Object Naming Service Supporting Heterogeneous Object Code Identification for IoT System

The Object Naming Service (ONS) is a core resolving service of the EPCglobal Network. The function of ONS is the address retrieval of manufacturer information services for a Electronic Product Code (EPC) identifier which is stored on the RFID tag and is read by the RFID reader. This allows dynamic and globally distributed information sharing for items equipped with RFID tags compatible to EPCglobal standards. But, unlike in the DNS system, there is only one ONS Root, and the ONS Root can be controlled or blocked by a single company or a country. The EPCglobal Network is a future global business infrastructure, and it is immoderate that one country or company controls the items information all over the world. In this paper, we propose a new ONS architecture called Distributed ONS, which is distributed Object Naming Service.

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) which is a mature identification and tracking technology recently is picking up its momentum with the emergency of a highly hyped of Things (IOT). The ultimate goal of IOT is to let human and objects seamlessly talk to each other via the Internet. It finds great impacts on our lifestyles in various applications such as supply chain management, access control security, mobile health-care, etc. In response to this technology trend and market demands, a high level infrastructure called EPC (Electronic Product Code) network with Object Naming Service has been proposed that rides on the future IPv6 Internet. In order to enable the operation of EPC network, auxiliary mechanisms such as privacy and security protection, context-aware capabilities, middleware and interoperable data semantics are needed. In this paper we propose a prototype of wireless communication system incorporated with Internet capability, namely Internet RFID. In particular, this paper shows the preliminary design, implementation and testing of the Internet RFID prototype in a client-server environment. As an experiment, we implemented a typical RFID system with the additional feature of distance finding that can track and monitor access control, and at the same time a database located remotely in a Web Server is updated. Users can query the Web database server in real-time about the location of the client. The hardware module consists mainly of the construction of two micro-controller systems: one for the user card and the other one for the station transceiver controller. Recommendations are provided at the end of the paper for future development.

The EPCglobal organization found a RFID information architecture named ‘EPC Network’ was based on EPC (Electronic Product code). The concept of EPC Network is ‘Internet of things’, every object was given a unique identification code stored at RFID tag, using mature internet architecture to reach “Internet of Physical Objects”. With EPC Network, we can connecting every object and create the vision of “Identify any object anywhere automatically”. lthough the standards of EPC Network have not been completed by EPCglobal organization, but the functions of core services were defined and having done several specifications and documents. This study of exploring EPC Network architecture planning in car bumper supply chain, and extend the researches by Zeng(2005)、Liu(2006). Three phases of this study： 1.Phase one：Collection the current RFID applications in automobile industry and use these applications as references to planning a EPC Network based of car bumper supply chain. 2.Phase two： Study the combination、materials flow、issues、RFID implementation point and RFID implementation values between OEM Market and After Market in car bumper supply chain. 3.Phase three：Drill into the RFID information architecture after RFID data capture equipments were implemented, such as information function、core components needed for each supply chain member、data structure、data transfer type、interoperation between members. Keyword：RFID、EPC Network、Supply Chain、Electronic Pedigree

This paper designs and develops a traceable platform of aquatic foods supply chain based on Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and Electronic Product Code (EPC) Internet of Things, and focuses on designing Object Name Service (ONS) and EPC Information Service (EPCIS) of this platform. Tracking, traceability, recall and monitoring of tilapia products in the food supply chain can be achieved with participation of consumers, enterprises and the government. This platform contains aquaculture management system, process management system, distribution management system, sales management system, and querying and monitoring system, and realizes all-the-way traceability of aquatic products from breeding, processing, distribution to sales.

The diffusion of RFID technology continues using the Electronic Product Code (EPC) as unique identifier for physical objects. The EPC Network enables companies to share information about read events by defining EPC Information Services (EPCIS). The communication protocols in the EPC Network are defined to be XML and SOAP. We claim that a binary encoded communication protocol is more appropriate given the fact that billions of read events will occur. We extend the Fosstrak EPCIS repository by binary encoded Google's Protocol Buffers. Our experimental evaluation shows that this switch in the protocol from textual encoding to binary encoding reduces the message size by about 75%, the processing time by at least 11% for XML and at least 59% for SOAP communication. With regards to the Internet of Things, our contribution shows the importance of the appropriate choice of communication protocols. We encourage that the EPC Network should be extended by a binary encoded communication protocol.

