2731672 was not available for all outcomes, so was replaced with a correlated ( r 2=0.93 using LDlink with 1000 Genomes catalog for Europeans) proxy, rs2545801 ( F12 ). We applied these genetic predictors of CT-pro-ET-1 to the largest publically available extensively genotyped IHD case (n≤76014)–control (n≤264785) study (largely based on the UK Biobank SOFT CAD, CARDIoGRAMplusC4D 1000 Genomes, and the MIGen/CARDIoGRAM Exome chip study) …

Research Article| January 01, 2009 Thermodynamics of Solid Solution-Aqueous Solution Systems Manuel Prieto Manuel Prieto Department of Geology, University of Oviedo Oviedo, Spain, mprieto@geol.uniovi.es Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information Manuel Prieto Department of Geology, University of Oviedo Oviedo, Spain, mprieto@geol.uniovi.es Publisher: Mineralogical Society of America First Online: 09 Mar 2017 © The Mineralogical Society Of America Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry (2009) 70 (1): 47–85. https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2009.70.2 Article history First Online: 09 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation Manuel Prieto; Thermodynamics of Solid Solution-Aqueous Solution Systems. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 2009;; 70 (1): 47–85. doi: https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2009.70.2 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyReviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry Search Advanced Search When two solutes crystallize simultaneously from an aqueous phase and have similar crystal structures, a solid solution is likely to form. Indeed, although often disregarded, solid solution-aqueous solution (SS-AS) effects are ubiquitous in both natural and industrial crystallization processes. In nature, and particularly on the Earth’s surface environments, the crystallization of minerals from multicomponent aqueous solutions provokes in most cases the formation of solids with more or less wide compositional ranges, i.e., solid solutions. Moreover, the interaction between existing minerals and water frequently leads to surface precipitation and dissolution-recrystallization processes, in which a number of substituting ions (major, minor, or... You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

Research Article| January 02, 2003 Historical Development of Zircon Geochronology Donald W. Davis; Donald W. Davis Earth Sciences Department, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen’s Park, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2C6, dond@rom.on.catomk@rom.on.ca Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Thomas E. Krogh; Thomas E. Krogh Earth Sciences Department, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen’s Park, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2C6, dond@rom.on.catomk@rom.on.ca Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Ian S. Williams Ian S. Williams Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia, ian.williams@anu.edu.au Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information Donald W. Davis Earth Sciences Department, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen’s Park, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2C6, dond@rom.on.catomk@rom.on.ca Thomas E. Krogh Earth Sciences Department, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen’s Park, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 2C6, dond@rom.on.catomk@rom.on.ca Ian S. Williams Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia, ian.williams@anu.edu.au Publisher: Mineralogical Society of America First Online: 03 Mar 2017 © The Mineralogical Society Of America Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry (2003) 53 (1): 145–181. https://doi.org/10.2113/0530145 Article history First Online: 03 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation Donald W. Davis, Thomas E. Krogh, Ian S. Williams; Historical Development of Zircon Geochronology. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 2003;; 53 (1): 145–181. doi: https://doi.org/10.2113/0530145 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyReviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry Search Advanced Search An exact knowledge of rock formation ages is perhaps the single most important tool needed for assembling the geologic record into a coherent history. Moreover, the age of Earth and the time scale of pre-human events are central to a civilization’s sense of origin and purpose. Therefore, the quest for precise and reliable geochronometers has had a scientific and a cultural importance that few other enterprises can match. Since the beginning of the last century it has been recognized that long-lived radioactive decay systems provide the only valid means of quantifying geologic time. The uranium-lead decay system has always played... You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

