Nuclear and particle physics with cosmology volume 2

These notes are an outgrowth of an advanced undergraduate course taught at the University of Maryland, College Park. They are intended as an introduction to various aspects of particle and nuclear physics with an emphasis on the role of symmetry. The basic philosophy is to introduce many of the fundamental ideas in nuclear and particle physics using relatively sophisticated mathematical tools -- but to do so in as a simplified a context to explain the underlying ideas. Thus, for example, the Higgs mechanism is discussed in terms of an Abelian Higgs model. The emphasis is largely, but not entirely theoretical in orientation. The goal is for readers to develop an understanding of many of the underlying issues in a relatively sophisticated way.

In recent years there has been considerable growth in research in so-called 'interface' areas where nuclear physics, particle physics and astrophysics meet; sharing common goals and language, as well as instrumentation techniques. Examples include: Probing the standard model by measuring elements of the CKM matrix The use of colliders and detectors with access to the highest energies to search for the underlying structure of matter and energy Fundamental interactions at the nuclear and particle level required to understand processes from solar burning to supernovae Neutrino physics; including oscillations, mass and interactions probing the standard solar model Hadronic physics dealing with the interactions, binding and structure of the strongly interacting particles under various conditions The increased use of 4 detectors in low-energy nuclear physics to select specific processes of interest. These are only a few examples of what has become a major meeting place for much of the exciting physics of the early 21st Century. In today's science, the spectrum of particles, the nucleus as well as the large-scale components of the universe, are our laboratories for testing and understanding nature.These exciting areas of cross-over require much further research and exploration. The Editorial Board and staff of Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics wish to strengthen their support for physicists working in such areas of intersection. To make our coverage of these interconnections more explicit, we have redrafted our scope statement as follows:Theoretical and experimental topics in the physics of elementary particles and fields, intermediate-energy physics and nuclear physics. The particle astrophysics section includes all aspects of experimental and theoretical research into cosmic rays, nuclear and particle astrophysics, gamma ray astronomy, neutrino astrophysics and dark matter. We also welcome articles from all areas of interface between these fields.We would like to invite all physicists working on these topics to publish their work in the pages of J.Phys.G. Naturally we shall continue to welcome outstanding research in our core nuclear and particle physics areas.Since its launch in 1975, J.Phys.G has had a broad scope covering all aspects of the physics of elementary particles, nuclear physics, and nuclear and particle astrophysics. We have always felt this provides the journal's authors and readers with a unique overview of these increasingly interconnected subjects.When you publish in J.Phys.G you'll benefit from fast and impartial peer review, with an average receipt-to-first decision time for papers of 58 days. We strive to provide outstanding author service with online article submission, tracking of manuscripts and electronic refereeing. Publishing with us provides your paper with wide international visibility in print and online at www.iop.org/journals/jphysg. As well as being accessible to our subscribers, each new paper is freely available to all for 30 days on our Website

Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics is committed to bringing its readers timely reviews in topics of interest to the nuclear and particle physics community, and an active programme of Topical Reviews is scheduled for future issues. Appropriate topics and authors are identified by the Editorial Board prior to invitation and commissioning of reviews, but any suggestions of suitable topics or offers of review contributions will be welcomed by the Board.

