Noun complement clauses with a demonstrative determiner in Russian

A number of recent analyses propose that so-called noun complement clauses should be analyzed as a type of relative clause. In this paper, I present a number of complications for any analysis that equates noun complement clauses to relative clauses, and conclude that this type of analysis is on the wrong track. I present cross-linguistic evidence showing that the syntactic behavior of noun complement clauses does not pattern with relative clauses. Patterns of complementizer choice and complementizer drop as well as patterns involving main clause phenomena and extraction differ in the two constructions, which I argue is unexpected under a relative clause analysis that involves operator movement. Instead I present an alternative analysis in which I propose that the referentiality of a noun complement clause is linked to its syntactic behavior. Following recent work, I claim that referential clauses have a syntactically truncated left-periphery, and this truncation can account for the lack of main clause phenomena in noun complement clauses. I argue that the truncation analysis is also able to accommodate complementizer data patterns more easily than relative clause analyses that appeal to operator movement.

The present paper presents a corpus-based contrastive analysis of modality in English and French finite noun complement clauses. On the one hand, we claim on the basis of cross-linguistic and semantic evidence that modality is a common intrinsic feature of nouns that license that/que complement clauses, and, as a consequence, that head nouns are modal stance markers. On the other hand, this paper shows that indicative-subjunctive alternation in that/que noun complement clauses is determined by the modality type of the governing noun. Contrastive analysis of French and English provides evidence to substantiate these claims.

This chapter provides an overview of the major types of elliptical constructions in Russian: NP-ellipsis, clausal ellipsis (sluicing, sprouting, polarity ellipsis), vP-ellipsis, gapping, comparative deletion, Right-Node Raising, and fragment answers. The aim of this chapter is to examine these constructions in a cross-linguistic perspective, highlighting phenomena that seem peculiar to Russian, and outlining the set of restrictions on ellipsis licensing that does not differ from those of other languages. In addition, we discuss the controversial puzzle of verb-stranding constructions: these constructions seem to involve ellipsis, but its nature is still a matter of debate in the current literature.

Findings on perception of missing subjects in complement clauses are reported in two experiments with school-aged children and adults. The complement clauses were embedded into four matrix verbs in Greek, such as Ask (ask information), Promise, Tell (order/command), and Tell (give information) equivalent to English in syntactic and semantic constraints. The data from Experiment 1 show the following: (1) Perception of missing subjects in Ask, Promise, and Tell complement clauses is significantly higher than in Tell, but Guttman coefficient of scalability (.58) was slightly lower than the required one (over .60) to document a developmental sequence between the four constructions. (2) In general, these results, as other findings, contradict with Minimal Distance Principle (MDP) advocated by Chomsky (1969, 1972). (3) Differences in perceiving the source (i.e., NP) in Ask and Promise and the goal/recipient (i.e., NP) as subject in the complement clauses on Tell and Tell cannot consistently be explained by the Semantic Role Principle (SRP) postulated by Maratsos (Lederberg & Maratsos, 1981; Maratsos, 1974) either. (4) Results from Experiment 2 with three age groups, despite minor differences, confirm the results in Experiment 1, suggesting that comprehension of complement clauses with Ask, Promise, and Tell is a prerequisite to comprehension of complement clauses with Tell, according to Guttman coefficients of scalability (over .60 for all groups). (5) The findings are discussed within the framework of the SRP, but the emphasis is placed on the interaction of semantic and pragmatic presuppositions over processing the four construction types.

Aim. To study the chemical composition, sugar specificity and physicochemical properties of the extracellular lectin isolated from Bacillus subtilis ІМV В-7724. Methods. Biochemical, spectrophotometric, immunological and cultural methods were used to assess the physicochemical and a number of biological properties of lectin isolated from the culture fluid of bacteria B. subtilis ІМV В-7724. Molecular weight of the lectin was estimated in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Analysis of the elemental composition was done using Perkin-Elmer 2400 CHNS analyzer. Temperature and pH stability of lectin were examined based on residual hemagglutination activity of the lectin. Cytotoxic activity was determined by the MTT-assay. The statistical analysis was made using Student’s t-test. Results. B. subtilis IMV B-7724 lectin is a glycoprotein (protein – 86.0%, carbohydrates – 7.0%) with molecular weight of 18–20 kDa (major). Analysis of the elemental composition revealed that it contains 34.00% of carbon, 7.04% of hydrogen, 16.61% of nitrogen, 42.35% of oxygen. Amino acid composition analysis determined that it is rich in leucine, tyrosine and phenylalanine. The lectin exhibited high sugar-binding specificity toward N-acetylneuraminic and N-glycolylneuraminic acids (minimal inhibitory concentration – 0.3 mM for both sugars). The lectin is heat and acid stable, has long shelf life. Conclusions. These results provide the rationale to pursue further investigation for possible ways and modes of B. subtilis IMB B-7724 lectin application in clinical settings.

