New universal indicator

Quality changes and internal browning developments of summer pineapple fruit during storage at different temperatures

CORRECTION: Due to a number of formatting and layout issues, the PDF of this paper was replaced on 10th October 2016.The most sensitive stages of Boro rice against the low temperature are agronomic panicle initiation (API), reduction division (RD) and flowering/anthesis. The critical low temperature is growth stage specific. The time and intensity of the critical low temperature during Boro season has a direct impact on the growth and yield of a crop. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the probability of the critical low temperature with respect to the growth stages to have a good planning for safe harvest. Long term weekly low temperature data have been used to estimate the probability of falling low temperature on those stages and the return period was computed. The growth durations of 1- and 30- November seeded Boro rice crop from 45-day-old seedling of BRRI dhan28 (short duration) and BRRI dhan29 (long duration) are considered to observe the probability. A Boro crop encountering critical low temperature is appeared to suffer from cool injury. The extent of cool injury depends on the nature and duration of low temperature and diurnal change of low (night) and high (day) temperature. The critical low temperature for a rice crop at API, RD and anthesis are 18, 19 and 22°C, respectively. Boro rice is grown between November and May. The low temperature occurs from October to early March. There is, therefore, the probability of low temperature occurrence from the crop establishment to the flowering stage is a great concern. The probability of experiencing stage-wise critical temperature approaches to 100% for early established and short duration crop. However, the late established and long duration crop has the probability little less than the early and short duration crop. In a study it has been observed that short duration BRRI dhan28 having 64.6% sterility to yield 2.5 t ha-1 and BRRI dhan29, 40.8% sterility to yield 6.5 t ha-1. The percentages of corresponding sterility for late established crops were 35.9 and 32.8%. Irrespective of growth duration, the yield is affected a little of the late established crop. Despite low temperature along with the reproductive phase, the late established crop is quite safe due to the parallel high (day) temperature (31-35°C). The high maximum temperature appears to play an important role through the alleviating effect of low temperature. But for early-established particularly short duration variety could not escape the low temperature at some of its sensitive growth stages as the high temperature appears to stay a several degree low (27-29°C) at that time. The low level of high temperature is appeared to drag down the low temperature to aggravate the growth and development of a crop. Therefore, not only the variation of high temperature of the day but also the variation of critical low temperature might have some role in alleviating effect of cool-injury. The periodic return of critical low temperature (10-15°C) during the reproductive stage may occur every year or every alternate year depending on the time across the cropping season and the region as well. Therefore, the critical low temperature, the high temperature during the low temperature period, periodic return of the critical low temperature with respect to growing region and concerned factors should be a consideration for planning a Boro crop.Bangladesh Rice j. 2015, 19(2): 19-27

Incubation temperature and PCB-126 exposure interactively impair shorebird embryo and post-hatch development

To evaluate and compare the effect of variation in storage temperatures and duration on a tensile load at failure of elastomeric modules. In total, 140 modules were used in the study, 20 of which were tested on day 0 as received from a company using a Universal testing machine for baseline estimation of tensile load at failure. The rest 120 modules were divided into 6 groups. Groups I, II, and III modules were stored at low (T1 = 1-5°C), moderate (T2 = 20-25°C) and high (T3 = 35-40°C) temperatures, respectively, for 6 months. Groups IV, V and VI modules were stored at temperatures T1, T2 and T3 for 1 year, respectively, and were tested for tensile load at failure. The tensile load at failure for the control group was 21.588 ± 1.082 N and for 6-month interval at temperatures T1, T2 and T3 was 18.818 N ± 1.121 N, 17.841 N ± 1.334 N and 17.149 N ± 1.074 N, respectively, and for 1 year, it was 17.205 N ± 1.043 N, 16.836 N ± 0.487 N and 14.788 N ± 0.781 N, respectively. The tensile load at failure decreased significantly from 6 months to 1 year among each temperature group. Maximum force degradation was seen in modules at high temperature followed by medium temperature and low temperature at both 6 months and 1 year intervals, and tensile load at failure decreased significantly from 6 months to 1 year storage duration. These results conclude that the temperature and duration at which the samples were exposed during storage produce a significant change in the forces exerted by the modules.