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Research Article| January 01, 2006 Single-crystal Neutron Diffraction: Present and Future Applications Nancy L. Ross; Nancy L. Ross Crystallography Laboratory, Department of Geosciences Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, U.S.A., e-mail: nross@vt.edu Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Christina Hoffmann Christina Hoffmann Oak Ridge National Laboratory/SNS, One Bethel Valley Road, P.O. Box 2008, MS6474, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 37831-6474, U.S.A. e-mail: hoffmanncm@ornl.gov Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry (2006) 63 (1): 59–80. https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2006.63.3 Article history first online: 13 Jul 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation Nancy L. Ross, Christina Hoffmann; Single-crystal Neutron Diffraction: Present and Future Applications. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 2006;; 63 (1): 59–80. doi: https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2006.63.3 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyReviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry Search Advanced Search Single-crystal neutron diffraction provides a powerful complementary probe to X-ray diffraction for the characterization of earth materials. The ability of neutron diffraction to determine the position of the atomic nucleus rather than electron density is key to its use in structural studies. A typical neutron beam spectrum contains neutrons in the energy ranges of epithermal, hot, thermal and cold. The relation between the neutron kinetic energy and the wavelength is: \[\mathit{E}\ =\ \frac{1}{2}\mathit{mv}^{2}\ =\ \left(\frac{{\hbar}^{2}2{\pi}^{2}}{\mathit{m}}\right)\frac{1}{{\lambda}^{2}}{\ }{\ }(de-Broglie)\] (1) where m is the neutron mass and v is the velocity. This can be transformed in (1) via de Broglie using the... You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

Research Article| January 01, 2002 Noble Gas Isotope Geochemistry of Mid-Ocean Ridge and Ocean Island Basalts: Characterization of Mantle Source Reservoirs David W. Graham David W. Graham College of Oceanic & Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, dgraham@coas.oregonstate.edu Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry (2002) 47 (1): 247–317. https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2002.47.8 Article history first online: 13 Jul 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation David W. Graham; Noble Gas Isotope Geochemistry of Mid-Ocean Ridge and Ocean Island Basalts: Characterization of Mantle Source Reservoirs. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 2002;; 47 (1): 247–317. doi: https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2002.47.8 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyReviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry Search Advanced Search The study of noble gases in oceanic basalts is central to understanding chemical heterogeneity of the Earth’s mantle and origin of the atmosphere. In the terrestrial environment the abundances of noble gases are quite low because they were excluded from solid materials during planetary formation in the inner solar system. This low background inventory helps to make the noble gases excellent tracers of mantle reservoirs. In this context, mid-ocean ridge and ocean island basalts provide valuable windows into the Earth’s mantle. These oceanic basalts are not prone to the degree of contamination often observed in continental lavas that results from... You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

Research Article| January 01, 2001 Molecular Models of Surface Relaxation, Hydroxylation, and Surface Charging at Oxide-Water Interfaces James R. Rustad James R. Rustad W.R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-96, Richland, Washington, 99352, U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry (2001) 42 (1): 169–198. https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2001.42.6 Article history first online: 14 Jul 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation James R. Rustad; Molecular Models of Surface Relaxation, Hydroxylation, and Surface Charging at Oxide-Water Interfaces. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 2001;; 42 (1): 169–198. doi: https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2001.42.6 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyReviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry Search Advanced Search Increasingly sophisticated experimental techniques are resolving detailed aspects of the surface chemistry of oxide and silicate materials. Structural characterization can now be carried out on remarkably complex systems (Brown et al. 1999). Recent examples include the distribution of iron in dioctahedral smectites (Manceau et al. 2000), the arrangements of protons on the hematite (012) surface (Henderson et al. 1998), the relaxation of iron atoms at the surface of hematite (001) (Thevuthasan et al. 1999), the arrangements of defects in the γ-Fe2O3 corrosion film formed on metallic iron (Ryan... You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

Research Article| January 01, 2006 Atomistic Models of OH Defects in Nominally Anhydrous Minerals Kate Wright Kate Wright Nanochemistry Research Institute, Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box 1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia, e-mail: kate@ivec.org Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information Kate Wright Nanochemistry Research Institute, Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box 1987, Perth, Western Australia 6845, Australia, e-mail: kate@ivec.org Publisher: Mineralogical Society of America First Online: 03 Mar 2017 © The Mineralogical Society Of America Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry (2006) 62 (1): 67–83. https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2006.62.4 Article history First Online: 03 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation Kate Wright; Atomistic Models of OH Defects in Nominally Anhydrous Minerals. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 2006;; 62 (1): 67–83. doi: https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2006.62.4 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyReviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry Search Advanced Search The Earth’s upper mantle may contain substantial amounts of water dissolved in nominally anhydrous minerals (NAMs) such as the Mg2SiO4 polymorphs, pyroxenes and garnets. This water, incorporated into the crystal lattice as hydrogen defects, can have a profound influence on the physical properties of the mantle, even when present at low concentrations. An understanding of these defects at the atomic level is therefore of fundamental importance for the development of models of the evolution and dynamics of the Earth’s mantle. The incorporation of hydrogen and its influence on the properties of NAMs has been an active area... You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