This paper presents the results of a world-wide typological study of same-subject and different-subject complements of the verb ‘want’ (sample size: 80 languages). I am interested in whether the subject is overtly expressed only in different-subject complements (e.g. English, Mandarin Chinese, Coptic) or whether it is expressed also in same-subject complements (e.g. Modern Greek, Mixtec, Arabic, where the literal translation of ‘I want to go home’ is ‘I want that I go home’). Not surprisingly, the more economical English pattern is more widespread in the sample languages. I argue that this pattern should be explained in terms of economic motivation, not in terms of iconic motivation or conceptual closeness (as has also been suggested in the literature). The economic explanation turns out to be more general and to make more accurate predictions. 1. Subject omission and formal simplicity in ‘want’ complements In this paper, I propose a usage-based explanation of a typological trend in two types of complement constructions of the verb ‘want’: There is often an asymmetry in the way that same-subject (SS) and different-subject (DS) ‘want’ complement clauses are encoded across languages. I argue that the asymmetry can be explained by a frequency bias (economic motivation in Haiman’s 1983 sense). ‘Want’ complements overwhelmingly show 1 Earlier versions of this paper were presented at the International Cognitive Linguistics Conference (Stockholm 1999) and at the DGfS Annual Meeting in Marburg (2000). Many people have made helpful suggestions to me at different stages, and they are all gratefully acknowledged here. MARTIN HASPELMATH 42 referential identity between the wanter argument and the subject (the A or S argument) of the complement clause. Sentences like (1a) are much more frequent than sentences like (1b), apparently in all languages. (Here the symbol O is meant to show that the notional subject of the complement clause is not expressed overtly.) (1) a. Kim1 wants [O1 to go home]. b. Kim1 wants [him2 to go home]. I claim that two aspects of same-subject complement clauses are economically motivated: (i) The fact that the notional complement subject is unexpressed in many languages (as illustrated in (1a), where the notional subject of ‘to go home’ cannot be expressed overtly in its clause), and (ii) the fact that different-subject complement clauses often show a formally more complex pattern, as illustrated by German:

MXenes are recently discovered 2D nanomaterial with superior mechanical, thermal, and tribological properties, being commonly employed in a wide variety of critical research areas, ranging from cancer therapy to energy and environmental applications. Due to their special properties, such as mechanoceramic nature with excellent mechanical performance, thermal stability and rich surface properties, MXenes have tremendous potential as advanced composite structures, especially those based on polymers due to a great affinity between macromolecules and the terminating groups of 2D MXenes. MXenes have been extensively explored in metal matrix nanocomposites as well as in solid- or liquid-based lubrication systems owing to the 2D structure and antifriction characteristics. The purpose of the this paper is to provide a comprehensive insight into the material, mechanical, and tribological properties of the MXene nanolayers with discussions on the recent advancements attained from MXene-reinforced nanocomposites starting with the synthesis, fabrication techniques, intricacies of the underlying physics and mechanisms, and finally focusing on the progress in computational studies. This analysis of MXene-based composites will stimulate an emerging field with innumerable opportunities and ample potentials to produce newfangled materials and structures with targeted properties.

The given paper deals with the issue of materials used in the treatment of heart attacks. In more de-tail it focuses on individual types of stents and their specific properties. The article describes selected groups of biocompatible metal-based materials. Our attention is mainly paid to magnesium alloys. The introduction explains the concept of biocompa-tibility and the distribution of materials accord-ing to their biological tolerance. In the experiment, we performed an ana-lysis of the chemical com-position of individual metal stents and focused on examining their wear resistance. Since it is too difficult to imitate human body environment, we opted for corrosion test for the experiment. Stents were exposed to the given concentration of the solution and temperature. The time period during which the stents were in solution was also important. In the final part, we focused on the microscopic evaluation of the surface.

