New JPEG 2000 Profiles for Broadcast Contribution

With the continuing growth of data communications — and especially the Internet and its integration with telecommunications — security matters have become increasingly important. In particular, the development of high-speed packet data communications over air interfaces and their folding into the overall converged networks present an ever increasing set of security issues for major network providers and for enterprise (information technology) environments as well. International and national standards bodies have thus focused on a broad range of subjects applicable to security. Over time, these major standards bodies have become interdependent. In this paper, we address the major efforts of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) through Joint Technical Committee 1 (JTC 1) and also the efforts of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). We undertake specifically to explain the interdependence of efforts undertaken by these organizations, whose work defines the direction in the international data and telecommunications security standards in a significant way.

Thirty years of international nuclear standards in ISO and IEC

Confucius (Analects xiii:3) ‘It is not possible to have any valid argument until rigorously defined terms are agreed’. In radiation protection dosimetry, we perhaps need to take as the fundamental sources of our definitions for personal dosimetry and area monitoring, mainly those three committees—the Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM), which gives definitions for metrology generally; the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU), which gives basic physical quantities and units for ionising radiation; and the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) for quantities considering the health effect of ionising radiation, for example effective dose, equivalent dose and the quality factor/linear energy transfer function. The JCGM, chaired by the Director of the BIPM, is formed by the seven international organisations that had prepared the original versions of the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) and the International Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms in Metrology (VIM), namely the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM), the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC), the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) and the International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML). In 2005, the International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation (ILAC) joined the seven founder international organisations. The Joint Committee took on the work of the ISO Technical Advisory Group 4 (TAG 4), which had developed the GUM and the VIM. Two of the organisations involved in the JCGM, ISO and IEC are also jointly revising the ISO 31 series of standards as the new 80 000 series on quantities and units.

The preceding chapter examined the history, structure, and practices of the principal international standards-setting organizations, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), with particular attention to their composition, the public/private nature of their organizations, the interests they serve, and their processes. The present chapter will examine current discourse on standardization and the rise of the consortia movement. It will do so first by framing the debate within general structural and openness issues and then by looking at specific rhetorical examples of arguments, claims, and controversies. It will then establish a taxonomy of arguments and rhetorical discourses, focusing on the issue of legitimation of consortia standardization. It will next analyze several important cases, looking at public documents, testimony, and reports. In doing so, it will examine the specific claims to legitimacy made by consortia and traditional bodies. It will seek to clarify how the practice of standardization is being discursively re-constructed. Finally it will consider international, institutional, and industrial responses to these claims of legitimacy and to the political/economic pressures they have brought.

The last decade has seen great emphasis being placed on improved safety in the workplace. Many national governments have produced safety legislation for industrial machinery. Part of the economic unification of Europe, has spawned the need to standardise many aspects of commercial business, including those regarding the provision of equipment for use in the workplace. The European Union has introduced safety legislation for machine tools in the form of the Machinery Directive (89/392/EEC). This legislation has been adopted, with the force of law, by all European Union countries (as of December 31, 1995) and within the various EFTA countries, as well.The Machinery Directive, like much of the safety related legislation in the EU, is based on the principle of risk assessment, and sets forth general requirements and limits for the protection of humans who work with, or near, the equipment. The implementation of the Directive has, in turn, caused a great need to define the interpretation of this legislation and to propose methods to meet its requirements. Further more, guidance has been sought by many on how to conduct risk assessment and how to confirm compliance.European standards organisations, CEN (Committee for European normalisation) and CENELEC (Comite de Normalisacion Electro-technique) have been in the process of developing a wide range of standards to assist with the implementation of the EU Directives. By agreement, and in co-operation with ISO (International Standards Organisation) and IEC (International Electrotechnical Committee), many standards are adopted or jointly developed for use as International Standards and European Norms. ISO and IEC international standards have been developed to meet the demand for greater detail and interpretation of the government requirements set forth in the 89/392/EEC and EN292. ISO 11553 is designed specifically for Laser Processing Machines in all industrial applications. The standard compliments the general machinery safety standard EN292 in Europe (which is Technical Report ISO/TR12100 internationally). The scope of ISO 11553 describes the hazards generated by laser processing machines and specifies safety requirements relating to radiation hazards (with reference to IEC 825) and associated hazards generated by laser processing (e.g. processing by-products)The last decade has seen great emphasis being placed on improved safety in the workplace. Many national governments have produced safety legislation for industrial machinery. Part of the economic unification of Europe, has spawned the need to standardise many aspects of commercial business, including those regarding the provision of equipment for use in the workplace. The European Union has introduced safety legislation for machine tools in the form of the Machinery Directive (89/392/EEC). This legislation has been adopted, with the force of law, by all European Union countries (as of December 31, 1995) and within the various EFTA countries, as well.The Machinery Directive, like much of the safety related legislation in the EU, is based on the principle of risk assessment, and sets forth general requirements and limits for the protection of humans who work with, or near, the equipment. The implementation of the Directive has, in turn, caused a great need to define the interpretation of this legislation an...