Maurice Goldhaber

The 2nd International Conference on Particle Physics and Astrophysics (ICPPA-2016) was held in Moscow, Russia, from October 10 to 14, 2016. The conference is organized by the National Research Nuclear University “MEPhI”. The aim of the Conference is to promote contacts between scientists and to develop new ideas in fundamental research. We bring together experts and young scientists working on experimental and theoretical aspects of nuclear, particle and astroparticle physics and cosmology.The conference covers a wide range of topics such as accelerator physics, (astro) particle physics, cosmic rays, cosmology and methods of experimental physics: detectors and instruments. These directions are unified by development of the Standard Model which is evidently not complete. There are deviations from the Standard Model: neutrino oscillations, the dark matter existence. Together with strong interactions they are main subjects of the Conference.New results from leading high energy physics collaborations are discussed. Main LHC experiments (ATLAS, CMS, ALICE) presented their results and detector upgrade prospects on the conference. Various aspects of Standard Model testing and search for new phenomena are main subjects of the conference. Among them: flavor physics at B factories, precision multi-boson production measurements, dark matter searches.Electroweak interaction was discussed in the talks given by participants of neutrino physics experiments (Borexino, Neutrino-4, SOX, T2K and others). Enigmatic properties of neutrinos such as their tiny masses, oscillations between different neutrino types, cannot be explained in frame of the modern theory and require new approaches. Properties of neutrinos influenced the formation of the large-scale structure of the Universe and may be neutrinos are partially responsible for the excess of matter over anti-matter. Also our current challenge is the nature of the Dark matter. Many opportunities arise with the development of neutrino detection technologies comprising: measurements of neutrinos from the Sun, measurements of geo-neutrino from the deep interior of the Earth, detecting neutrino fluxes from supernovae and different astrophysical sources. They were the subject of discussion which have been held at the conference. Neutrino physics experiments make huge demands to technologies like ultra-high precision measurements, huge detector size, excellent reliability and ultra-low radioactive background.AcknowledgmentsWe are thankful to Anotonova M M, Buzhan P Zh, Gurov Yu B, Vdovkina S S, Zherebtsova E S, Esipova E A, Kovylyaeva A A, Kozlov E S, Koshelenko D D, Matveev N A, Mayorov A G, Nigmatkulov G A, Novikov A S, Svadkovsky I V, Smirnov Yu S, Voronov S A and Yurin K O for the assistance in organizing the conference and heavy work on proceedings.Conference organizers would like to express their gratitude to the TFT company (supply and maintenance of CAEN equipment, delivery of equipment and components for scientific research) for their support.

While the mandate of particle physics research institutes is fundamental research, the developed technologies find applications for the benefit of society. With the aim to highlight their impact on medical applications and, in particular, on cancer treatment, the Particle Therapy MasterClass (PTMC) package was developed and integrated into the International MasterClass 2021 (IMC) online programme, attracting immediately some 37 institutes from 20 countries and more than 1500 students. The PTMC, focusing on the topic of cancer treatment, a particularly sensitive topic, is becoming increasingly popular, attracting the interest of students and tutors alike. The main idea is to show that (a) fundamental properties of particle interactions with matter, which are used to detect them in physics experiments, are also the basis for treating cancer tumours; and (b) the same accelerator technologies are used in both research laboratories and therapy centres. Ultimately students are shown “what physics has to do with medicine” and what are the various possibilities that physics and STEM studies may open up for job opportunities in fields that there is lack of expert personnel. The PTMC is indeed put forward, as a tangible example of benefits to society from fundamental research by IPPOG, the International Particle Physics Outreach Group, complementing is main mission to bring the excitement of particle physics to the public and especially to the young generation. Another example along these lines is the effort of the IPPOG working group “Outreach of applications for society”. Its objective is to create a collection of short stories, covering a wide spectrum of spin-offs from particle and nuclear physics fields. The ultimate goal is to connect fundamental research to everyday life and provide a practical communication tool for the science outreach community.

The physics of objects smaller than an atom was once a single specialty. It was called nuclear physics because its main concern was the nature and structure of atomic nuclei. But in the last decade or so a separation has taken place between the physicists who studied subatomic matter at very high energies, the so-called particle physicists, and nuclear physicists proper. The particle physicists took as their domain the nature and behavior of individual particles, rather than collective entities like a nucleus. They have gone on to higher and higher energies and ever more startling discoveries in their search for the most fundamental constituents of matter. Lately the particle physicists have experienced a certain frustration. They have been having a hard time trying to mate theory and experiment, and many of the objects they have discovered are so ephemeral that some of them are beginning to wonder whether they have anything to do with the structure of stable matter. The structure of nuclei is fundamental to the structure of stable matter, and if it ever becomes well understood, the age-old dream of making the elements one desires instead of depending on what nature gives might be a step nearer. And among the nuclear structure physicists, there is a feeling of hope and an expectation that old frustrations are about to be relieved. The nuclear physicists are building a new generation of particle accelerators, which, they expect, will give them an entirely new dimension of information about nuclear structure. Heretofore their experiments have concerned the nucleus as a whole. Now they want to study the nucleus in more detail. They want to see how small regions of it look and how individual nuclear particles behave and interact with each other within the nucleus. So far they have not had the energy available to get such data. Technology is now allowing them to build the machines that will do it. And those are now being built at several sites in the U.S., as well as in the Soviet Union, Switzerland and Canada. The machines are commonly called meson factories because one of their primary functions is the production of copious beams of pi and mu mesons with which to probe nuclei. In some cases they also yield protons and negative hydrogen ions, hydrogen atoms with an extra electron each. Each of these particles interacts in a different way with the particles in the nucleus, and each gives a different perspective on nuclear structure. Putting the perspectives together, physicists hope, will give a comprehensive picture. The meson factories bring nuclear structure physics into an energy range, hundreds of millions of electron volts, where the physics has not usually been done. The energy is necessary to get the detailed information, but achieving the energy was not the major technological stumbling block in the construction of meson factories; intensity was the problem. The particle beams have to be very intense-contain a large number of particles-to make enough of the desired reactions happen to get meaningful data. Gradual improvements in beam handling techniques have made the management of very intense beams possible, but they still give designers problems with radioactivity. There are unique problems in the handling of intensely radioactive material in targets, says Dr. R. L. Burman of Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, speaking of the now-building Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility. The solution, he says, is to design a so-called

