New3 Cost Benefit Analysis

This study reviewed a number of empirical pieces of literature on cost-benefit analysis origin, advancements in its methods, and their applicability. This study applied semi-systematic review by relying on previous publications (20 publications were fully reviewed) in line with this study topic. The collected data was analyzed with the application of narrative synthesis. There are mixed ideas on the origin of cost benefit analysis. This study concludes that cost benefit analysis was first practiced in China in the 11th Century at the palace construction site. It then spread to the Bavarian Army. The French engineers embraced this technique in the execution of public works in 1708 before the American National Resource Committee incorporated it. Moreover, cost benefit analysis was authoritatively documented in the United States of America in the green book by a sub-committee on benefits and costs where principles and procedures for determining costs and benefits were clarified for reference. Other countries hence embraced Cost benefit analysis after its documentation in the United States. Advances in cost benefit analysis include; willingness to pay which exhibits the definite intention of clients in regard to how they value what they intend to purchase. That is, it expresses the degree the clients are ready to consume a particular product. On the other hand, conjoint analysis aids in determining willingness to pay, such that it offers a client an array of characteristics of a product which enables the client to settle on the most preferred product feature. It is shown that designing a conjoint technique is complex. Conjoint is tested at the individual level and the model utilized in collecting data is uniformly applicable assuming that all respondents have a similar modeled preference that does not match the real-life situation. Accordingly, information on product attributes could alternatively be obtained via a questionnaire or interview schedule in determining customers� preferences and not necessarily through the use of conjoint. This review criticizes conjoint analysis as Cost Benefit Analysis method on the basis of its complexity and thus other data collection methods are offered like questionnaires and interview schedules. The study also confirms that advances in cost benefit analysis can be applied in all sectors of the economy since they have been empirically tested. It contributes to the comprehension of the origin of cost-benefit analysis, the advancement in cost-benefit methods, and critique on the methods of cost benefit analysis.

EFECT – evaluation framework of environmental impacts and costs of transport initiatives

BackgroundEconomic evaluation is used for effective resource allocation in health sector. Accumulated knowledge about economic evaluation of health programs in Bangladesh is not currently available. While a number of economic evaluation studies have been performed in Bangladesh, no systematic investigation of the studies has been done to our knowledge. The aim of this current study is to systematically review the published articles in peer-reviewed journals on economic evaluation of health and health-related interventions in Bangladesh.MethodsLiterature searches was carried out during November-December 2008 with a combination of key words, MeSH terms and other free text terms as suitable for the purpose. A comprehensive search strategy was developed to search Medline by the PubMed interface. The first specific interest was mapping the articles considering the areas of exploration by economic evaluation and the second interest was to scrutiny the methodological quality of studies. The methodological quality of economic evaluation of all articles has been scrutinized against the checklist developed by Evers Silvia and associates.ResultOf 1784 potential articles 12 were accepted for inclusion. Ten studies described the competing alternatives clearly and only two articles stated the perspective of their articles clearly. All studies included direct cost, incurred by the providers. Only one study included the cost of community donated resources and volunteer costs. Two studies calculated the incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER). Six of the studies applied some sort of sensitivity analysis. Two of the studies discussed financial affordability of expected implementers and four studies discussed the issue of generalizability for application in different context.ConclusionVery few economic evaluation studies in Bangladesh are found in different areas of health and health-related interventions, which does not provide a strong basis of knowledge in the area. The most frequently applied economic evaluation is cost-effectiveness analysis. The majority of the studies did not follow the scientific method of economic evaluation process, which consequently resulted into lack of robustness of the analyses. Capacity building on economic evaluation of health and health-related programs should be enhanced.