Institutions Involved in Food Safety: International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Differences in Strategy, Quality Management Practices and Performance Reporting Systems Between ISO Accredited and Non-ISO Accredited Companies

Starting in the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) in 1978 and now taken over by the newly established Joint Technical Committee 1 (JTC 1) of ISO and the IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission), standardisation for open systems interconnection (OSI) is now a maturing activity, both in terms of the development of the standards themselves and in terms of their use in IT systems and related equipment. Consequently, work on OSI standards can now be seen as progressing in four overlapped phases: 1. completion of an initial set of communication standards; 2. filling out/evolution of the initial set of communication standards; 3. development of functional standards defining the use of the initial set of standards to meet particular needs; 4. preparation for future developments.

This paper explains the experience of an information technology (IT) solutions provider company about the integrated management of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)/International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 15504 based process assets library with other related IT standards, which are ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 20000, and ISO 9001:2008. In order to establish and execute an efficient and effective infrastructure, a companywide process improvement program has been conducted. The lessons that are learned from the execution of this process improvement program, key implementation, practices and major challenges are shared in this paper. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is an independent, non-governmental, not-for-profit organization that develops and publishes fully consensus-based International Standards. ISO members are national standards bodies (NSBs), which may be government, private, or public-private entities. 163 NSBs are members of ISO. The ISO standards portfolio numbers more than 20,000 standards. ISO also has a large network of liaison organizations—which can participate in the ISO process but do not vote. These include many treaty organizations, including the World Health Organization, Codex, the International Labour Organization (ILO), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and so on; as well as numerous other international organizations.

Purpose The aim of this paper is to develop and propose a holistic conceptual framework to relate the Shingo Model with the management systems based on International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards and with the methodologies and tools from Lean and Six Sigma. Design/methodology/approach After a carefully and complete literature review, gaps are identified to justify the proposed integration model. The central integration model relies on the core diamonds-based Shingo Model, where each element/diamond or dimension is further detailed within the conceptual framework. A set of relationship tables and diagrams support the integration reasoning that is further explained throughout the text. The integration framework also incorporates other proven management best practices, including the sustainability’s triple bottom line – People, Planet, Profit – the Process Classification Framework® provided by the American Productivity and Quality Center, and management by objectives methodologies – objectives and key results and key performance indicators. Findings There a close match between the Shingo Model’s guiding principles and the quality management principles that support all ISO management systema standards, being possible to align the Shingo Intitute’s taxonomy for the “Systems” diamond – Management Systems, Work Systems and Improvement Systems – with the common and specific clauses of requirements included in the ISO standards for management systems. Lean Six Sigma methodologies and tools can be organized according to the management levels – strategic, tactical, operational – and types of activities of the personnel – planning, control, improvement. Moreover, the applicability of each instrument from the Lean Six Sigma toolbox can be recommended for each clause of requirements from the ISO standards. Finally, it is possible to model the “Results” diamond according to the triple bottom line of sustainability and relate it with four ISO management system standards (MSS): ISO 9001:2015 (Profit), ISO 14001:2015 (Planet), ISO 45001:2018 and ISO 26000:2010 (People). Research limitations/implications The paper facilitates the adoption of the Shingo Model by organizations that already have a management system in place, based in one or more ISO MSS. Furthermore, the utilization of the Lean Six Sigma methodologies in the context of the organizational management system become clearer. Sustainble results in the Shingo Model in the context of the proposed model explicitly regards the three perspectives of sustainability. Originality/value This paper relates in great detail three main topics that were never treated together. The elements that compose the proposed integration framework provide a complete and holistic set of guidelines to integrate them in a straightforward and simple way.