The EPCglobal Network is a network providing a shared view of the disposition of EPC-bearing objects between EPCglobal subscribers, within a relevant business context. In the EPCglobal Network, product data is distributed to several EPCISes(EPC Information Services) via movement of the product. The ONS (Object Naming Service) and the EPCISDS (EPCIS Discovery Service) are used to identify the distributed data for tracing the product. However, there is neither a standard scenario for access to the services when tracing the product nor a defined standard for EPCISDS. This paper suggests a novel architecture for tracing product data with EPCISDS and ONS. Our architecture provides a concrete substructure for product tracing services.

Internet of Things (IoT) was faced with some difficulties which contained mass data management, various standards of object identification, data fusion of multiple sources, business data management and information service providing. In China, some safety monitoring systems of agricultural product always adopt centralized system architecture in which the data is stored concentratively. These systems could not be connected with or accessed by each other. This paper proposed an information system of agriculture Internet of Things based on distributed architecture. A distributed information service system based on IoT-Information Service, Object Naming Service, Discovery Service is designed to provide public information service including of capturing, standardizing, managing and querying of massive business data of agriculture production. A coding scheme for agricultural product, business location and logistic unit is provided for data identification. A business event model of agriculture IoT is presented for business data management. The whole system realizes the tracking and tracing of agricultural products, and quality monitoring of agriculture production. The implementation of this information service system is introduced.

Smart connected consumer devices employing IoT as the backbone are becoming a part of our day-to-day life. These products are fascinating to everyone but bear a dark side of becoming a threat to consumers and vendors. Users and smart devices manufacturers are losing finances as well as confidential data to the adversary, mainly due to employing insecure authentication methods. There are several reported incidences of such security breaches in IoT-enabled systems. The IoT industry finds it difficult to catch up with fast developments and innovations in lightweight protocols, hardware devices, and authentication mechanisms proposed explicitly for IoT-based products. Furthermore, they are reluctant to embed the evolutions, fearing that consumers may not find the new product budget-friendly. Smart cities, smart homes, smart cars and smart grids are gaining attention from various sections of society with no knowledge of the vulnerabilities of these revolutionary systems. The chapter considers IoT systems from the perspectives of a consumer, a vendor, and a researcher to figure out the present scenario, and give future directions to the authentication-related security issues in IoT subsystems. The device-to-user authentication while accessing connected consumer devices is the area in IoT systems that needs serious attention from academia, the biometric community, and the biometric industry. Also, automated payment systems implemented in smart consumer products are at risk of threats from malicious attackers. Even though there are alliances to brainstorm the specific problem and standardization of protocols for IoT infrastructure, there is slow growth in incorporating the most secure and cost-effective solution to security issues in IoT. We must understand the vulnerabilities and loopholes in IoT infrastructure and correctly design mitigation techniques to build a robust system. The chapter provides a precise investigation of the current scenario to integrate biometric authentication in IoT applications and systems along with the required techniques to mitigate software and hardware-level vulnerabilities in these systems. The study classifies IoT systems and applications into seven categories. The chapter reviews the current research outcomes in this direction and pinpoints their pros and cons while implementing them into future IoT products. It is also required to decide the best biometric modality and implementation mechanisms that are convenient and pocket friendly to the consumers. In addition, the chapter also discusses various biometric traits from the IoT perspective and suggests the best modalities for such systems.

