Oil Industry Experiences With Fiberglass Components

Adding fibers improves concrete performance in respect of strength and plasticity. There are numerous fibers for use in concrete that have different mechanical properties, and their combination in concrete changes its behavior. So, to investigate the behavior of the fiber reinforced concrete, an in vitro study was conducted on concrete with different fiber compositions including different ratios of steel, polypropylene and glass fibers with the volume of 1%. Two forms of fibers including singlestranded and aggregated fibers have been used for testing, and the specimens were tested for compressive strength and dividable tensile strength (splitting tensile) to determine the optimal ratio of the composition of fibers in the concrete reinforced by hybrid fibers. The results show that the concrete with a composition of steel fibers has a better performance than other compounds. In addition, by adding glass and propylene fibers to the composition of steel fibers, the strength of the samples is reduced. Also, if using the combination of fibers is required, the use of a combination of glass fibers with steel fibers will provide a better compressive strength and tensile strength than the combination of steel fibers with propylene.

At present, fiber reinforce plastic (FRP) sucker rod has the advantages of high tensile strength, light weight and strong corrosion resistance which gradually applied and popularized in offshore oil and gas field. However, the bonded joint of FRP sucker rod is particularly prone to break and fall off. Current research works mainly focus on the mechanical properties of FRP sucker rod and less consideration was given to adhesive performance. This paper proposed a finite element model (FEM) of bonded joint. The maximum predicted load of bonded joint was acquired and the axial distribution of adhesion stress and slip distance in the bonding interface was studied, which can provide theoretical basic of bonded joint and extend the service life of downhole pumping operation.

The most common building material utilized worldwide is concrete. These days, more difficult engineering constructions are being built all over the world. Concrete must therefore be extremely durable and workable. By adjusting the ratios of different fibers and admixtures, researchers worldwide are creating high-performance concrete. Concrete's tensile strength, fatigue characteristics, durability, shrinkage, impact, erosion resistance, and serviceability are all improved by a variety of fibers, including as glass, carbon, polypropylene, and aramid fibers. These qualities allow fiber reinforced concrete to be used in a variety of civil engineering applications. The history of GRC is briefly summarized before going over the essential elements of this complex compound. Features are analyzed, production methods are enumerated, and fracture mechanisms unique to GRC are explained. Glass fiber reinforced concrete, or GFRC, is a relatively recent advancement in concrete technology. The benefits of GFRC are its high compressive strength, flexural strength, and light weight. To improve long-term durability, glass fiber reinforced concrete that is resistant to alkali is also being developed. A review of the advantages that are currently available and being used by its customers is provided, along with a description of the wide variety of current GRC applications. Key Words: Glass fiber, compressive strength, flexural strength, alkali resistant.

The concrete type known as high-strength concrete (HSC) has a high level of strength. HSC provides increased strength by the utilization of superplasticizers and silica fume. HSC is found to be very difficult to handle because of its high density. The density of HSC could be lowered with the use of lightweight aggregates. High Strength Light Weight Concrete (HSLWC) includes the behavior of both high-strength concrete and lightweight concrete. The lightweight aggregate used for HSLWC is Exfoliated Vermiculite (EV). It is a byproduct obtained from hydrous phyllosilicate minerals by heating. This provides various applications in the construction industry. This is an environmentally friendly material. Glass fibres will work as a strengthening element in concrete to make it strong and lightweight. The inclusion of glass fibers in HSLWC can raise its mechanical properties. Exfoliated vermiculite and glass fibres are integrated in this study to examine the mechanical characteristics of High Strength Lightweight Concrete (HSLWC).

Exploring mechanical properties of eco-friendly hybrid epoxy composites reinforced with sisal, hemp, and glass fibers

Polymeric tubes, including epoxy and reinforcing fibers, are widely used in the petroleum and aerospace industries due to their high strength and corrosion resistance. In this study, corrosion and creep properties of resin-based tubes reinforced by Glass fibers (GFR), Carbon fibers (CFR), and Kevlar fibers (KFR) were investigated using tubes made by using a 45-degree unilateral winding method. The highest creep strain was obtained for the CFR equal to 0.7445 and the lowest was obtained for KFR with the Kevlar fibers being severely damaged. The lowest corrosion rate per year was for the CFR sample, equal to 113in/year×1000. The corroded samples were subjected to a tensile test and a 2% improvement in ultimate tensile strength was achieved for GFR. To evaluate the results and the quality of adhesions between fibers and resins, SEM images were taken of the samples.