Research Article| November 01, 2018 Molecular Clusters and Solvation in Volcanic and Hydrothermal Vapors Kono H. Lemke; Kono H. Lemke Department of Earth Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Terry M. Seward Terry M. Seward SGEES, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry (2018) 84 (1): 57–83. https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2018.84.02 Article history first online: 09 Nov 2018 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation Kono H. Lemke, Terry M. Seward; Molecular Clusters and Solvation in Volcanic and Hydrothermal Vapors. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 2018;; 84 (1): 57–83. doi: https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2018.84.02 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyReviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry Search Advanced Search Throughout the Earth’s crust from magmatic/volcanic to lower temperature hydrothermal environments, low density aqueous fluids play a fundamental role in its chemical evolution. These gas-like fluids contain a periodic table of elements but their molecular chemistry has been little studied. Even the gas-phase molecular chemistry of the solvent itself, steam or low density supercritical water, is poorly known. These low density, gas-like aqueous fluids are important reactive, chemical transport media (Henley and Seward 2018, this volume) throughout the crust and may exit into the Earth’s ocean–atmosphere system, contributing to ocean and atmospheric chemistry throughout geologic time. The importance... You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

Research Article| January 01, 2001 Biogeochemistry of Sulfur Isotopes D. E. Canfield D. E. Canfield Danish Center for Earth System Science (DCESS) and Institute of Biology, Odense University, SDU, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry (2001) 43 (1): 607–636. https://doi.org/10.2138/gsrmg.43.1.607 Article history first online: 09 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation D. E. Canfield; Biogeochemistry of Sulfur Isotopes. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 2001;; 43 (1): 607–636. doi: https://doi.org/10.2138/gsrmg.43.1.607 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyReviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry Search Advanced Search Sulfur, with an atomic weight of 32.06, has four stable isotopes. By far the most abundant is 32S, representing around 95% of the total sulfur on Earth. The next most abundant isotope is 34S, followed by 33S, and finally 36S is the least abundant contributing only 0.0136% to the total (Table 11). The natural abundances of sulfur isotopes, however, vary from these values as a result of biological and inorganic reactions involving the chemical transformation of sulfur compounds. For thermodynamic reasons, the relative abundance of sulfur isotopes can vary between coexisting sulfur phases. This... You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

Research Article| January 01, 2002 X-ray Standing Wave Studies of Minerals and Mineral Surfaces: Principles and Applications Michael J. Bedzyk; Michael J. Bedzyk 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, 60208, U.S.A.2Materials Science Division Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Likwan Cheng Likwan Cheng 3Environmental Research Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, 60439, U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry (2002) 49 (1): 221–266. https://doi.org/10.2138/gsrmg.49.1.221 Article history first online: 09 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation Michael J. Bedzyk, Likwan Cheng; X-ray Standing Wave Studies of Minerals and Mineral Surfaces: Principles and Applications. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 2002;; 49 (1): 221–266. doi: https://doi.org/10.2138/gsrmg.49.1.221 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyReviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry Search Advanced Search With a penetration depth ranging from microns to millimeters, Ångstrom-wavelength X-rays are an ideal probe for studying atomic-scale buried structures found in the natural environment, such as impurities in minerals and adsorbed ions at mineral-water interfaces. But this penetration depth also makes an X-ray beam inherently less useful as a spatially localized probe. Using the superposition of two coherently coupled X-ray beams, however, makes it possible to localize the X-ray intensity into interference fringes of an X-ray standing wave (XSW) field, as illustrated in Figure 11, and thereby attain a spatially localized periodic probe with a length scale... You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.