NB-IoT for Satellite Communications: Physical Layer Analysis and Performance

It is expected that internet of things (IoT) will deal with the major activities in the connected living environment as well as the industrial processes. All these aspects are going to be real in the frameworks of the fifth-generation (5G) mobile networks. 5G-based narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) networks have the capability to serve various innovative IoT applications at a great extent. NB-IoT is third generation partnership project (3GPP) standardized low power wide area (LPWA) technology which is designed for IoT devices requiring long battery life, low cost, worldwide coverage, and high system capacity. To improve the performance, 3GPP has agreed that the NB-IoT will continue evolving as part of the 5G specifications. NB-IoT along with 5G will work in several connected living applications. This combination will also be very useful in the industrial environments which need high data rates and low latency. All these features will be supported by 5G in the future. Similarly, applications with low data rates in the IoT world will be supported by NB-IoT. So 5G and NB-IoT are going to be a popular combination for several new applications.

This chapter illustrates that there are many challenging problems in the modern society such as environment pollution, radiation pollution, high demand, and low supply of energy. Such issues need modern solutions to tackle them. In this context, green internet of things (IoT) solutions have come up with flying colors. As there is a constant need of the energy by the interconnected IoT devices to perceive, fetch, and transmit the real-time information, the energy demands remain high. Green IoT is an emerging concept to meet this problem by framing the energy-efficient policies so as to provide a simpler yet better solution to enhance the quality of the current practices. In this chapter, different practical aspects of green IoT and narrowband IoT (NBIoT) deployment have been presented. NBIoT narrowband signals are used in low data rates are transmitted and have a widerange of reception because narrow filters cancel out unwanted wideband noise. NBIoT has several advantages over LTE-M due to lower device cost, longer battery life and extended coverage. Finally, some future research directions have been addressed.

This chapter covers the evolution of the Internet of Things (IoT) from different aspects. It focuses on 3GPP cellular IoT evolution for connectivity, that is, narrowband IoT (NB‐IoT). The chapter summarizes the IoT evolution from an end‐to‐end perspective, including the IoT platform, IoT protocols, connectivity, and the sensors layer. The IoT platform should support open standard protocols to communicate with different sensors, devices, and gateways from different vendors. The proposed IoT platform will support existing technologies including 2G/3G/LTE/Wi‐Fi/PLC/ Fixed and low‐power, wide‐area (LPWA) networks such as long‐range (LoRaWAN) and Sigfox as well as 3GPP standardized technologies such as LTE‐Machine‐Type Communications (MTC) and 3GPP NB‐IoT. The chapter shows link budgets for NB‐IoT with different subcarrier spacing. One machine‐to‐machine (M2M) is a global partnership developing standards for M2M communications, enabling large‐scale implementation of the IoT. The chapter addresses a high‐level architecture reference model, network elements, and reference point for cellular IoT (CIoT).

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a new paradigm that gives rise to Low Power Wide Are Networks (LP-WAN). Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) is a particular network arquitecture built on the legacy of LTE that is most suitable for IoT applications. In this paper, we present our work towards the implementation of a protocol simulator for NB-IoT communications. A summary of the NB-IoT physical layer is presented, deepening on the description of the uplink channel and ending with a description of the uplink scheduling process. As an application of our toolbox, we present NB-IoT uplink block error rate (BLER) curves traced via link layer simulations and derive the optimal link adaptation for an Additive White Gaussian Noise () channel.

Internet of things (IoT) is a way of connecting everything around us together, which would be widely applied in the 5G era. Narrow band IoT (NB-IoT) is one of the solutions introduced from 3rd Generation Partner Project (3GPP) Release-13 to fulfill this concept. Massive-connection and narrow band operation are two key features of NB-IoT. With current NB-IoT design, certain resources within narrow band are dedicated for transmitting paging information of massive connections. This leads to overload of the dedicated resources, and consequently increased padding bits and low resource efficiency. Moreover, UE power consumption would also rise due to the extra effort to decode larger packets. To solve above problems, a new resource allocation method is proposed, which includes a new definition of paging resource set and corresponding resource selection method. Link level simulation is conducted to show the benefit of our proposals. It is observed that approximately power consumption could be saved by 80% and the resource efficiency could be improved by 30.5% by utilizing our proposed methods.

