Noise-robust feedforward synchronisation for resource-constrained Gaussian minimum shift keying system in wireless body area network

Power efficient ultra-wideband based wireless communication for wireless body area network applications

The effects on the performance of differentially detected Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK) signals operated in the presence of adjacent channel interference (ACI), modulator impairments, amplifier nonlinearities and additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) is investigated. By means of computer simulation, the bit error rate (BER) performance of 1- and 2-bit conventional and decision feedback differentially detected (C-DD and DF-DD) GMSK systems in the presence of static and Rayleigh faded ACI is obtained. It is found that the best performance is achieved by the 2-bit DF-DD receiver and has resulted in BER performance improvements for the static ACI channel and error floor reductions for the Rayleigh faded ACI channel.

The effects on the performance of differentially detected Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK) signals operated in the presence of adjacent channel interference (ACI), modulator impairments, amplifier nonlinearities and additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) is investigated. By means of computer simulation, the bit error rate (BER) performance of 1- and 2-bit conventional and decision feedback differentially detected (C-DD and DF-DD) GMSK systems in the presence of static and Rayleigh faded ACI is obtained. It is found that the best performance is achieved by the 2-bit DF-DD receiver and has resulted in BER performance improvements for the static ACI channel and error floor reductions for the Rayleigh faded ACI channel.

We consider a low-density parity-check (LDPC) coded non-recursive Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK) scheme for space communications subject to low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), limited power, and spectrum resources. First, we design a non-recursive continuous-phase encoder (NRCPE)-based GMSK modulator to alleviate the impact of the error propagation existed in a recursive CPE (RCPE)-based one. Then, a corresponding pilot-aided quasi-coherent demodulation algorithm (PA-QCDA) is developed for improving the performance of the non-coherent demodulation and the impact of the Doppler shift in the coherent demodulation, whose basic principle is that a modified Bahl, Cocke, Jelinek, and Raviv (BCJR) algorithm-based detection performs on the received signals with initial and ending trellis-states being determined using the very small pilot overhead. Finally, we choose proper modulation parameters for the NRCPE-based GMSK signaling according to the tradeoffs between power and spectral efficiency. The simulation results show that the proposed system using the PA-QCDA can achieve excellent performance and can also work well in the presence of the large Doppler shifts and some burst errors.

A dual‐band dual‐polarised antenna for on‐/off‐body wireless body area network (WBAN) applications is presented, operating at Industrial, Scientific, and Medical bands of 2.45 GHz with circular polarisation and 5.8 GHz with vertical polarisation. The TM 11 mode is used for the off‐body mode in the first band because of its broadside radiation pattern, meanwhile, the TM 02 mode is chosen for on‐body mode due to its monopole‐like radiation pattern in the second band. Composed of a circular patch with eight slots, the structure of the proposed antenna is simple, and it is fabricated with textile material. The performance of the antenna is investigated in free space and on the body. Then, the performance influenced by the bending of the antenna is discussed with a different bending radius. The specific absorption rate distribution is simulated on body tissue. And the maximum value at both bands is below the IEEE C95.3 standard of 1.6 W/kg. The acquired performance demonstrates that the proposed antenna can be applied to the applications of WBAN.

Application of fiber for remoting the complex RF signal processing and control procedures in a microcellular system has attracted much attention. This paper investigates the effect of the laser diode nonlinearities on the outage performance of a Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK)-based system in a Rician channel. The analysis presented assumes that in contrast to the rapid (or short-term) fluctuations modeled by the Rician distribution, the slow (or long-term) fluctuations due to shadowing or near-far effects are compensated (in an exact sense) by power control schemes. The nonlinearity of the laser diode is shown to create a tradeoff between the outage and system parameters such as radio capacity and threshold bit-error rate (BER). The optical noises, such as shot noise, thermal noise, and relative intensity noise, are shown to degrade the outage of the system. Also, in addition to the usual improvement of outage with a strong specular component, it is observed that the specularity of the channel in a small measure mitigates the effective nonlinearity of the system and thus increases the dynamic range of the system. Design equations are provided for optimal performance.