Storage studies on pinto beans under different moisture contents and temperature regimes

Green tea (camellia sinensis var. sinensis) is an established crop around the world. However, local factors in the development of the green tea industry in Australia meant that we needed to understand and manage quality changes in freshly harvested green tea before processing. Japanese-style green tea is processed (steamed and dried) as soon as possible after harvest. In this study we examined the effect of delaying processing at different storage temperatures and cooling rates. The results consistently showed that freshly harvested green tea shoots had a very high rate of respiration. Most of this energy is released as heat; hence high temperatures are generated by freshly harvested green tea shoots. Postharvest cooling is therefore essential to remove this respiration heat. In this study, different types of cooling were investigated. The results offer some potential for the short term storage of freshly harvested shoots. The effect of lower storage temperatures on leaf quality showed that the lower temperatures reduced the rate of deterioration in physical appearance of the shoots. The effect of the lower storage temperatures on green tea quality showed there were no differences between treatments as measured by the standard AF system using the near infra red (NIR) determination of the final green tea product. However, the quality of final tea will decline if excessive time and temperatures are experienced by freshly harvested green tea shoots before processing. The measurement of the individual components of green tea quality before processing showed that the lower storage temperature maintained the chemical composition of the harvested shoots within the first 24 hours of storage at 3°C. But these quality attributes (total catechins and theanine content) declined by 48 hours storage indicating loss by oxidation and polymerisation. This short window of storage within the first 24 hours after harvest provides some opportunities for further investigation. These results confirm the necessity for adequate postharvest handling and logistics in green tea harvesting and processing.

Antibiotic-free extended boar semen preserved under low temperature maintains acceptable in-vitro sperm quality and reduces bacterial load

Setting the temperature of the storage space of seeds and storage containers will greatly affect the quality of the seed. The aim of this research was to study the effect of temperature treatment, storage container and their interaction on seed quality and seedling growth of chilli. The study was conducted in Jetis Village and Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Breeding, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University from January to June 2017. The study was conducted using nesting experiments on the basis of Completely Randomized Design (RAL). The first factor was Storage Temperature (R1 = Room Temperature 24-29 oC, R2 = Refrigerator Temperature 5oC) and second factor was storage container nested at storage temperature that was (P1 = Alumunium foil, P2 = Paper and P3 = Plastic). Each treatment had 5 replications and each replication consisted of 100 seeds, so there were 30 experimental units. The data were analyzed by using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and continued with test of HSD (Honesty Significant Difference) 5% significance level. The results showed that the storage temperature (5oC) temperature increased the temperature and the seed vigor index was larger than the room temperature (28oC), the aluminum foil packaging produced the maximum growth potential and germination rate was higher than the plastic and paper packaging but there was no different growth rate and index vigor. Low storage space temperatures (5oC) can not maintain maximum seed quality where the 4 parameters were still below the standard quality of the seed. Seeds stored in low temperature (5oC) rooms producedfresh weight and dry weight of seedlings larger than high temperature (28oC), but the number of leaves, seed height and hypothetical vigor index were not significantly different. The aluminum foil packaging producedfresh weight and dry weight of seeds higher than plastic and paper packaging. However, the number of leaves, the height of seed and the hypothetical vigor index were notsignificantly different. Keywords : Temperature, container store, seeds quality, seedling growth, chilli.

SummaryThe effects of constant high temperatures of 25 and 307C in comparison with a low temperature storage regime at 2&C were investigated on storability of two bulb onion (Allium cepa L.) cvs. Texas Early Grano and Dorcheh (an Iranian cultivar) under 65–75% relative humidity for a period of 270 days. In both cultivars, sprouting of onion bulb is inhibited at high storage temperatures as a result of significant reduction in the relative growth rate of sprout leaves within the bulbs, compared with low-temperature storage at 2&C treatments in both cultivars, and onions became nearly dormant. Onion cv. Texas Early Grano maintained marketability at temperatures of 25 and 30&C for periods of three and two months, respectively. During the first 3–4 months of storage at these high temperatures there was no significant change in pH, total soluble solid (TSS) and titratable acidity of the bulbs contents, compared with a low temperature of 2&C for both cultivars. However, over longer periods, rotting and desiccation in bulbs increased and cv. Texas Early Grano showed significantly more weight loss and rotting than cv. Dorcheh. The data indicate that weight loss due to desiccation was a major index in onion for the determination of storage potential at high temperatures, and that is varies between cultivars.