The designing process of an IoT (Internet of Things) network requires adequate knowledge of various communication technologies that make the connection of the IoT modules possible. Many important factors such as scalability, bandwidth, data rate (speed), coverage, power consumption, and security support need to be considered to answer the needs of an IoT application with regards to the implemented radio communication technology. This paper studies the choices of three major LPWAN (Low-Power Wide-Area Networks) technologies that are currently leading in the market of radio communication technologies. Focusing on Sigfox, LoRaWAN (Low-Range Wide-Area Networks), and NB-IoT (Narrow-Band Internet of Things), this work intends to give the respective pros and cons of the mentioned technologies and a clear view of the recent trends and effective choices of radio communication technologies for major smart IoT applications.

Deploying Internet of Things (IoT) on a large scale necessitates widespread network infrastructures supporting Machine Type Communication. Integrating IoT into cellular networks like LTE, known as Narrowband-IoT (NB-IoT), can fulfill this infrastructure need. Standard 3GPP Release 13 introduces NB-IoT's Repetition features, expanding radio transmission coverage while maintaining LTE performance. Focusing on uplink data traffic, this study examines NB-IoT's repetition mechanism, grid resource distribution, and NPUSCH performance through simulations. Results show that at SNR greater than -5 dB, maximum repetitions of 128 yield the highest BLER, while minimum repetitions of 2 result in the lowest. Quadrupling repetitions increases SNR by 5 dB, emphasizing repetition's role in error mitigation and uplink reliability, especially in challenging SNR conditions. For optimal throughput in SNR above -5 dB, maximum repetitions of 128 for NPUSCH format 1 are recommended. These findings underscore the importance of repetition in enhancing Narrowband IoT performance, offering insights for system optimization, where increasing the number of repetitions generally leads to higher SNR gain. The attained BLER and throughput values from Narrowband IoT simulations highlight the robustness of data transmission across varying channel conditions, affirming NB-IoT applicability to a wide range of IoT applications.

The Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) system has become an important branch of the Internet of Everything and is an indispensable part in future fifth Generation (5G) network. However, there is currently no effective access authentication scheme for the NB-IoT system in the future 5G network. According to the current 3GPP standard, NB-IoT devices still use the traditional access authentication method to perform the mutual authentication with the network, which may bring a lot of signaling and communication overheads. This problem will be more prominent when sea of NB-IoT devices simultaneously are activated in the 5G network. In this paper, we propose a quantum-resistance access authentication and data distribution scheme for massive NB-IoT devices. This scheme can implement access authentication and data transmission for a group of NB-IoT devices at the same time based on the lattice-based homomorphic encryption technology. Our scheme can not only greatly reduce the network burden, but also can achieve the strong security including privacy protection and resisting quantum attacks. Performance analysis results show that our solution has the desired efficiency.

The Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) for low-power, wide-coverage, and low-cost requirements solves the problem of massive Internet of Things device connectivity. NB-IoT supports device connection with large data throughput and long standby time. It is unmatched by traditional cellular data network technology and Bluetooth technology. By combining the NB-IoT positioning with the Lagrangian multiplier improved constrained least squares localization algorithm and the GSM mobile terminal delay estimation algorithm in NLOS environment, a feasible indoor three-dimensional positioning method is proposed. In addition, it reduces the influence of environmental factors on positioning and improves the accuracy of indoor three-dimensional positioning.

With the emerging Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, the smart city paradigm has become a reality. Wireless low-power communication technologies (LPWAN) are widely used for device connection in smart homes, smart lighting, mitering, and so on. This work suggests a new approach to a smart parking solution using the benefits of narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) technology. NB-IoT is an LPWAN technology dedicated to sensor communication within 5G mobile networks. This paper proposes the integration of NB-IoT into the core IoT platform, enabling direct sensor data navigation to the IoT radio stations for processing, after which they are forwarded to the user application programming interface (API). Showcasing the results of our research and experiments, this work suggests the ability of NB-IoT technology to support geolocation and navigation services, as well as payment and reservation services for vehicle parking to make the smart parking solutions smarter.