This paper presents a compact and planar ultra‐wideband (UWB) antenna, designed and characterized for the wearable Internet of Things (IoT) devices and wireless body area network (WBAN) applications. Two different substrates, ie, FR4 (h = 1.6 mm) and denim textile substrate (h = 1 mm), are used in the process of design and fabrication of the proposed antenna. The dimensions of the proposed antenna are 31 mm × 42 mm for FR4 substrate and 70 mm × 56 mm for denim textile substrate. The antenna structure consists of a rectangular radiating patch with two symmetrical staircase‐shaped slits. A reduced ground plane technique is used for the purpose of improving impedance bandwidth, which is further enhanced by the insertion of a small notch in the reduced ground plane which has improved the overall impedance matching characteristics of the proposed UWB antenna. The measured impedance bandwidth for S11 < −10 dB and gain of the FR4 and denim textile substrate UWB antennas are 7.71 GHz/5.12 dBi and 7.95 GHz/3.57 dBi, respectively. The ADS momentum simulator is used for antenna simulations, and the simulated and measured results are generally found in good agreements.

Proposed is a zeroth-order resonant antenna placed on a wrist for wireless body area network (WBAN) applications. The proposed antenna is insensitive to human body effects and its curvature shape, owing to a bottom ground plate and zero phase constant features. The antenna's performance is simulated and measured through body equivalent liquid and the human body. The radiation patterns and reflection coefficient are constant when the antenna is placed on the body equivalent liquid and the wrist.

Software-defined radio (SDR) devices have made a massive contribution to communication systems by reducing the cost and development time for radio frequency (RF) designs. SDRs opened the gate to programmers and enabled them to increase the capabilities of these easily manipulated systems. The next step is to upgrade the reconfigurability into adaptability, which is the focus of this paper. This research contributes to improving SDR-based systems by designing an adaptable packet communication transmitter and receiver that can utilize the communication window of CubeSats and small satellites. According to the feedback from the receiver, the transmitter modifies the characteristics of the signal. Theoretically, the system can adopt many modes, but for simplicity and to prove the concept, here, the changes are limited to three data rates of the Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK) modulation scheme, i.e., 2400 bps GMSK, 4800 bps GMSK and 9600 bps GMSK, which are the most popular in amateur small satellites. The system program was developed using GNU Radio Companion (GRC) software and Python scripts. With the help of GRC software, the design was simulated and its behavior in simulated conditions observed. The transmitter packetizes the data into AX.25 packets and transmits them in patches. Between these patches, it sends signaling packets. The patch size is preselected. Alternatively, the receiver extracts the data and saves it in a dedicated file. It directly replies with a feedback message whenever it gets the signaling packets. Based on the content of the feedback message, the characteristics of the transmitted signal are altered. The packet rate and the actual useful data rate are measured and compared with the selected data rate, and the packet success rate of the system operating at a fixed data rate is also measured while simulating channel noise to achieve the desired Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR).

Wireless communication networking technology plays an important part in supporting ubiquitous network. IT, BT and NT convergence of typical techniques for wireless body area network (WBAN) provides the quality and convenience. WBAN is classified in to non-medical field and medical field. In this paper, the techniques, applications and channel models of WBAN are analyzed. WBAN technique is a based on IEEE 802.15.6 TG WBAN. The applications of WBAN are classified into healthcare, assisted living and entertainment.