The importance of cloud computing is acknowledged both at national and entrepreneurial level. Its potential in business has been already described in many studies (Dillon et al., 2010; Bayrak et al., 2011; Nuseibeh, 2011; Repschlaeger et al., 2013). However, many European countries do not exploit it much in spite of many positive responses made by respected consulting companies. The reasons for this are a very low level of changes in companies, ignorance of opportunities of the given technology and, consequently, an inability to count the return of investment. Therefore, the aim of this article is to introduce a tool for the investment evaluation of cloud computing, which corresponds to the needs of the European business environment and to the properties of this technology. Furthermore, the cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) method is explored. This method is adjusted for cloud computing on the basis of companies’ requirements, which were collected from quantitative and qualitative surveys and from the interviews with experts in cloud computing from academic and business environments. In addition, individual stages of the CBA method used in cloud computing are described.

We take research of straw-gas joint household gas project in Hebei Qingxian for example. First, based on the experience of Danish concentrated methane gas, we use the method of cost-benefit analysis so as to carry on comparative analysis of its economic feasibility. Second, we standardize the environmental impact, analyzing the pollution and hazards caused by burning straw before. The results show that the introduction of Clean Development Mechanism (the Clean Development Mechanism, CDM) of the joint household biogas project, has a great advancement in the economic and ecology. So we can affirm the joint household biogas has an important value and significance for rural energy conservation and emissions reduction. Keyword-Staw biogas project; CDM mode; Assessment;Cost-benefit analysis;Emissions reduction.

The benefits of a software system are assessable only relative to the business goals the system has been developed to serve. In turn, these benefits result from interactions between the system's functionality and its quality attributes (such as performance, reliabilty and security). Its quality attributes are, in most cases, dictated by its architectural design decisions. Therefore, we argue in this paper that the software architecture is the crucial artifact to study in making design tradeoffs and in performing cost-benefit analyses. A substantial part of such an analysis is in determining the level of uncertainty with which we estimate both costs and benefits. In this paper we offer an architecture-centric approach to the economic modeling of software design decision making called CBAM (Cost Benefit Analysis Method), in which costs and benefits are traded off with system quality attributes. We present the CBAM, the early results from applying this method in a large-scale case study, and discuss the application of more sophisticated economic models to software decision making.

Procurement of laboratory equipment through operational cooperation is increasingly adopted by hospitals as a cost-effective and efficient strategy to support health services. This study examines the success of operational cooperation in procuring hematology analyzer equipment to replace damaged units, using a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) from the perspective of hospital management. Employing a sequential explanatory mixed-method approach, the study combined qualitative data from in-depth interviews with 12 purposively selected informants and observations, with quantitative analysis of secondary data using the CBA method. The analysis revealed a positive Net Present Value (NPV) of IDR 99,422,367.47 and a Benefit-Cost (B/C) ratio of 1.59, both exceeding the benchmarks of independent procurement. This indicates that operational cooperation is financially feasible and preferable. Non-financial benefits also strengthen this conclusion, including vendor-provided maintenance technicians, guaranteed supply of reagents and spare parts, and ongoing equipment upgrades aligned with technological advancements. These advantages minimize hospital disruptions and ensure service continuity. The study identifies key success determinants in the operational cooperation system: cost efficiency, human resources, regulatory compliance, vendor partnerships, equipment quality, historical laboratory data, and alignment with technological developments. In conclusion, operational cooperation for hematology analyzers is successful, sustainable, and offers significant benefits, both financial and operational, for hospitals.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to valorize the contribution of the cost-benefit analysis (CBA) method in the evaluation of the prevention measures of forest fires.Design/methodology/approachThe suggested approach is based on the economic analysis of the forest fires’ risks using the CBA which has become inevitable in risk analysis’ domain.FindingsThe suggested approach shows the interest of the CBA method in the sense that each reduction measure of the forest fires’ risk eliminates the potential damages and, therefore, it is likely to generate benefits for the company in terms of avoided damages on the territory that is concerned by these measures.Practical implicationsIt consists in comparing on time, the benefit generated by a reduction measure of a forest fires’ risk and its implementation cost. This comparison gives an important focus on the economic relevance of such a reduction measure of forest fires’ risk.Originality/valueThe question is to highlight the importance of both: the investment in terms of forest fires and the allocation of this investment on various preventive measures of forest fires.