Work‐sampling studies are typically applied to determine unit rates (a measure of construction labour productivity) for labour‐intensive building construction processes. This study analyses how this methodology can be adapted for application to labour‐intensive tunnelling processes, e.g. the construction of the inner lining. Therefore, first, the application of the work‐sampling methodology for typical building construction process (wall formwork processes for a classical reinforced concrete building structure) was analysed. On this basis, a detailed work‐sampling study for constructing the inner lining of a railway tunnel was prepared and performed. Thereby, the usage of a tablet computer was tested instead of analogue execution with paper forms. The study demonstrated that work‐sampling studies allow the determination of average unit rates of tunnelling processes (for specific project and construction properties). Furthermore, the methodology allows to identify detailed unit rates with the goal to demonstrate specific influences (e.g. disturbances), which can be further utilized in construction and site management as well as claim management processes, such as the determination of productivity losses. However, the double analysis carried out for the tunnel inner lining (reinforcing and tunnelling workforce) and the size of the analysed workforces (up to ten workers) showed the limits for a one‐person work‐sampling study.

Talmy (2000) describes force dynamics as a conceptual category that captures how entities interact with respect to applying force, resisting or overcoming force, blocking force, or removing blockage. In language, force dynamics manifests itself both in lexical elements and in grammatical structures. Widely discussed examples of the latter include causative constructions and modal auxiliaries. This paper argues that force-dynamic meanings are present in a number of syntactic constructions in English that have up to this point received little or no attention with regard to this conceptual category. On the basis of corpus data from the coca (Davies 2008) and collostructional analysis (Stefanowitsch and Gries 2003), it is shown that force dynamics characterize the constructional meaning of English object-to-subject raising (Mair 1987, Langacker 1995), subject complement clauses with ing-forms (Hilpert 2010), and the split infinitive construction (Huddleston and Pullum 2002, Perales-Escudero 2010). Collostructional analyses indicate that the three construction types are systematically associated with networks of force-dynamic scenarios that are organized in a semantic map. In addition, the three constructions exhibit coercion effects in which they impose their meanings on lexical elements that are themselves not inherently force-dynamic. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for current usage-based network models of language (Diessel 2019, 2023, Schmid 2020).

Switchgears are an integral part of the energy industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which include substations, electrical installations, power transmission lines and other facilities. Currently, they are undergoing physical and moral wear and tear. The growth of production capacities of industry and the population emphasizes the need for intensive development of the energy complex using the technologies of the XXI century, while maintaining a technological balance between traditional energy and renewable energy sources [4]. The concept of development of the fuel and energy complex of the Republic of Kazakhstan until 2030 fully reflects these tasks and development approaches. In addition, the construction and reconstruction of distribution networks are due to the growth of a total load of consumers, which, even now, continues to increase rapidly. Concrete used in construction is an integral part of all types of construction and installation work. Thus, the concrete mixture used in the construction of energy facilities must have special properties and moisture-resistant characteristics, allowing you to solve specific energy problems, which include: reliability, durability, low electrical conductivity and other characteristics of concrete structures. High indicators of the above requirements are imposed in the places of installation of current-limiting reactors at electrical substations.

This chapter examines “General Noun-Modifying Clause Constructions” (GNMCCs) and the thesis that verbs and nouns combine with clauses in significantly different ways, with verb phrases embedding either clausal arguments or clausal adjuncts, and nominal phrases embedding only clausal modifiers. Such a claim has been disputed in Huang (2016) with a broad range of arguments from Chinese. The current paper adds much further support for Huang’s line of argumentation with patterns from other languages with head-final NPs, building on Whitman ( 2013 , 2015 ), and Bugaeva and Whitman (2015) . The chapter also considers the proposal, maintained in Arsenjević (2009) , Haegeman (2010) , and Cinque and Krapova (2016) that noun complements may in fact be relative clauses. The chapter shows that shows that noun ‘complement’ CPs are in fact more tightly linked to the nominal head than are relative clauses in the languages under consideration, supporting a different analysis of the position of nominal heads within DPs in (many) head-initial and head-final languages.

