National Development Planning and Plan Administration in Nigeria

Public Administration and DevelopmentVolume 2, Issue 1 p. 85-86 Book Review Principles and practice of public administration in Nigeria. Augustus Adebayo Wiley, Chichester, 1981, 193 pp. Hubert Allen, Hubert Allen International Union of Local AuthoritiesSearch for more papers by this author Hubert Allen, Hubert Allen International Union of Local AuthoritiesSearch for more papers by this author First published: January/March 1982 https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.4230020119AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume2, Issue1January/March 1982Pages 85-86 RelatedInformation

Science & Technology (S&T) is recognised in intellectual discourse and public policymaking as strategic for development in contemporary times. The study assesses development planning experience in Nigeria and attempts to make a case for the integration of Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) policy within the overall framework of national development planning. Content analyses of the development plan documents were made alongside exposition on theoretical perspectives on S&T for growth and development. The framework leads to some implications for Nigeria's development plan. A survey of the theoretical perspectives on the interrelations between STI and national development is also undertaken. As Science & Technology planning is grossly lacking in Nigeria’s development planning, the paper prescribes principles for effective interfacing of STI policy with national development plans. It draws attention to the essence of regular exchange of information between the sectors of Nigeria's economy and the Ministry of Science & Technology and the National Planning Commission, both at construction and implementation of plans. Development planning in Nigeria will serve the better if it is comprehensive and detailed to include S&T policy and programme. The regimes of ad-hoc/disintegrated sectoral reforms must no longer be allowed to rob the economy of desired growth and development. While the planning of STI activities is of critical importance, the paper seems the first to call attention to the significance of integrating STI with the overall framework of national planning in Nigeria.

The prevalence of xenophobia in South Africa has hindered the realisation of the National Development Plan making it impossible to achieve sustainable development goals by 2030.Xenophobic attacks have hindered all efforts to alleviate poverty and hunger.The paper found that xenophobia attacks destroy the ability and capacity of the state needed for the realisation of the National Development Plan for Sustainable Development Goals.Xenophobic attacks in South Africa were found to affect the National Development Plan and prevents it from promoting Sustainable Development Goals because it affects partnerships between locals and migrants in South Africa to work towards achieving sustainable development.The paper found that xenophobic attacks affect foreign national entrepreneurs' businesses, and decide to remove their businesses out of the country.This removal thus loss of jobs and increase unemployment rates and affects economic growth.Xenophobia was found to have substantial negative impact on the environment for business, therefore, affecting the materialisation of the National Development Plan and Sustainable Development Goals in South Africa.Yet, realisation of the National Development Plan Vision 2030 and Sustainable Development Goals depends on securing sustainable environment for business that promote sustainable economic growth.There is need for the state to address xenophobia from its root causes to secure sustainable environment for business, and secure partnerships between foreigners and locals.To collect data and analyse it, the paper adopted a qualitative research methodology with an explanatory approach.

Britain is one of the few European Union member states that does not produce and maintain a strategic spatial plan at the national tier. This study concentrates on the concepts of national spatial strategic plan in England and discusses its the contents and frameworks. To make it more rational, this study also uses European comparators (the Netherlands and France) and English historical precedents to make initial suggestions for the design of a national spatial strategic plan for England. From the experience of the Netherlands and France, the paper discussed which model would be more suitable for England and each key character of these two countries’ national development planning. This study then gives some discussions on the current regional development plan and local development plan system of England and the future of the national spatial strategic plan.