PURPOSEThe aim of this study was to compare the flexural strength of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and bis-acryl composite resin reinforced with polyethylene and glass fibers.MATERIALS AND METHODSThree groups of rectangular test specimens (n = 15) of each of the two resin/fiber reinforcement were prepared for flexural strength test and unreinforced group served as the control. Specimens were loaded in a universal testing machine until fracture. The mean flexural strengths (MPa) was compared by one way ANOVA test, followed by Scheffe analysis, using a significance level of 0.05. Flexural strength between fiber-reinforced resin groups were compared by independent samples t-test.RESULTSFor control groups, the flexural strength for PMMA (215.53 MPa) was significantly lower than for bis-acryl composite resin (240.09 MPa). Glass fiber reinforcement produced significantly higher flexural strength for both PMMA (267.01 MPa) and bis-acryl composite resin (305.65 MPa), but the polyethylene fibers showed no significant difference (PMMA resin-218.55 MPa and bis-acryl composite resin-241.66 MPa). Among the reinforced groups, silane impregnated glass fibers showed highest flexural strength for bis-acryl composite resin (305.65 MPa).CONCLUSIONOf two fiber reinforcement methods evaluated, glass fiber reinforcement for the PMMA resin and bis-acryl composite resin materials produced highest flexural strength.Clinical implicationsOn the basis of this in-vitro study, the use of glass and polyethylene fibers may be an effective way to reinforce provisional restorative resins. When esthetics and space are of concern, glass fiber seems to be the most appropriate method for reinforcing provisional restorative resins.

Chapter 8 - Miscellaneous industrial applications and products

Investigations On Mechanical Properties Of Glass And Sugarcane Fiber Polymer Matrix Composites

Abstract: Natural fiber reinforced composites gaining the demand in the engineering applications. Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites replaces the conventional material because it possesses mechanical, chemical, thermal properties comparable and higher than conventional material. Light weight, low cost and biodegradability increases the demand of NFRPC. The objective of this work is to prepare the composite fiber composite specimens as per ASTM Standard using hand layup method and conduct the tensile Test, impact Test (Charpy) and hardness Test (Rockwell). The testes carried out on Glass Fiber + Jute Fiber Composite, Glass Fiber + Jute Fiber + Screw Pine Fiber and Glass Fiber + Screw Pine Fiber composite. The comparative result is observed to know the optimized composite fiber

Ablative composites are heat shielding, protective materials that are being used in aerospace industry to protect inner hardware and sensitive devices. The aero dynamic vehicles have to face high stresses, ultra high temperature and adverse conditions of air friction. It is required to develop the materials with light weight and high modulus. EPDM, being heat and ozone attack resistant is the best candidate for the preparation of ablative composites by introducing different heat sinks such as silica, glass fiber, carbon fiber, asbestos, carbon and their combinations have been studied in this work. The prepared materials were tested and it was found that visco elastic behavior of the composites affected by the addition of reinforcing filler (carbon, silica), semi-reinforcing filler (carbon fiber, glass fiber) and non-reinforcing filler (asbestos powder). Mechanical properties tested at different rates, revealed the improvement in tensile strength and % elongation in case of reinforcing and semi-reinforcing fillers but showed adverse effect in case of non-reinforcing fillers. Rheological investigations of these novel composites shows that moony viscosity of the materials containing glass fiber, carbon fiber, silica decreases in the order glass fiber > carbon fiber > silica.

