Ocean Plastics Charter

A few times a year, volunteers fan out along the causeway that links the South Carolina mainland with the seashore community of Folly Beach to clean up plastic bottles, straws, bags, and other debris from along the road and the salt marsh. Some of this debris has come from cities miles away. On windy days, litter is often blown off city streets into waterways. During rainstorms, debris floats into drains that empty into rivers. Other trash probably came from places closer to home. “I see bags and other plastic flying off the beds of pickup trucks going down the causeway,” says Marty Morganello, who organizes the cleanups for the Charleston-area chapter of the nonprofit Surfrider Foundation. “I see them coming out the open windows of cars and out the backs of garbage trucks and even recycling trucks. This material is lightweight, and if you don’t secure it, it will fly away.” By one estimate, the volume of plastic debris going into the world’s oceans could more than double by 2025, assuming current trends in coastal development and plastics use. Some countries have begun identifying ways to improve management of plastic ... Beach cleanups yield enormous amounts of trash, with plastic items a major constituent.1 Although the human health impacts of this marine plastic pollution remain poorly characterized, it is widely seen as an emerging problem that deserves much more research attention.2 Likewise, there is a growing urgency among industry, government, nongovernmental organizations, and environmental groups to develop tools and policies to track, capture, and recycle plastic waste before it reaches the ocean.

Most plastics are made of persistent synthetic polymer matrices that contain chemical additives in significant amounts. Millions of tonnes of plastics are produced every year and a significant amount of this plastic enters the marine environment, either as macro- or microplastics. In this article, an overview is given of the presence of marine plastic debris globally and its potential to reach remote locations in combination with an analysis of the oceanic long-range transport potential of organic additives present in plastic debris. The information gathered shows that leaching of hydrophobic substances from plastic is slow in the ocean, whereas more polar substances leach faster but mostly from the surface layers of the particle. Their high content used in plastic of several percent by weight allows also these chemicals to be transported over long distances without being completely depleted along the way. It is therefore likely that various types of additives reach remote locations with plastic debris. As a consequence, birds or other wildlife that ingest plastic debris are exposed to these substances, as leaching is accelerated in warm-blooded organisms and in hydrophobic fluids such as stomach oil, compared to leaching in water. Our estimates show that approximately 8100–18,900 t of various organic additives are transported with buoyant plastic matrices globally with a significant portion also transported to the Arctic. For many of these chemicals, long-range transport (LRT) by plastic as a carrier is their only means of travelling over long distances without degrading, resulting in plastic debris enabling the LRT of chemicals which otherwise would not reach polar environments with unknown consequences. The transport of organic additives via plastic debris is an additional long-range transport route that should also be considered under the Stockholm Convention.

Ingestion of marine debris can have lethal and sublethal effects on sea turtles and other wildlife. Although researchers have reported on ingestion of anthropogenic debris by marine turtles and implied incidences of debris ingestion have increased over time, there has not been a global synthesis of the phenomenon since 1985. Thus, we analyzed 37 studies published from 1985 to 2012 that report on data collected from before 1900 through 2011. Specifically, we investigated whether ingestion prevalence has changed over time, what types of debris are most commonly ingested, the geographic distribution of debris ingestion by marine turtles relative to global debris distribution, and which species and life-history stages are most likely to ingest debris. The probability of green (Chelonia mydas) and leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) ingesting debris increased significantly over time, and plastic was the most commonly ingested debris. Turtles in nearly all regions studied ingest debris, but the probability of ingestion was not related to modeled debris densities. Furthermore, smaller, oceanic-stage turtles were more likely to ingest debris than coastal foragers, whereas carnivorous species were less likely to ingest debris than herbivores or gelatinovores. Our results indicate oceanic leatherback turtles and green turtles are at the greatest risk of both lethal and sublethal effects from ingested marine debris. To reduce this risk, anthropogenic debris must be managed at a global level.Análisis Global de la Ingesta de Residuos Antropogénicos por Tortugas MarinasLa ingesta de residuos marinos puede tener efectos letales y subletales sobre las tortugas marinas y otros animales. Aunque hay investigadores que han reportado la ingesta de residuos antropogénicos por tortugas marinas y la incidencia de la ingesta de residuos ha incrementado con el tiempo, no ha habido una síntesis global del fenómeno desde 1985. Por esto analizamos 37 estudios publicados, desde 1985 hasta 2012, que reportan datos colectados desde antes de 1900 y a lo largo del 2011. Investigamos específicamente si el predominio de la ingesta ha cambiado con el tiempo, qué tipos de residuos se ingieren comúnmente, la distribución geográfica de la ingesta de residuos por tortugas marinas en relación a la distribución global de residuos y cuáles especies y etapas de vida tienen más probabilidad de ingerir residuos. La probabilidad de que las tortugas verdes (Chelonia mydas) y laúd (Dermochelys coriacea) ingieran escombros incrementa significativamente con el tiempo; plástico fue el residuo que más se ingirió. Las tortugas en casi todas las regiones estudiadas ingieren residuos, pero la probabilidad de ingesta no estuvo relacionada con las densidades modeladas de residuos. Además de esto, tortugas más pequeñas, en etapa oceánica de vida, tuvieron una mayor probabilidad de ingerir residuos que las tortugas forrajeras terrestres, mientras que las especies carnívoras tuvieron menos probabilidad de ingerir residuos que las herbívoras o las gelatinívoras. Nuestros resultados indican que las tortugas verdes y laúd tienen el mayor riesgo de efectos letales y subletales de la ingesta de residuos marinos. Para reducir el riesgo, los residuos antropogénicos deben manejarse en un nivel global.