In this paper, we have reviewed and presented a critical overview of “energy-efficient and reliable routing solutions” in the field of wireless body area networks (WBANs). In addition, we have theoretically analysed the importance of energy efficiency and reliability and how it affects the stability and lifetime of WBANs. WBAN is a type of wireless sensor network (WSN) that is unique, wherever energy-efficient operations are one of the prime challenges, because each sensor node operates on battery, and where an excessive amount of communication consumes more energy than perceiving. Moreover, timely and reliable data delivery is essential in all WBAN applications. Moreover, the most frequent types of energy-efficient routing protocols include crosslayer, thermal-aware, cluster-based, quality-of-service, and postural movement-based routing protocols. According to the literature review, clustering-based routing algorithms are the best choice for WBAhinwidth, and low memory WBAN, in terms of more computational overhead and complexity. Thus, the routing techniques used in WBAN should be capable of energy-efficient communication at desired reliability to ensure the improved stability period and network lifetime. Therefore, we have highlighted and critically analysed various performance issues of the existing “energy-efficient and reliable routing solutions” for WBANs. Furthermore, we identified and compiled a tabular representation of the reviewed solutions based on the most appropriate strategy and performance parameters for WBAN. Finally, concerning to reliability and energy efficiency in WBANs, we outlined a number of issues and challenges that needs further consideration while devising new solutions for clustered-based WBANs.

In this article, compact slotted rectangular patch antenna for wireless body area network (WBAN) applications. The designed antenna radiates at the resonance frequency of 5810MHz in free space and with body phantom model. The intended WBAN antenna design is simulated in free space as well as with human body phantom. The simulated antenna resonate frequency at 5810MHz with impedance bandwidth of 90MHz and 60MHz in free space and human body phantom respectively. The volume of the proposed rectangular slotted patch antenna is 64mm×52mm×0.857mm (3.26λ <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</inf> ×2.65λ <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</inf> ×0.044λ <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</inf> ). The proposed antenna broad side gain is 7.93dBi in free space and 7.67dBi with human body phantom. The width of the slot is chosen to optimize the impedance matching in biomedical application frequency range. The parametric analysis of antenna has been done to achieve the best performance of antenna for biomedical applications. The proposed antenna has been modelled and simulated using CST microwave suite with appropriate boundary conditions. The efficiency of slotted planar antenna is 94.8% without body phantom and 89.4% with human body phantom. An attempt has been made to propose patch antenna for achieving the impedance bandwidth within Spectrum range of Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN).The maximum SAR value of the intended antenna is within the range, as specified by IEEE safety guidelines.

It is worth mentioning that the growing use of wireless sensor networks, evolution in Nano biosensors and micro medical equipment, remote health monitoring has affected treatment. Since people have tended to ubiquitous health monitoring, real time medical health care systems will have great significance. It is crystal clear that offering a new design of Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) in real time healthcare's system is very important. To pave the way for the discussion, we would like to pay your attention to the previous studies in which we have improved energy efficiency and security in WBAN. To pave the way for further discussion now, we would like to review the third aspect of WBAN challenge in maximum efficiency and performance, with the approaching security and optimal energy in the real time health care system applications. In a word, in this paper urgency of using WBAN for real time telemedicine is to be discussed.

Recently, the body area networks (BAN) is one of the most hot topics in wireless communications. In this paper, the research progress of antennas and propagation for wireless BAN (WBAN) in Southeast University (SEU) is reported. Other than the methods of numerical simulation and statistic measurement, the radiation and propagation characteristics of antenna nearby a human body are analytically studied by means of an elliptic-cylinder model of lossy dielectric. Also, several kinds of printed antennas are developed for different applications in wireless BAN.

Wireless communications for body area network (BAN) applications require an adaptable, dynamic and flexible medium access control (MAC) to cope with a variety of application requirements. The key requirements in BAN applications are low power consumption, high reliability of intra-BAN communication and low latency. As body posture highly affects the performance of MAC protocols, we evaluate the relaying benefits to reinforce links. However, since radio links are not stationary, the scheduling of the relaying should quickly adapt to BAN changes. We instead propose a BAN Adaptive TDMA MAC (BATMAC) which automatically detects the shadowing effect and adjusts its communication protocols and the parameters of the IEEE 802.15.4 superframe. Finally, we evaluate BATMAC from latency outage and energy consumption points of view depending on the redundancy of the monitoring information.