This book is written for physicians and surgeons, public health planners, policy analysts, faculty and students of medical schools, members of legislatures and their staffs, and others who ask 'How can we get the most from the resources we allocate to medical care?'This question, basic to economics, is relatively new to the health field.It is the raison d'&tre for health planning.Costs, Risks, and

The objective of the present paper is to assess the railway investment project in Spain for the Santander-Madrid route, using the Cost-Benefit Analysis method. The paper aims at answering the following question - what is more viable: a High Speed Train for passengers between Santander and Madrid, or rather a High Performance Train for passengers and cargo between Santander and Madrid? Being able to answer this question is clearly key information for investment decision making in the field of government's or country's transport policy. In this study, a Cost-Benefit Analysis with two options for the railway project has been calculated: only passengers and combined passengers-cargo. In this case, results favour the passengers-cargo option rather than its alternative.

This paper presents a computer based method for general comparison and planning of distribution automation (DA) systems. The functions considered include several applications of fault management and distribution network operation optimization. In the paper, the computation of DA benefits is first discussed. The breakdown of DA costs is then discussed. It is shown, that both the costs and the benefits of different functions partly are overlapping, which must be taken into account in the feasibility analysis. Some computation results for Finnish distribution companies are given.

La disciplina de gestión del riesgo es cada vez más aceptada y promovida por practicantes, académicos y gobernantes en el sector público. Por otra parte, la Teoría de las Decisiones está implícitamente contenida en el proceso de gestión de riesgo, considerando que depende de las normas y preceptos generales de ese enfoque. Al concebir la gestión de la incertidumbre como un ciclo, luego de la fase de evaluación de riesgos, los tomadores de decisiones debiesen adoptar deci- siones en cuanto a su tratamiento. Este artículo discute los métodos normativos más comunes sobre toma de decisiones en el contexto de las entidades públicas, instrumentos que apoyan decisiones racionales sobre estrategias de riesgos. Luego de estudiar las dificultades del enfoque neo-clásico sobre toma de decisiones y en particular los métodos de análisis costo-beneficio y análisis multi-criterio, se examinan los enfoques descriptivos utilizados para explicar decisiones reales en el ámbito de la política pública, como son; el enfoque de racionalidad limitada, las reglas de oro, el incrementalismo y la exploración mixta, métodos que podrían entregar elementos adicionales en relación a revelar cómo toman decisiones las organizaciones públicas al formular opciones sobre mitigación de riesgo.

Urban green land compensation plays an important role in county development, ecological environment management and many other fields. The concept, methods and principles of urban green land are introduced in this paper. According to the pay fee method, the value and ecological function of various types of urban green land were analyzed. The cost-benefit analysis method (CBAM) was used to estimate different external diseconomy benefits caused by green land loss. The authors applied CBAM to estimate such benefits in the case of Shanghai, China, and calculated the actual compensation value for green land. Results indicated that in 2002, the compensation value for the green land of Shanghai was RMB 8.58 × 105 Yuan/hm2.

Organizations of various types of business tend to apply and implement management information systems designed for corporate resource management, interaction with clients, and supply chain optimization. The influence of management information systems on an organization's business is not of apparent significance in terms of the expected effect of their implementation. The extent of the effect of such systems on economic indicators of an organization has an ambiguous nature. The business performance of organizations, not paying careful attention to the justification of the processes of purchasing and exploitation of management information systems, usually, is significantly lower than their capabilities. The article is dedicated to the study of cost efficiency sources amid the implementation of a management information system, mechanisms of economic effect formation, and methods of cost-benefit analysis. The impact of organization's ability to collect and process information on the efficiency of its businesses performance and cost efficiency is considered. The article describes major factors, influencing the implementation efficiency, and substantiates the dependences of calculations of the expected increase in profit from the use of assets and a decrease in transaction costs when introducing management information systems in an organization. The possibility of unambiguous determination of the economic efficiency of management information systems with the appropriate management organization has been proved.

Using cost-benefit analysis and social return on investment to evaluate the impact of social enterprise: Promises, implementation, and limitations