This research investigates the intricate and all-pervasive challenge of combatting marine litter in small island developing states (SIDS), specifically in the Wider Caribbean Region (WCR) with a focus on the understudied Windward Islands located in the south-east of the Caribbean. Notably, this research is a ground- breaking and innovative effort in several respects, marking the first time a study of such magnitude and depth has been conducted and published for the WCR and the Windward Islands in particular. This pioneering work thus not only fills a significant gap in the existing literature but also sets a benchmark for future studies in the field. Employing an investigative research methodology, a mixed-methods approach is adopted, encompassing four key data collection techniques: literature review, key informant surveys and interviews, participant observation in the Sixth Meeting of the Scientific and Technical Advisory Committee of the Protocol Concerning Pollution from Land-Based Sources and Activities in the Wider Caribbean (LBS- STAC6), and mapping and visualisation studies. In assessing the marine litter crisis and management responses in varying geographical orientations, the study utilised the source-to-sea conceptual framework of Granit et al. (2017). This comprehensive approach combines the Drivers-Pressures-State-Impacts-Responses (DPSIR) framework with the Theory of Change (ToC), offering a more integrative method for addressing marine litter challenges and opportunities to enable a solution-oriented approach to the persistent and growing environmental crisis in the Eastern Caribbean. Building on Granit et al.'s framework, and acknowledging the need for effective solutions, the Three-Framework approach for Impact evaluation of Governance in Social- Ecological Systems by Mascia et al. (2017) was referenced. Effectiveness was a pivotal aspect in the discussion, as this approach presents an additional layer for the evaluation of management measures. By defining and integrating quantifiable measures for ecological, social, and institutional effectiveness, it offers a more robust tool for analysing and managing marine litter. The source-to-sea conceptual framework was further modified by incorporating polycentric governance theory and resilience theory. By integrating polycentric governance theory, the research gains a nuanced view of multi-lateral governance in the context of marine litter management for the region. Furthermore, the inclusion of resilience theory brings in a critical perspective on how climate change interplays with marine litter, a theme that has become increasingly relevant for SIDS worldwide. This modification illustrates the need for multi-faceted, resilient, and adaptive strategies to address the environmental crisis of marine litter, thereby providing a robust foundation for informed policy-making and

A study on transnational regulatory governance for marine plastic debris: Trends, challenges, and prospect

Marine litter is a global environmental concern affecting all the oceans and coastlines of the world. More than 8 million tons of plastic enter the oceans each year, contributing to an estimated total abundance of at least 24.4 trillion pieces of plastic particles in the world’s upper oceans. They can be found floating on the surface, in the sediments, in the ice or covering the ocean floor.Since 1990 Surfrider Foundation Europe, has put the fight against marine litter at the forefront of its action. Surfrider acts to better understand this pollution, to reduce the quantitative amount of litter entering the marine environment and its impacts on the marine environment and humans. The NGO’s leverages start with raising public awareness, stimulating scientific research to initiating political action in order to tackle at source this problem. The community and citizens are the heart of action programs, public engagement is the root. Citizens participate in collecting data and answering remaining questions about characteristics, distribution, transport pathways of marine litter and potential impacts on wildlife and humans as well as in policing-making.As a whistle-blower, an expert and an actor of change, Surfrider promotes the dialogue between citizens, scientists and decision-makers.