Study of mechanical and morphological properties of jute-tea leaf fiber reinforced hybrid composites: Effect of glass fiber hybridization

Interfacial reinforcement with urethane binder (UB) was investigated in a couple of thermoplastic composites, glass fiber / polycarbonate (GF / PC) and glass fiber / polypropylene (GF / PP). In the surface treatment, silane used as another agent was aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APS). Glass fiber was treated with UB+APS, UB, or APS, and was applied to thermoplastic composites. In interfacial strength test, UB was effective in GF / PC, but ineffective in GF / PP. In order to clarify interfacial effect with UB on PC and PP, the diffusion of UB to resin was analyzed by microscopic FT-IR spectroscopy. As a result, the diffusion appeared in PC matrix, but not in PP matrix. In addition, APS depressed the diffusion of UB in PC including GF with APS+UB. These results suggested that the interfacial reinforcement needed not only the interaction between UB and resin, but also the interaction between silane and UB to produce the mechanical linkage from resin to fiber. This suggestion was supported from the interfacial strength in some other composites with matrix resin such as polybutylene terephthalate, polyamide 66, and copolymer of acrylonitrile and styrene.

The reinforcement of silicone rubber (SR) imparted by different types of fillers was investigated. Glass fiber (GF), wollastonite and fluoro rubber (FR) as nontraditional filler for rubber were compounded SR and mechanical properties of the prepared composites were evaluated. The addition of silane pretreated GF and wollastonite into SR, tensile strength, abrasion resistance and tear strength of the composites improved considerably. The improvement in the properties was assigned to an increased interaction between the filler and the polymer matrix. For the SR/FR composites system, the elongation at break was increase with increasing concentrations of FR due to sponge like structure resulting from poor compatibility between the two components. To investigate the production potential of extrusion processing method, prepared composites were extruded in a rod type sample. During the curing stage, GF, wollastonite and FR lead to the formation of void in the matrix resin. When GF and wollastonite were treated with silane, the void formations were reduced significantly. The silane treatment process improves not only mechanical strength but also processibility of SR composites in dry conditions. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007

In hydropower plants, penstocks are used to convey water from a reservoir or dam to the turbines, where the water's kinetic energy is converted into mechanical energy. The material selection for penstocks is crucial to ensure their durability, resistance to corrosion, and ability to withstand highpressure water flow. Several factors influence the choice of materials for penstocks Penstocks must be able to withstand high water pressures without failure. Therefore, materials with high strength and durability are preferred. Commonly used materials include steel alloys such as carbon steel, high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel, and stainless steel. Since penstocks are constantly exposed to water, they are susceptible to corrosion. Corrosion can weaken the structure and decrease its lifespan. Materials that exhibit excellent corrosion resistance, such as stainless steel or corrosion-resistant all oys (CRAs), are often chosen to mitigate this issue. Penstocks are typically fabricated by welding sections together. Therefore, the material should possess good weldability to ensure proper construction and maintenance. Carbon steel and stainless steel are commonly selected due to their favorable welding characteristics. The cost of materials plays a significant role in the selection process. While stainless steel and CRAs offer excellent corrosion resistance, they are often more expensive than carbon steel. Thus, the project budget and cost-effectiveness considerations may influence material choices. It's important to note that the selection of penstock materials is typically carried out by engineering professionals, taking into account the specific project parameters and requirements. They perform detailed analyses, considering factors like pressure ratings, material properties, and cost-effectiveness, to arrive at the most suitable material choice for each project. The research significance of penstock material selection in hydropower plants lies in its ability to ensure structural integrity, enhance performance, and mitigate corrosion-related challenges. The choice of materials directly impacts the safety and reliability of the penstocks, which are critical components in hydropower systems. By conducting research on penstock materials, engineers and researchers can identify and evaluate materials that exhibit high strength, durability, and resistance to corrosion. Furthermore, research on penstock materials also explores innovative and advanced materials, such as composite materials or new alloy formulations that could offer improved performance characteristics. These materials may exhibit superior strength, corrosion resistance, or other desirable properties that can enhance the efficiency and lifespan of penstocks. WASPAS (Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment) is a multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) method used to evaluate and rank alternatives based on multiple criteria. It is a widely used technique in various fields, including engineering, management, and decision sciences. Poly vinyl chloride (PVC), High-density polyethylene (HDPE), Glass reinforced plastic (GRP), Mild steel (MS) yield strength (YS), life (L), thickness (T), material cost(C), maintenance cost (MC) This result states” Rank” the of penstocks material selection in hydropower plants. Where First Rank is secured by GRP and last rank is secured by PVC whereas MS scored second one and HDPE followed it at third position.