In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and other crisis phenomena, we can conclude that the construction industry in the Russian Federation is characterized by pessimistic sentiments regarding financial indicators for 2020. Under these conditions, the self-survival of the Russian construction industry is largely determined by the ability of specific construction companies to adapt to the changed economic environment, fully realize their internal reserves, and diversify production in search of new markets. This increases the role of analysis in assessing the production and commercial activities of the construction industry of the Russian Federation and, above all, in the availability, placement and use of their capital and income. The results of this analysis are necessary, first of all, for the owners (founders) of the construction company, its creditors and investors. The article analyzes the model of financial dependence. The object of research of the article is the construction industry of the Russian Federation in the context of three main types of construction: construction of buildings; construction of engineering structures; specialized construction works. The article describes one of the author’s methods of integral factor analysis, which allows you to assess the degree of influence of factors on changes in the resultant indicator in an accessible and relatively simple way.

Clausal complementation as relativization

Reviewed by: The Salish language family: Reconstructing syntax by Paul D. Kroeber M. Dale Kinkade The Salish language family: Reconstructing syntax. By Paul D. Kroeber. (Studies in the anthropology of North American Indians.) Lincoln & London: University of Nebraska Press, 1999. Pp. xxxi, 461. Cloth $45.00. This book is probably unique among studies of North American Indian languages in its accomplishments, and it is an important work for anyone interested in comparative syntax, those interested in the syntax of American Indian languages, and, above all, anyone studying Salish or other Northwest languages. The subtitle is crucial to knowing what to expect in general although it promises more than is actually presented (not surprisingly, given the huge array of possible syntactic issues in any language); what Kroeber actually does is compare a limited number of syntactic features of Salish languages, suggest reconstructions of them, and explain how they must have developed in various parts of the family. All this was no mean feat; Salish is one of the largest language families in North America (with 23 languages), and availability of pertinent data is very uneven. To make his job harder, K chose some of the most complex types of constructions that languages have to offer: complement and adverbial clauses, relative clauses, and extraction. The volume begins with prefatory remarks on the sources he uses and how he has normalized transcriptions, essential lists of abbreviations, and a map showing the location of Salish and neighboring languages. Ch. 1 (1–78) provides a background for the rest of the book: the phonological inventory of Proto-Salish and many of its pertinent developments into modern Salish languages, then quick overviews of morphological and clausal structures that are necessary for an understanding of the body of the volume. Chs. 2 and 3 (79–251) look at complement and adverbial clauses; Chs. 4–6 (252–363) examine relative clauses, Ch. 7 (364–411) looks briefly at various fronting constructions, and Ch. 8 (412–32) speculates on possible influences from neighboring non-Salish languages. Other major syntactic issues are not treated at all, not bearing significantly on his major themes; thus there is nothing about compounding, lexical suffixes, causatives, or applicatives, all of which were found in Proto-Salish and have important syntactic ramifications in all modern languages of the family. Very briefly, K’s findings are the following: (1) ‘Proto-Salish must have had a conjunctive inflectional paradigm of some sort’ (246), and this conjunctive ‘presumably marked conditional clauses’ (246), although how many varieties of conditional and adverbial clauses is indeterminate. (2) ‘Propositional nominalization can be assumed to have been used in most complement clauses other than interrogative ones’ (249). (3) ‘Relativization of subjects and objects presumably was marked not by any special overt inflection distinct from that of main clauses, but (if at all) merely by omission of subject or object pronominal morphology from the predicate complex’ (307). He finds it difficult to be sure how relativized objects or possessors were treated; ‘subject-centered clauses followed the present-day Bella Coola pattern’ (307); relativized oblique objects used nominalization by means of a prefixed /s-/. The reader who pays close attention may observe a bias toward some Salish languages and a neglect of others. This was inevitable, given the availability of data. Just over 49% of K’s examples are from the Interior branch of Salish, 28% from the three northern languages of this branch alone. Forty percent are from the Central Salish branch; Tillamook and Bella Coola, [End Page 573] isolates within the family, are adequately represented. However, the Tsamosan branch, comprising four languages, is represented by Upper Chehalis alone, and only 2.5% of the examples come from that language. The reasons for this imbalance are simple: K himself worked on these very issues in his Thompson fieldwork but largely on other matters when he earlier worked on Sliammon (Central Salish). Other syntacticians have worked on the other two Northern Interior languages, on Okanagan (Southern Interior), and on Halkomelem (Central Salish) and on Bella Coola. K carefully went through the manuscript texts in Tillamook that had been collected by Franz Boas in 1890 and May Edel in 1931. I am greatly impressed with what...