The arrival of internet of things (IoT) is a new revolution in the information and communication technologies. It added several new dimensions to the new and existing platforms of ICTs. It has improved the quality of our modern living by several new and smart technologies and their value-added applications. Applying the new emerging technologies in emergency medical services could offer better services to human lives during the emergency conditions. This chapter provides an overview of utilizing the IoT in the field of emergency medicine. IoT has tremendous potential to transform how the healthcare providers interact with patients. In order to achieve this, the healthcare sectors need widespread adoption and implementation of IoT. Healthcare sector is huge when compared with other IoT-enabled sectors. Therefore, the widespread deployment of IoT needs an effective version of IoT which is economical and does not pose any risk to the patients. Both these criteria can be met by the lighter and simpler version of IoT known as narrowband IoT (NBIoT). It is suitable due to its low power wide area (LPWA) coverage capabilities. In this chapter, the authors review the network architectures, applications, and trends of NBIoT in the modern healthcare. They further discuss how different wearable devices with coordinated smart sensors can improve emergency monitoring of patients for improved services in out-hospital and in-hospital scenarios. Finally, they give an account of advantages and disadvantages NBIoT in the emergency medical applications.

Layer based security in Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT)

This paper has modeled and analyzed the battery consumption rate for a narrowband - Internet of things (NB-IoT) device with respect to the downlink data reception. In order to analyze the efficiency of the RRC connected state in the NB-IoT system, we have focused on the duration of the RRC connected state in the analysis of the battery consumption. Numerical results have shown that it is more favorable to decrease the duration of the RRC connected state in the NB-IoT system due to the unnecessary control channel monitoring operation.

The Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm has already progressed from an emerging technology to an incredibly fast-growing field. Defined as one of the three key services in 5th Generation (5G), massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC) are intended to enable the wide-spread adoption of IoT services across the globe. Satellite-based Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) are crucial in providing connectivity with global coverage including rural and offshore areas, which are fundamental for supporting important use cases in future networks. A rapidly growing market for IoT devices with mMTC applications using NarrowBand-IoT (NB-IoT) will represent a large share of user equipment (UE) in such areas. While standardization efforts for NTN are underway for forthcoming 3GPP releases, they focus on transparent payload architectures where the satellite platform is necessarily connected to a ground station gateway to be able to provide satellite access services to IoT devices, thus requiring complex ground segment infrastructure in low Earth orbit (LEO) constellation deployments to achieve global coverage. In contrast, satellite network deployments targeting the delivery of delay-tolerant IoT applications using NB-IoT, which are a major mMTC use case, can benefit from architectures based on the use of regenerative payloads in the satellite and support for Store and Forward (S&F) operation where satellite access can remain operational even at times when the satellite is not connected to a ground station. In particular, such an approach would allow for extending satellite service coverage in areas where satellites cannot be connected to ground stations (e.g. maritime or very remote areas with lack of ground-stations infrastructures), improving ground segment affordability by enabling operation with fewer ground-stations and allowing more robust operation of the satellite under intermittent feeder link operation. In this paper, we provide a high-level design of an extended 3GPP architecture featuring store and forward mechanisms for IoT NTN delay-tolerant applications that address the previous challenges, as well as a laboratory validation of said architecture for a specific use case.

Narrow-Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) is 3GPPs cellular technology designed for Low-Power Wide Area Network (LPWN) and it is a promising approach that NB-IoT combines with NOMA which is designed for accommodating more devices in the 5G era. Previous works mainly focus on uplink channel resource allocation to achieve connectivity maximization in NB-IoT with NOMA; however, few articles consider NB-IoT downside issues and downlink resource allocation problem to achieve maximum system throughput has not been studied in NB-IoT with NOMA. Thus, in this paper to provide a reliable and seamless service for NB-IoT users (NUs) and maximizing network downlink throughput, we propose a resource allocation algorithm for joint equipment QoS requirements and resource allocation fairness. In this scheme, we design algorithm to implement the mapping between NUs and subchannels for suboptimal system throughput. Then we convert the power allocation problem of the NUs on the same subchannel into a DC problem and we design algorithm to solve it to get suboptimal solution. Numerical results show that the proposed scheme achieves a better performance compared with exiting schemes in terms of the system throughput.