The diffusion rate of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology in supply chains is lower than expected. The main reason is the doubtful Return On Investment (ROI) mainly due to high tag prices. In this contribution, we leverage a prototypical RFID implementation in the fashion industry, extend this prototype by a discrete event simulation, and discuss the impact of an Electronic Product Code (EPC)-enabled supply chain concerning higher visibility. Thereby, we illustrate the benefit of the EPC network for Supply Chain Event Management (SCEM). Future researchers are provided with the simulation data which is available online and can be investigated.KeywordsEPC NetworkSupply Chain Event ManagementSimulation

A deep dive into DNS behavior and query failures

The barcode technology has been used in many applications for a long time. However, it does not provide unique object identification and lacks connectivity to the Internet that more and more business applications require. The Electronic Product Code (EPC) was developed to address these problems. But EPC is not widely used at the present time. In this paper, we propose an approach called Barcode Network that takes the advantages of both barcdoe and EPC, for the pervasiveness of barcode and the connectivity to the Internet of EPC networks. The approach uses barcode as the basic identification mechanism and employs the architecture of EPC Network to achieve the goal of object identification. In this new approach, we introduce a barcoding scheme called GIN, give a mapping between GIN and the Universal Resource Format (URF) for which the IP of an object with barcode can be obtained using the Object Naming System (ONS) of the EPC Network. A case study is discussed to illustrate the key ideas of the proposed approach.Keywordsbarcodeelectronic product codeglobal trade identifierbarcode network

Most IoT systems involve IoT devices, communication protocols, remote cloud, IoT applications, mobile apps, and the physical environment. However, existing IoT security analyses only focus on a subset of all the essential components, such as device firmware or communication protocols, and ignore IoT systems' interactive nature, resulting in limited attack detection capabilities. In this work, we propose Iota, a logic programming-based framework to perform system-level security analysis for IoT systems. Iota generates attack graphs for IoT systems, showing all of the system resources that can be compromised and enumerating potential attack traces. In building Iota, we design novel techniques to scan IoT systems for individual vulnerabilities and further create generic exploit models for IoT vulnerabilities. We also identify and model physical dependencies between different devices as they are unique to IoT systems and are employed by adversaries to launch complicated attacks. In addition, we utilize NLP techniques to extract IoT app semantics based on app descriptions. Iota automatically translates vulnerabilities, exploits, and device dependencies to Prolog clauses and invokes MulVAL to construct attack graphs. To evaluate vulnerabilities' system-wide impact, we propose two metrics based on the attack graph, which provide guidance on fortifying IoT systems. Evaluation on 127 IoT CVEs (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures) shows that IOTA's exploit modeling module achieves over 80% accuracy in predicting vulnerabilities' preconditions and effects. We apply Iota to 37 synthetic smart home IoT systems based on real-world IoT apps and devices. Experimental results show that our framework is effective and highly efficient. Among 27 shortest attack traces revealed by the attack graphs, 62.8% are not anticipated by the system administrator. It only takes 1.2 seconds to generate and analyze the attack graph for an IoT system consisting of 50 devices.

This paper is based on application of an approach to globally unique item identification that fully integrated into the design, development, manufacture, use and disposal of a system will revolutionize the business processes of the United States Department of Defense (DoD). As this approach becomes embedded in the Department's business practices and “flowed down” to Prime Contractors and Suppliers it will revolutionize item marking and use much like the Universal Product Code (UPC) did for consumer goods. Ultimately Unique Identification (UID) and a commercial equivalent, the Electronic Product Code (EPC), will transform serialization and item management globally.In this paper I will explain what drove the development of the need and the approach that has resulted. Practical examples of implementation will be provided and a “business case” will be supported. In the end, I expect to convince the reader that this mandatory DoD policy should be embraced not only in the DoD, but supported throughout the United States Government and international communities.

Gray-market trade with product information service in global supply chains

In this paper, the error performance of the tag-to-reader link of a passive UHF (Electronic Product Code - EPC - Generation 2) RFID system is examined. An error-correcting technique is introduced that is based on the cyclic redundancy check (CRC) bits transmitted by the tag with backscatter biphase-M (or FM0) modulation. The proposed technique uses a look-up table that allows the correction of single errors in the received EPC. Numerical results, using additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and flat Rayleigh fading channel models, show that a better performance is obtained, in the sense of either reducing the error rate or increasing the distance between tag and reader.