Durban Container Terminal (DCT) operations contribute significantly to emission release. DCT operations directly threaten sustainable development and South Africa’s Sustainable National Development Plan (NDP) goals. Sustainable port development aims to create scenarios for “Ports of the Future” that are green, sustainable and have minimal or no impact on the environment. The problem statement is defined as DCT's role in failure to achieve sustainable development targets set by the NDP and the United Nations (UN). The current DCT operation setup promotes an increase in cargo handling coupled with numerous socioeconomic activities, which is a constant source of increasing pressure on the limited natural resources and a continuous threat to sustainable development in the Durban areas. The aim and objectives are to investigate and explore the reasons why DCT fails to achieve sustainable development goals set up by the NDP and the UN. The quantitative research method helped to answer questions on relationships within measurable variables to explain, predict, and control a phenomenon concerning sustainable development goals for the container terminal. The findings presented challenges and a threat to DCT if the current position concerning service requirements, costs and demands for sustainability is not addressed. The literature, studies and engineering reports illustrate the available technologies that respond to sustainable development requirements. The theory supports the critical role played by the dry port, terminal layout, and operating system in mitigating emissions release during operations. The engineering and DCT electricity consumption annual reports confirm the high consumption of energy during operations. The results from the port equipment, infrastructure, road and rail integration, and dry port explain why DCT fails to achieve the sustainable development goals set by the NDP and the UN. DCT depends on the main grid energy supply originating from fossil energy sources. This has led to 58 967tCO2e for DCT operation from equipment and electrical infrastructure. The poor rail conditions have increased temporary speed restrictions (TSRs). The lack of investment in the rail infrastructure, rail maintenance, and TSR takes away the opportunity to have a dry port and reduces the number of containers travelling by road. The DCT integrated logistics system is missing the possibility of reducing CO2 emission release by 30 085.4tCO2e. The simulating model confirmed the dominance of trucks and was followed by port equipment concerning CO2 release. The results illustrate the impact of the ineffective role of rail freight. It indicates that if the number of wagons is increased, the number of trucks on the road will decrease, resulting in a CO2 release reduction. The DCT integrated operating model assessment results explain why DCT is not realizing the national development plan’s objectives for sustainable development goals. DCT consumes high amounts of energy and contributes to CO2 emissions, primarily through road and rail freight. Ineffective operational planning and poor rail conditions significantly impact CO2 release. The DCT terminal operation itself contributes only 10% of the integrated operation's CO2 emissions, with road and rail freight releasing 90%. The simulated model highlights the dominance of trucks in CO2 emissions, followed by port equipment, and poor rail conditions preventing DCT from achieving sustainable development goals. The introduction of a dry port as an intermodal hub could promote economic growth and reduce road congestion and carbon emissions. However, the poor rail conditions make the proposed Cato Ridge/Camperdown dry port unviable. DCT's main challenges in achieving sustainable development goals are categorized into three focus areas: Affordable and Clean Energy, Decent Work and Economic Growth, and Climate Action. This analysis will help provide the best operating and sustainable development scenario for DCT, which could include the introduction of hybrid equipment, energy-saving technology, and improved rail infrastructure. Adopting a reconfigured DCT-integrated operating model is recommended since it has no significate operational changes within the DCT terminal. The reconfigured DCT integrated operations introduce a dry port and a rail infrastructure upgrade to accommodate 150 wagon trains. The reconfigured DCT integrated operating model promotes the reduction of container trucks calling for a DCT terminal, unlocking decent work and economic growth, sustainable cities, and communities within the Midlands region.

This chapter is dedicated to examining the processes through which policy and comprehensive sector strategies are developed from the national development plan. The chapter begins with an in-depth discussion of the different processes that lead to agricultural policy initiation. It builds on the issues around the aid effectiveness architecture discussed in the previous chapter. Through this, we explore the roles of different stakeholders and the impact of their contribution to the policy processes and the principles of aid effectiveness in particular. In investigating agriculture policy-making processes, there was a realisation that policy is not limited to the formal public policy processes that lead to policy documents, bills or acts of parliament but that there were other ways (e.g. senior government officials’ pronouncements or in the course of implementation of the donor-funded programme) in which policies came to be spelt out and implemented. This particular aspect of agriculture policy is discussed in detail in this section, highlighting how different players have come to influence the agriculture sector. Next is an analysis of the public policy-making processes where the focus is on the role played by small-scale farmers compared to other sector actors. Finally, we also discuss the making of the country’s agriculture strategy. While policy spells out the general guidelines for the sector, the strategy articulates the government’s specific commitments and objectives for the sector to be achieved within a stated period. In Kenya, the agricultural strategy has often been lifted out of the country’s prevailing development plan. It is perhaps the only other major development blueprint that must be developed to guide the country in meeting agriculture sector obligations in the National Development Plan. Again in this section, I seek to elucidate the structure of the process, the roles assumed by the various players, their actions’ impact and the ensuing power relations. The last part is a conclusion in which the implications of the findings are further discussed.KeywordsAid effectivenessKenya’s agricultural policyStrategy making processesNational development planSmall scale farmers

Japanese national development planning system is now under significant review.When we discuss on the national development planning system and its operation, we must take enough care fore the relationship among various issues. This paper tries to show the useful framework for taking a discussion in the coherent manner. Wedefine the ideal planning process by regarding the national development plan asa dynamic optimization program. Further, we search for the means to bring the realplanning process close to the ideal and investigate various issues relating tothe design of development planning system and its operation.