Influence of water hydrogen on the hydrogen stable isotope ratio of methane at low versus high temperatures of methanogenesis

Germination of winterfat ( Eurotia lanata (Pursh) Moq.) seeds at reduced water potentials: testing assumptions of hydrothermal time model

Storage of fresh walnuts (Juglans regia L.) – Low temperature and phenolic compounds

In this study, we attempted the preparation of gac oil-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) by the high-speed homogenization method using Naterol SE solid lipid, a cosmetic self-emulsifying base, and surfactant and investigated the effects of different conditions on the characteristics of the resulting nanoparticles. The suspensions containing 5% active agents (gac-oil, w/w) were dispersed in a surfactant concentration of 5% (w/w) (Span 80:Tween 80 ratio of 28:72 w/w) and 2.5% (w/w) of solid lipid (Naterol SE) concentration. Suitable conditions for hot homogenization were 13,000 rpm, 60 min and 60 °C for speed, time and temperature, respectively. The suitable conditions for the subsequent cold homogenization were 25 min of homogenization time and 5 °C of temperature. The results showed that the mean size of SLNs-gac oil was 107 nm (measured by laser diffraction spectrometry, LDS), and dried size of SLNs-gac oil ranged from 50 to 80 nm (measured by transmission electron microscope, TEM). In addition, the study investigated the impact of gac oil content on the particle size of SLNs-gac oil and its stability under different storage conditions of UV radiation and storage temperature. At high storage temperatures, the color changes (ΔE) of the samples were more profound in comparison to that at the low storage temperature. The ΔE value of the blank sample (SLN-FREE gac-oil) was higher than that of the Gac oil-loaded SLNs samples (SLN-gac oil).

This study investigates the response of red and green kiwiberry cultivars ('Jumbo', 'Bingo', 'Purpurna Sadowa') to different storage temperatures, as limited research exists on red-fleshed kiwiberry. Basic measurements (firmness, colour) and metabolite analysis were performed on fruit stored at 1°C and 6°C. Lower temperatures were confirmed to preserve the physicochemical properties of green kiwiberry, but this may not apply to red kiwiberry. We found that higher storage temperatures did not increase metabolites in green kiwiberry. However, for red kiwiberry, which often has not reached full colour at harvest, higher temperatures are crucial for colour development. These temperatures significantly affect both fruit colour and the levels of metabolites responsible for flavor and attractiveness. Post-harvest storage of red kiwiberry is more complex, requiring careful consideration of factors beyond firmness and sugar content, as fruit colour is equally if not more important for marketability and consumer satisfaction.

Tropical fruits are rich in phenolic and carotenoid compounds, and these are associated with cultivar, pre- and postharvest handling factors. The aim of this work was to identify major phenolics and carotenoids in 'Maradol' papaya fruit and to investigate their response to storage temperature. Ferulic acid, caffeic acid and rutin were identified in 'Maradol' papaya fruit exocarp as the most abundant phenolic compounds, and lycopene, β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene were identified in mesocarp as the major carotenoids. Ranges of contents of ferulic acid (1.33-1.62 g kg(-1) dry weight), caffeic acid (0.46-0.68 g kg(-1) dw) and rutin (0.10-0.16 g kg(-1) dw) were found in papaya fruit, which tend to decrease during ripening at 25 °C. Lycopene (0.0015 to 0.012 g kg(-1) fresh weight) and β-cryptoxanthin (0.0031 to 0.0080 g kg(-1) fw) were found in fruits stored at 25 °C, which tend to increase during ripening. No significant differences in β-carotene or rutin contents were observed in relation to storage temperature. Phenolics and carotenoids of 'Maradol' papaya were influenced by postharvest storage temperature with exception of β-carotene and rutin. Ripe papaya stored at 25 °C had more carotenoids than those stored at 1 °C. Low (chilling) temperature (1 °C) negatively affected the content of major carotenoids, except β-carotene, but preserved or increased ferulic and caffeic acids levels, as compared to high (safe) temperature (25 °C).