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) published ISO 9001 Quality Management System (QMS)-Requirements in 1987 and has revised four times since then. ISO 9001:2015 is the latest edition. This latest edition has two most noticeable changes. The first major change of new edition focuses on performance with an emphasis on Risk-Based Thinking (RBT) to enhance the process approach. The new edition consists of ten clauses whose first three clauses are largely same as older edition but risks are clearly stated and stressed in last seven clauses, emphasizing on Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle at all levels in the organization. The second major change is that the new edition has the same overall structure as other ISO management system standards known as High Level Structure (HLS) with Annex SL. The companies obtained the certificate of new ISO 9001:2015 QMS by September 15, 2018 in order to maintain as an ISO QMS registered firm. In this article we collected transition audit data from more than 100 companies that registered ISO 9001:2015 QMS for recent three years. We performed a statistical analysis to disclose the relationships between the characteristics of companies and the minor nonconformities found in ISO 9001:2015 requirements during transition audit processes. We also aim to interpret the findings and deduce the implications of the statistical results.

International standards for radiation protection dosemeters are published by the International Electrotechnical Commission and the International Organization for Standardization. Several standards exist side by side, although they treat the same measuring task, and specify different requirements, so that dosemeters of different quality result. In this paper, the quality of dosemeters is compared by calculating the uncertainty of dose measurements for dosemeters, which just basely fulfil the respective standard. The results are related to general yardsticks on uncertainty laid down by international organisations. Furthermore, technical differences are standards and addressed and a method to make them conform is presented.

Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) play a decisive role in maritime navigation. The differential mode of operation of ship-based GNSS receivers using coordinate corrections allows to significantly increase the accuracy of positioning of a seagoing vessel compared to the autonomous mode. The object of the study was marine GNSS receivers capable of operating in differential mode. This research examines the problems of reliably determining the actual operating mode of a shipboard GNSS receiver (autonomous or differential). It outlines the risks associated with the ambiguity and unreliability of standard differential mode indicators (flags posMode = D, Fix Quality = 2). This leads to misinterpretation of the accuracy status by related navigation systems, in particular, the Automatic Identification System (AIS), and poses a threat to maritime safety. It has been experimentally proven that outdated receiver models can falsely indicate operation in differential mode, relying solely on user settings rather than the actual receipt and application of corrections. It has been established that modern receivers solve this problem but create a new level of complexity by separating the concepts of “accuracy” and “integrity” of the navigation solution. They can produce a highly accurate position while simultaneously flagging it as unreliable (NavStatus flag = V) if a faulty satellite is detected. A systemic conflict between the requirements of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards regarding high-accuracy criteria for AIS has been identified. It has been established that inaccurate mode indications in outdated equipment are related to the particularities of its software logic, which links the mode flag to the setting rather than to the availability of data. The behavior of modern receivers is explained by the implementation of advanced integrity control algorithms (RAIM) and the logic of new standards (in particular, IEC 61108-7), which require reporting the loss of confidence in data. The research results can be used by developers of marine equipment (AIS, ECDIS) to create comprehensive GNSS data analysis algorithms that take into account a set of indicators. International organizations (IMO, ITU) can use them to harmonize standards. Ship operators and technical specialists can use these results to form a correct understanding of the limitations of standard indicators and the need for a comprehensive assessment of the status of the GNSS receiver.

Many countries in the world are striving for improvement and innovation in their government services to meet their tight budgetary targets. They aim to achieve the goal through various government reinvention policies. A key principle of these policies is continuous improvement. This article introduces the essence of government reinvention, the opportune movement for public sectors to reinvent their organizations by implementing the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 9000 series, and the possible impact of the ISO 9000 series on Taiwanese government. An empirical study that utilizes a mailed survey to assess the initiatives and key factors of implementing ISO programs in various governmental departments in Taiwan was carried out. The study identified the benefits of the ISO 9000 series and five critical factors of the successful ISO implementation in the public sector. According to the results of this study, an optimum implementation scenario is suggested if public sector organizations are to develop ISO 9000 certification successfully.