This paper provides a scan of the South Africa commercial olive industry between 2008 and 2012 and argues the case for greater industry cohesion in this small agricultural sector. The National Planning Commission’s National Development Plan (NDP, 2011) has identified the olive industry as one of the country’s many small-scale, labour- intensive agricultural sectors with strong growth potential, and which must be supported to enable it to create new jobs. This paper argues that increased government support, linked to the new National Development Plan (2011), will be needed to enable the olive sector to contribute to national development objectives and create jobs. The olive producer association, SA Olive, functions as a cartel of private sector producers, without significant plans for the rapid up-scaling of the industry. While the number of commercial growers has steadily increased, black growers are under-represented, as are black entrepreneurs involved in processing and distributing olive oil and table olives. The article notes the absence of co-operative decision-making between the olive industry and government on issues of shared concern, and considers the concept of ‘corporatism’ as a potential system of interest representation for the olive industry. Corporatism would allow greater trust between government and the commercial olive sectors to be fostered. The paper discusses the example of Australia, where collaboration between business and government has contributed greatly to promoting the olive industry.Key words: Arid areas, Karoo, National Development Plan, SA Olive, development crops, commercial olive industry

The paper asks a prime question: Are Zambia’s Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation arrangements Shifting Sands or a Solid Rock? The country, through its policy and legislative instruments has in the recent years articulated and adopted clear frameworks for national planning, budgeting, monitoring and evaluation of public interventions. However, despite these efforts, there still remain a lot of critical questions unanswered. Do the current planning, budgeting, monitoring and evaluation arrangements address Zambia’s development agenda? Are different development plans at national, line ministry, provincial and district level aligned towards a streamlined effort to alleviate the country out of abject poverty? Is there evidence that national annual budgets are directly derived from programmes and activities from various development plans at line ministry, provincial and district levels? Can we track programmes in national development plans (NDPs) within annual budgets? In the literature reviewed, answers to these questions are mixed. While other questions are in the affirmative, many of them have weak evidence. There are strong indications that Zambia’s frameworks for planning, budgeting, monitoring and evaluation would require restructuring to remove redundancies, repetitions and unnecessary bureaucracies. Even when the policies and legislation are clear on what plan needed to be developed and implemented at various levels, in many cases, these remain in draft forever or worse off non-existent. These challenges are more prominent at decentralised levels where plans and M&E practices are weak and fragmented a great deal. Many plans have been prescribed at provincial and district level, yet they are not actualised. They cause staff fatigue on one hand while crowding-out development evidence on the other hand. Therefore, it is recommended that a detailed study is undertaken, one that take the form of a readiness assessment to map out what plans, M&E arrangements and budget frameworks are working well, not working well and reasons why. Such a report will be a good starting point to reform the planning, budgeting, monitoring and evaluation architecture for Zambia. A focused approach will be sound and will lead to a predictable and sustainable development agenda for the country.

Michael Lipton formulated a theory of urban bias to account for the poverty and inequalities that rack many developing countries today. The theory proposes that development planning in less developed countries is biased against rural areas in that most of the economic resources are allocated to the urban areas than the rural ones making the poor to get poorer. This article seeks to apply the theory to Botswana’s development planning process. Data was obtained from the analysis of the first nine out of the ten national development plans published since independence which clearly show a distinction in economic resource allocations between rural and urban areas. The findings support the urban bias thesis and suggest its retention in studies of economic development with modifications to incorporate elite bias to account for intra-rural and intra-urban social inequalities. It also proposes diversification into non-agricultural activities as a strategy for rural development in drought prone contexts.Keywords: urban bias, resource allocation, development planning, poverty, inequality