Marine litter on the beaches of the Kanyakumari, Southern India: An assessment of their abundance and pollution indices

A nationwide assessment of litter on China’s beaches using citizen science data

As of 2022, the world produced 460 million metric tons of virgin plastics and generated 367 million metric tons of plastic waste, of which only 9% was recycled. This paper investigates the role of recycled plastic waste (RPW) within the circular economy, focusing on implementation pathways in the Middle East and Saudi Arabia. It compares mechanical and chemical recycling methods, highlighting regional case studies and field-level innovations from SABIC, Saudi Aramco, and the Saudi Investment Recycling Company (SIRC). The paper presents technical insights into pyrolysis and catalytic depolymerization projects, including reactor conditions, yield optimization strategies, and sectoral application potential. The paper also examines RPW integration across construction, packaging, automotive, and textiles, supported by real-world case studies such as plastic-modified asphalt, closed-loop food packaging, and school-level waste recovery pilots. Beyond technology, the paper addresses consumer engagement, policy tools, and the importance of digital participation platforms in boosting RPW rates. Future research gaps are identified in lifecycle modeling, techno-economic analysis, behavioral science, and regional data sharing. The findings support Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 goals by aligning material innovation, public behavior, and infrastructure investment toward a more resilient and circular plastic economy.

Marine litter is human-created waste that has been discharged into the coastal or marine environment. “Marine debris” is defined as anthropogenic, manufactured, or processed solid material discarded, disposed of, or abandoned in the environment, including all materials discarded into the sea, on the shore, or brought indirectly to the sea by rivers, sewage, storm water, waves, or winds. A large fraction of marine debris is made up of plastic items. Plastic marine debris has become one of the most prevalent pollution related problems affecting the marine environment globally. The widespread challenge of managing marine litter is a useful illustration of the global and transboundary nature of many marine environmental problems. At a global level, plastic litter constitutes 83–87% of all marine litter. Land-based sources are estimated to be responsible for approximately 80% of marine litter. The largest portion of plastic associated with marine pollution is often linked to the contribution from terrestrial sources associated with accidental or deliberate spills as well as inefficient waste management systems in heavily anthropized coastal regions. This chapter is intended to serve as a catalyst for further discussion to explore the potential for developing a Mediterranean regional framework for addressing marine litter.

Economic instruments and marine litter control

Origin of marine debris is related to disposable packs of ultra-processed food

Influencing beach littering behaviors through infrastructure design: An in situ experimentation case study

Plastic pollution has received growing recognition as an issue of global concern, including the question of how to regulate it at the international level. Despite the existence of many instruments relevant to marine plastic litter, there is no international agreement that focuses primarily on combating plastic pollution. While the annual global rate of plastic production is growing, no international instrument is addressing plastic across its full life cycle, from production to consumption to disposal. This article describes the role of the United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA) and the evolution of its resolutions on marine plastic pollution. UNEA's latest resolution on marine litter and microplastics is paving the way for the global community to improve the current international framework and address the ‘plastic crisis’. This opens questions on the approach and scope of a new framework. The article suggests that framing the problem as one of ‘marine litter’ limits the scope of possible solutions to waste management. Reframing the subject from a marine litter problem to a broader plastic pollution issue presents an opportunity to develop a comprehensive approach and, therefore, a more effective global framework that encompasses not only plastic litter, but also the reduction of plastic production and consumption.

Marine litter is a global and transboundary pollution problem. Recent attention has focused on the impact of this issue on areas beyond national jurisdiction. In many cases, marine litter is traced to a coastal State where debris have been released into the sea. Effective and legally-binding commitments at the global level to tackle land-based sources of marine pollution are rare, in large part because of the sensitive nature of territorial sovereignty. When it comes to addressing the marine plastics crisis, sovereignty is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, the international legal regime traditionally addressing marine litter, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, does not specifically respond to, and is not able to adequately address, the issue of plastics as a land-based source of marine pollution. While it contributes to social equity by recognizing the special position of developing States in terms of capacity and need for economic development, this deference to domestic decisions is not conducive to the adoption of binding and global standards. Since a large majority of plastics in the oceans originate from land, this weakness is a major concern. On the other hand, sovereignty might contribute to a solution within the regime regulating trade in waste products: unilateral actions taken in application of sovereign powers and aimed at reducing trade in plastic waste led to major multilateral actions with the potential to reduce the issue of marine plastic pollution. In recent times, the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Waste and their Disposal has indeed become an important forum to respond to the plastic waste issue, with the potential to contribute to a solution to the marine dimension of this crisis. This regime is not perfect, especially in that its complexity and reliance on enforcement at the customs level leave ample opportunities for criminal activities to flourish. Areas for improvement include addressing the legal uncertainty regarding bilateral, regional, and multilateral agreements as well as certain key definitions; strengthening the prior informed consent procedure and the Mechanism for Promoting Implementation and Compliance; and heavily investing in capacity building and technology transfer. Nonetheless, this regime provides a widely-ratified framework to decrease trade in plastic waste considered hazardous or requiring special consideration – these two categories cover most hard-to-recycle plastics. In that sense, the Basel Convention regime has the potential to reduce mismanaged plastic waste leaking into the oceans and to contribute to social equity between States–if not domestically–by reducing the practice of wealthy countries using developing States as dumping grounds under the pretense of mutually beneficial trade in waste products.