In order to understand how matter 15 billion years ago in the form of quarks, gluons and leptons at a temperature of 2 × 1012 °K evolved to become today’s Universe, the goal of relativistic and ultra-relativistic heavy ion physics is to understand the equation of state of nuclear, hadronic and partonic matter. This quest is of cross-disciplinary interest. The phase transition from partonic matter to hadronic matter tens of micro-seconds after the beginning of the universe is of interest to cosmology. Fluctuations during this phase transition would influence nucleosynthesis and the understanding of baryonic inhomogeneities in the universe. The nuclear matter equation of state, which describes the incompressibility of nuclear matter, governs neutron star stability. It determines the possible existence of strange quark matter stars and the dynamics of supernova expansion in astrophysics. The existence of collective nuclear phenomena in nuclear physics is also determined by the nuclear equation of state. In relativistic heavy ion collisions collective nuclear flow has been observed and is being studied extensively to obtain a better understanding of the incompressibility of nuclear matter. In high energy nuclear and particle physics, production and excitations of hadronic final states have been studied in detail and are important to an overall understanding of the equation of state of nuclear matter at finite temperature. The possibility in ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions to create and study highly excited hadronic and partonic degrees of freedom provides a unique opportunity for understanding the behavior of nuclear, hadronic and partonic matter. Study of the QCD vacuum, of particular interest in particle physics, would provide a better understanding of symmetry-breaking mechanisms and the origins of the masses of the various quarks and particles. Creation and study of the quark-gluon plasma, an excitation of the QCD vacuum, is the goal of physicists in the new field of ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions.

PHYSICS LABSPARIS-- An unpublished report, prepared at the request of science minister Claude AllA¨gre, is said to recommend some form of merger between the two main bodies responsible for subatomic physics in France: the National Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics (IN2P3), which is part of the giant CNRS basic research agency; and the Atomic Energy Commission's Department of Astrophysics, Nuclear Physics, Particle Physics, and Associated Instrumentation (DAPNIA). Although this marriage would be consistent with AllA¨gre's long-stated desire to end duplication of research efforts and enhance scientific collaboration, some physicists argue that it would weaken the role of the CNRS and give the Atomic Energy Commission too much influence over research priorities.

In this paper an attempt is made to emphasize the major shortcomings of standard cosmology. It can be suggested that, the current cosmological changes can be understood by studying the atom and the atomic nucleus through ground based experiments. If light is coming from the atoms of the gigantic galaxy, then redshift can be interpreted as an index of the galactic atomic ‘light emission mechanism’. In no way it seems to be connected with ‘galaxy receding’. With ‘cosmological increasing (emitted) photon energy’, observed cosmic redshift can be considered as a measure of the age difference between our galaxy and any observed galaxy. If it is possible to show that, (from the observer) older galaxy’s distance increases with its ‘age’, then ‘galaxy receding’ and ‘accelerating universe’ concepts can be put for a revision at fundamental level. At any given cosmic time, the product of ‘critical density’ and ‘Hubble volume’ gives a characteristic cosmic mass and it can be called as the ‘Hubble mass’. Interesting thing is that, Schwarzschild radius of the ‘Hubble mass’ again matches with the ‘Hubble length’. Most of the cosmologists believe that this is merely a coincidence. At any given cosmic time,’Hubble length’ can be considered as the gravitational or electromagnetic interaction range. If one is willing to think in this direction, by increasing the number of applications of Hubble mass and Hubble volume in other areas of fundamental physics like quantum physics, nuclear physics, atomic physics and particle physics - slowly and gradually - in a progressive way, concepts of ‘Black hole Cosmology’ can be strengthened and can also be confirmed.