In the Small Islands Developing State (SIDS) of St Vincent and the Grenadines in the Caribbean, the most destructive disasters in terms of human casualties have been the multiple eruptions of La Soufrière volcano situated in the north of St Vincent. Despite this major threat, people continue to live close to the volcano and national development plans do not include risk reduction measures for volcanic hazards. This paper examines the development options in volcanic SIDS and presents a number of conundrums for disaster risk management on the island of St Vincent. Improvements in monitoring of volcanic hazards and ongoing programmes to enhance communications systems and encourage community preparedness planning have increased awareness of the risks associated with volcanic hazards, yet this has not translated into more risk-informed development planning decisions. The current physical development plan in fact promotes investment in infrastructure in settlements located within the zone designated very high-hazard. However, this is not an anomaly or an irrational decision: severe space constraints in SIDS, as well as other historical social and economic factors, limit growth and options for low-risk development. Greater attention needs to be placed on developing measures to reduce risk, particularly from low-intensity hazards like ash, limiting where possible exposure to volcanic hazards and building the resilience of communities living in high-risk areas. This requires planning for both short- and longer-term impacts from renewed activity. Volcanic SIDS face multiple hazards because of their geography and topography, so development plans should identify these interconnected risks and options for their reduction, alongside measures aimed at improving personal preparedness plans so communities can learn to live with risk.

Local Economic Development (LED) planning is a place-based approach to development planning and increasingly significant across much of the global South. One of the key challenges facing LED planning is the necessity to adjust planning in relation to the dynamic nature of both international and national framework conditions. The purpose of this article is to show this challenge by examining the dynamic nature of the national policy environment impacting upon LED planning in South Africa, a country which has a relatively long history of LED planning. Five dimensions of the changing landscape of national economic development planning in South Africa are identified. These relate to (a) LED within the context of new national economic and development plans; (b) initiatives for reindustrialising the South African economy, the associated importance of localisation and promotion of the green economy; (c) changing programmes around small business development; (d) shifts in rural development interventions; and (e) the fluid spatial context within which LED planning as a form of placebased economic development is embedded.

Reviewed by: Science, Policy, and Development in Africa: Challenges and Prospects by R. Sooryamoorthy Cathy Skidmore-Hess Sooryamoorthy, R. Science, Policy, and Development in Africa: Challenges and Prospects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020. Opening with the statement, "A great deal is written and known about Africa but not much about science from Africa, or what Africa can give to science" (1), Science, Policy, and Development in Africa posits that Africa-based science would benefit the global production of scientific knowledge as well as individual nations. Sooryamoorthy, a sociologist at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, has written extensively on technology and science in South Africa as well as the role of science in development in both colonial and postcolonial Africa, and he argues for the need to integrate locally produced science into Africa's development plans. For Sooryamoorthy, it is critical to create knowledge and technological capacity, because production of scientific knowledge is necessary to obtain international funding and is a key component of economic growth. As the gap between rich and poor countries widens in terms of knowledge production, the gap in economic development and wealth also increases. However, national development policies of African countries still contain very little focus on science and technology. To remedy this, Sooryamoorthy suggests that science and development policies be more closely aligned with the objectives expressed in national development plans. He also argues for more African-centered scientific programs. [End Page 226] Science, Policy, and Development in Africa makes a strong argument for the development and use of Africa's human capital. Higher population produces greater demand for technology and a larger amount of human capital from which to draw new methods and invention. Lack of appreciation for scientific research also means that an insufficient number of people know how to carry out scientific research (234). Part of the development of human capital involves the creation of more African scientists and more development plans based in science. This requires institutional capacity. According to Sooryamoorthy, the African continent has a poor record of building institutions for development and advancement. To balance technology transfer, and with science developed locally, education is key. African governments need to rely less on foreign capital and make more use of indigenous knowledge, not just in agriculture and medicine but in development more broadly. This means incorporating local knowledge into the formal education system and breaking with some of the patterns created by history and global capital. Sooryamoorthy notes that under colonialism, scientific inquiry was focused on solving the problems of the colonizers, but he focuses his analysis on the postcolonial period and the challenges to Africanizing science. During the 1960s and 1970s, newly independent African countries often needed to develop institutions, such as universities. These universities were, in turn, concerned with the "Africanisation of research, creation of academic positions and expansion of scientific establishments" (45). However, the global recession of the 1970s and a dip in oil prices slowed the production of science, confined it to universities and the public sector, and limited the growth of universities and the public sector as well. This downturn slowed the Africanization of and growth of African science, because scientific development and collaboration is linked with the growth of universities, the number of students enrolled in the sciences, and gross domestic expenditure on research and development (GERD) (85). Sooryamoorthy's analysis indicates a high correlation between scientific production, wealth, and collaboration with the global scientific community. However, while essential, collaboration is often exploitative in the African context as "Africa is often mined for resources of interest to the international community, and African scientists become the under-recognized workers who collect those resources" (195–96). In regard to this and failures in development policy, Sooryamoorthy notes that the problems of science and technology (S&T) on the continent are twofold: first, social systems of science have not been able to attract "sufficient [End Page 227] political legitimacy" and international cooperation; and second, international aid cannot "replace local and national support in harnessing S&T for development" (285). To develop Africa's human potential and "science from Africa," a policy shift is also important. Sooryamoorthy makes use of Andrew Moravcsik's distinction between policy with science...

Background: The telecommunication industry was one of the Indonesian government's priorities in the national development plan 2015-2035. “Primary Industry” was the term for the priority industries with the central role as the prime mover in the future national economy. Various natural, human, technological, innovative, and creative resources were imperative in supporting the underlining national industry development plan. Strategic innovation management refers to the entire sequence of innovation practices, including competition mechanism analysis, such as creating an innovative vision, business strategy alignment, disseminating strategy at an entire organizational level, market tendency, technology, and competitor’s action. Firm innovation performance refers to the measurement of innovation efficiency (the number of new products, product novelty, new product development speed, and new product success rate) and innovation profitability (new product revenue proportion, quality enhancement, cost reduction, and value improvement) conducted by the firm. This study investigates the effect of Innovation Strategy, Organizational Structure, Innovation Culture, Technological Capability, and Customer-Supplier Relationship (these were the practice of Strategic Innovation Management mentioned in various literature) on Firm Innovation Performance. Methods: A quantitative method, from a practical perspective, was employed to investigate the causal relationship between strategic innovation management and firm innovation performance. Data was gathered through a validated and reliable questionnaire disseminated to 90 respondents. It included a representative from the four sub-sectors of the telecommunication industry, namely fixed networks, wireless networks, telecommunication services, and special telecommunication. Results: The survey found that firms within the telecommunication industry already employed Strategic Innovation Management practices. Moreover, this study also found that Innovation Culture, Technological Capability, and Customer-Suppler Relationship significantly influence Firm Innovation Performance. Conclusion: The implementation of Strategic Innovation Management in the mid-size companies within Indonesia's telecommunication industry appears to be relatively high. It indicates that firms within the industry were able to strategically compete by implementing Strategic Innovation Management.

The upcoming Cambodia national election on July, 2018; the Sixth Legislature of the National Assembly will be officially born and also the next national development plan. At the present time, the five years development plan called National Strategic Development Plan 2014-2018 (NSDP 2014-2018) is being implementing. NSDP is one of the most important strategy, a five year economic plan, was established since 1996. NSDP roles as road map of government to implementing its policy, and identify the upcoming challenge and issue.
 The Road infrastructure rehabilitation is a priority agenda in NSDP. In NSDP 2014-18, Cambodia’s road network measured approximately 50,000 km, and 11,618 km was paved. However, Cambodia still lack of physical infrastructure, and the existing infrastructure is in poor state [1] For instate, the National road and Provincial road are paved with mostly DBST and concrete, but rural road mostly paved with literal and earth. Some national road can stand with bother raining and dry season, but rural road can be use only dry season. Most of National Road networks have been rehabilitated and are now in good condition. In contrast, rural road network of approximately 33,005 km is still paved by earth. Rural road connecting economic activities from rural area to urban through connecting with provincial road and national road. The bad health of rural road will reduce chance for rural people from gaining benefit from economic growth.
 
 [1] Sum, M. (2008), ‘Infrastructure Development in Cambodia’, in Kumar, N. (ed.), International Infrastructure Development in East Asia – Towards Balanced Regional Development and Integration, ERIA Research Project Report 2007-2, Chiba: IDE-JETRO, pp.32-84.