This textbook brings together nuclear and particle physics, presenting a balanced overview of both fields as well as the interplay between the two. The theoretical as well as the experimental foundations are covered, providing students with a deep understanding of the subject. In-chapter exercises ranging from basic experimental to sophisticated theoretical questions provide an important tool for students to solidify their knowledge. Suitable for upper undergraduate courses in nuclear and particle physics as well as more advanced courses, the book includes road maps guiding instructors on tailoring the content to their course. Online resources including color figures, tables, and a solutions manual complete the teaching package. This textbook will be essential for students preparing for further study or a career in the field who require a solid grasp of both nuclear and particle physics.

This textbook brings together nuclear and particle physics, presenting a balanced overview of both fields as well as the interplay between the two. The theoretical as well as the experimental foundations are covered, providing students with a deep understanding of the subject. In-chapter exercises ranging from basic experimental to sophisticated theoretical questions provide an important tool for students to solidify their knowledge. Suitable for upper undergraduate courses in nuclear and particle physics as well as more advanced courses, the book includes road maps guiding instructors on tailoring the content to their course. Online resources including color figures, tables, and a solutions manual complete the teaching package. This textbook will be essential for students preparing for further study or a career in the field who require a solid grasp of both nuclear and particle physics.

This Progress Report describes the operation of the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility (LAMPF) and the research programs carried out there for the years 1992 and 1993. The accelerator operated for over 100 days in 1992, providing beams of H{sup +}, H{sup {minus}}, and polarized H{sup {minus}} for a rich and varied research program in nuclear physics. The accelerator had only fair beam availability in 1992 (for example, the average H{sup +} beam availability was 72%), caused largely by problems in the 201-MHz rf system. A major effort was expended to address these problems before the 1993 run. These efforts were rewarded by good beam availability in 1993 and few problems with the 201-MHz system. LAMPF operated remarkably smoothly during 1993, in the midst of a period of great uncertainty in the future of the facility and the downsizing of MP Division, which led to the loss of a large number of key people to positions elsewhere in the Laboratory. The H{sup +} intensity had to be held to no more than {approximately} 800{mu}A because of a vacuum leak in the A2 target. Nevertheless, the accelerator operated very.reliably and the summer run in 1993 proved to be extremely productive. This report discusses the research conducted on: Nuclear and particle physics; atomic physics; radiation effects; materials science; astrophysics; and theoretical physics.

With more than 1400 scientific visitors and about 800 experiments performed every year, the Institute Max von Laue - Paul Langevin (ILL) is the world leader in neutron science. The scientific activities cover a wide range of disciplines extending from biology, chemistry, soft matter, material science to nuclear and particle physics. The present article focuses on the experimental activities of the nuclear and particle physics group. In particular, we first describe a new setup dedicated to γ-ray spectroscopy of neutron-rich nuclei that will be available for users' program starting January 2017. The second example is devoted to the experiment that has probably the longest tradition in ultra-clod neutron physics, namely the search for a non-vanishing electric dipole moment of the neutron.

Nuclear and Particle Physics provides an introductory course on nuclear and particle physics for undergraduate and early-graduate students, which the author has taught for several years at the University of Zurich. It contains fundamentals on both nuclear and particle physics, giving emphasis to the discovery and history of developments in the field, and is experimentally/phenomenologically oriented. It contains detailed derivations of formulae such as 2–3 body phase space, the Weinberg-Salam model, and neutrino scattering. Originally published in German as Kern- und Teilchenphysik, several sections have been added to this new English version to cover modern topics, including updates on neutrinos, the Higgs boson, the top quark and bottom quark physics.